The concept of revolution in history. A short dictionary of social studies - revolution. Revolutionary movement in France

Revolutio - revolution). A revolution in socio-political relations carried out by force and leading to a transition state power from the ruling class to another, socially advanced class. The Great Proletarian Revolution. “...The liberation of the oppressed class is impossible not only without a violent revolution, but also without the destruction of the apparatus of state power that was created by the ruling class...” Lenin . “The fundamental question of revolution is the question of power...” Lenin . « October Revolution destroyed private ownership of land, abolished the purchase and sale of land, and established the nationalization of land.” Stalin . “...Revolution, change of one social order to others, has always been a struggle, a painful and cruel struggle, a struggle for life and death.” Stalin . “The revolution is always, always young and ready.” Mayakovsky . “The main task of the bourgeois revolution comes down to seizing power and bringing it into line with the existing bourgeois economy, while the main task of the proletarian revolution comes down to, having seized power, building a new, socialist economy.” Stalin. International revolution.

|| trans. A radical revolution in some field of knowledge or art. Revolution in the theater. This discovery revolutionized technology. Cultural revolution.

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

Antonyms:

See what “REVOLUTION” is in other dictionaries:

- (from Late Lat. revolutio turn, revolution), a deep qualitative change in the development of k.l. phenomena of nature, society or knowledge (for example, geological R., industrial R., scientific and technical revolution, cultural revolution, R. in physics, R. in ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

revolution- and, f. revolution f. lat. revolutio rollback; coup. 1. ast., obsolete lat. Full turn cosmic body. I thought, driving around the settlements and then, when I crossed from them, that some kind of revolution of the globe had thrown me out of the region... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

This is the fraternization of an idea with a bayonet. Lawrence Peter Revolution is a barbaric way of progress. Jean Jaurès Optimism is the religion of revolutions. Jacques Banville Revolutions have never before lightened the burden of tyranny, but only shifted it onto other shoulders. George Bernard Shaw Alone... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

- (French, from Latin revolvere, revolutum to turn over, renew). A sudden change, a revolution in the physical or moral world, interrupting the natural flow of things. State unrest, rebellion, violent revolution of civil life... ... Dictionary foreign words Russian language

- (revolution) The overthrow of the existing system, associated with the transfer of state power from one leadership to another and capable of entailing a radical restructuring of social and economic relations. Before 1789 this word was often... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Modern encyclopedia

Revolution- (from Late Latin revolutio turn, revolution), deep change in the development of any phenomena of nature, society or knowledge (for example, geological, industrial, scientific and technical, cultural revolution, revolution in physics, in philosophy... ... Illustrated encyclopedic dictionary

- (from Late Latin revolutio turn, revolution), deep qualitative changes in the development of any phenomena of nature, society or knowledge (for example, social revolution, as well as geological, industrial, scientific-technical, cultural revolution... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

See rebellion... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. revolution riot, rebellion; change, revolution, scientific revolution, uprising Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Dictionary of synonyms

Revolution- Revolution ♦ Révolution Victorious collective revolt; an uprising that results in at least temporary success and the overthrow of social or government structures. The archetypes of revolutions are the French Revolution of 1789 and... ... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary

Books

• Revolution, Jennifer Donnelly, Maria Saltykova, This book is a work of fiction. All events and dialogues, as well as characters, with the exception of famous historical and public characters, are the fruits of the author's imagination. Situations and conversations where... Category: Contemporary prose Publisher: Pink Giraffe,
• Revolution, Igor Vardunas, Nikita Averin, What to do if the world is on the brink of destruction and the end of the world cannot be avoided? If you can only rely on yourself and your own strengths, you can’t trust anyone? War between corporations CHRONOS... Category:

revolution

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The word “revolution” is often associated with terrifying images: armed men running, storming government buildings, destruction.

This understanding is one-sided; in fact, revolution is a multifaceted concept that does not necessarily carry a powerful negative charge. It's time to discard stereotypes and revolutionize your own consciousness.

Revolution: what is it?

Revolutio in Latin means “turn”, “transformation”. Initially, this concept was used in astrology and alchemy - one might say, for “peaceful purposes”, without barricades and shots.

A revolution is not just another turn. If everything goes gradually and slowly - if changes do not overturn the fundamentals, and part of the old remains - we are talking about reform.

The word "revolution" means an interruption of the gradual course of events, sharp jump in development, deep qualitative transformation.

As a rule, there is a complete break with what happened before (divorce and maiden name, if).

Causes of revolutionary events

This term is more often considered as part of the historical-political process. And although when it is mentioned, only the events of the October Revolution of 1917 and Lenin on an armored car usually come to mind, in fact world history full of revolutionary events, like a sunflower with seeds.

Why do they happen

There is an opinion that historical revolutions begin due to mass dissatisfaction with something. But in fact, you need to immediately several conditions converged at one point.

1. Economic problems accompanied by increased taxes, decreased wages, etc.
2. Confrontation between the elites: some strive to maintain their privileges and are afraid that they will be “overtaken” by newcomers who also want to get a “piece of power.”
3. Large-scale indignation of wide sections of the population at the existing injustice.
4. A compelling and widely shared ideology.
5. Favorable international situation (this could be military actions that the state is currently conducting, assistance from a foreign government, etc.).

When the puzzle of the listed elements is put together, an unstable state arises. Any minor event can throw him off balance.

The first bourgeois revolutions

Starting from the 16th century, a wave of events rushed across Europe, which historians later dubbed the first bourgeois revolutions. Neither Lenin nor the armored car had anything to do with them.

The start was given in the Netherlands: in the years 1566-1579, events took place here that historians later called the first successful bourgeois revolution.

The actively developing country was under the rule of the Spaniards, high taxes, lawlessness and poverty of the people, and the cruel Inquisition reigned. After the coup, the northern regions (the rest a little later) gained independence, which means the opportunity to develop without outside pressure.

The events of 1640-1658 in England were called " English revolution " The country developed rapidly, industrial and agricultural growth led to the advancement of gentry nobles, entrepreneurs, and wealthy farmers.

They had money, but they wanted power. But in fact, even English land was considered royal property. Unreasonable levies, taxes and fines hindered the development of industry and trade.

When, at the end of the revolutionary coup, new classes gained power, freedom of industrial and commercial entrepreneurship was declared. This was followed, and at the end of the 18th century, English industry had no equal in Europe in terms of growth rates.

What conditions made victory possible? industrial revolution in England? Right. The results of the previous historical and political one (described above).

Great French Revolution

In 1789-1799, the French Revolution occurred, the reasons for which were not original: contradictions have intensified between the privileged classes and the majority of the population (the dissatisfied included the bourgeoisie, workers, peasants, and the urban poor).

The situation was aggravated by the crop failure of 1787-1788. The bourgeoisie took matters into its own hands.

The beginning is considered to be the day of the storming of the Bastille. It all ended with the elimination of medieval orders, the proclamation of free trade and the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

The French Revolution influenced the situation not only within the country, but also in other parts of the world, where the progressive ideas of its leaders were adopted.

Causes of the revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia

The beginning of the 20th century in our country was marked by armed coups, each of which, in fact, was a preparatory stage for the next.

The first Russian revolution began against the backdrop of the political and socio-economic crisis in which Russia found itself by 1905. The majority of the population did not have political rights and freedoms.

The conditions of both worker and peasant labor became increasingly difficult. The situation was aggravated by Russia's failures in the Russo-Japanese War. These were the reasons for the revolution of 1905-1907, which did not yet aim to change the political system (at that time it was autocracy).

The talk was about limiting tsarist power and improving the situation of peasants and workers. It all started with Bloody Sunday January 9, 1905 and ended with the creation of the State Duma (now the tsar could not pass laws bypassing it), a slight reduction in the working day, the beginning agrarian reform and announcement.

The causes of the first Russian revolution in global terms were not eradicated in 1905-1907, so the country continued to “shake”. Added to the economic turmoil were setbacks in the First World War.

October Revolution of 1917 in Russia

People stopped believing not only the king, but also the authorities in general. The result was February revolution 1917. Starting with grain riots, protests by workers and soldiers, it led to the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne.

Power passed to the Provisional Government, which acted inconsistently and slowly in resolving pressing issues.

Discontent grew: the problems that gave rise to the revolutionary situation of 1905 had still not been resolved. The Bolshevik party and their leader, Vladimir Lenin, took advantage of this (it was his turn and the armored car).

An armed uprising was organized, power was seized first in Petrograd and then in Moscow. These events went down in history as the October Revolution of 1917.

In the USSR, a version of two separate events was officially accepted: the February and October were considered separately.

Today, a number of historians are of the opinion that these events are “links of one chain,” so it is logical to call what happened in February and October with the term “revolution of 1917 in Russia.”

Velvet and colored

There are examples in history of revolutions that are not so violent. When in 1989-1991 in Eastern Europe and Mongolia, the Soviet regimes were liquidated, and the concept of “velvet revolutions” arose. Changes took place here more gently: such processes are otherwise called “revolutions of agreements” or “non-violent coups”.

At the end of XX – beginning of XXI century, all changes in political regimes or governments began to be called “color revolutions.” Examples of such events are “orange” in Ukraine, “pink” in Georgia.

Agrarian revolution

The term described in this article accompanies a person in many areas of life. But despite the overtones of belligerence, it also has a creative meaning.

That's what they call it changes and innovations in agriculture , leading to a serious leap in the development of this area. Examples of such phenomena:

1. Primitive man moved from hunting and gathering to the domestication of animals and agriculture (this moment is also called the Neolithic revolution);
2. Subsistence farming (agricultural products produced only for oneself) is developing into commercial farming.
3. Green revolution (not to be confused with the color revolution!). This is how changes in agriculture began to be called developing countries taking place in the 20th century. Through the development of new plant varieties, the use of fertilizers and modern technology they have led to a major increase in global agricultural output and the ability to easily feed a growing population.

The agricultural revolution often becomes fertile ground for industrial growth and promotes industrialization.

Industrial (industrial) revolution

At first, this was the name given to the process occurring in different countries V XVIII-XIX centuries : manual labor was replaced by machine technology, and goods that were initially produced in small craft workshops began to be made in manufactories, and then in large factories.

The industrial revolution did not become a complete fairy tale; there were also problems, for example, a crisis of overproduction: there were a lot of goods, but there was no one yet to buy them in such quantities. The safety of machine labor was often ignored, especially since women and children were sometimes behind the machines.

Period from 2 half of the 19th century at the beginning of the 20th century, when production began to flow, and electricity and chemicals began to be widely used in it, they began to be called second industrial revolution.

Information and scientific-technical revolutions

The transition to digital manufacturing has begun third industrial revolution. This stage is closely related to the concept of “information revolution,” meaning fundamental changes in the information sphere (from the advent of printing, radio communications, telephony to microprocessor technology and the World Wide Web - the Internet).

The 2nd and 3rd industrial revolutions are inseparable from scientific and technical. The discoveries of scientists led to the transformation of science into the main productive force and its influence on all spheres of life by the middle of the 20th century.

The scientific and technological revolution caused a transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial one, where people rule the roost advanced knowledge and the high-class professionals who possess them.

Today they are talking about the future fourth industrial revolution, based on the introduction of cyber-physical systems into production. It is predicted that the changes will cover all areas: work, leisure, everyday life, politics. The person will be freed from the decision typical tasks and will have the opportunity to engage only in highly intellectual and creative activities.

Such powerful transformations can occur in different areas, so Revolutio is not only Lenin in an armored car. Internet, mobile communications, electronic wallets, Bitcoin - digital currency... Revolutio continues!

Video: about the versatility of this concept:

Good luck to you! To see you soon on the pages of the blog site

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Any social development sooner or later undergoes changes. As a rule, their initiator is either society as a whole or part of it. The word revolution is well known among people, but not everyone understands the meaning of this word.

What is revolution

Revolution, first of all, is a phenomenon aimed at changing the foundations of life. A revolution is a radical transformation of a certain sphere of social activity, which is characterized by mass character and radicality. It would be more accurate to note that revolutionary actions are aimed at one or several public spheres of life. There are different revolutions. Their type depends on what area of ​​people’s social life they are aimed at:

1. Political (this is a type of revolution, the purpose of which is to radically transform the political side of the development of the state. The range of actions carried out during its course includes the following: actively promoting changes in the country’s policy; demanding a change in the apparatus of power; expanding the rights of the population);
2. Economic (carrying out fundamental changes in the economic sphere: for example, reducing prices);
3. Social (changes in the social aspect of citizens’ lives: demand for improved working conditions, higher wages);
4. Scientific and technical (represents a kind of “breakthrough” in the creation and development of technical equipment. For example, once a means of communication was invented - the telephone. Many may argue that this is a revolution. However, such a statement is incorrect. After all, with the advent of telephone communication, people’s lives are significantly changed);
5. Industrial (creation and ensuring the continued existence and improvement of industrial).

Features of the revolution

A revolution is a phenomenon that arose long before the present time. However, it is precisely the long experience of existence that allows us to highlight the fundamental features of the revolution:

1. Mass character (a revolution is carried out, as a rule, by numerous groups of people united by a common goal);
2. The presence of a group of founders (the leaders of revolutionary movements can be ordinary people, or they can be representatives of the authorities, usually the opposition);
3. Transience (revolutionary events are not long-lasting, with rare exceptions, and are designed to achieve results as quickly as possible);
4. Radical transformation ( revolution is organized to achieve ambitious goals).

As for the organizers of the revolutionary movement, most of them are ordinary people with low or average income, occupying low-level positions, since their rights are often violated and their working conditions leave much to be desired.

Also, socially unprotected sections of the population can organize a revolution: vagabonds, the unemployed, pensioners. This is due to the fact that their standard of living is beyond a good (or at least normal) life. And it is also impossible to remain silent about violations of their legitimate interests and rights.

Why does revolution occur?

There are many reasons for the emergence of a revolution. Each individual period in the development of society has its own reasons. But the main and common one for absolutely everyone is the feeling of disadvantage and depression among the people.

IN in this case There is a violation of human rights, the authorities are not helping to ensure a decent standard of living for the population.

Favorable conditions for existence, of course, will not be a reason for a revolutionary uprising.

Revolutionary goals also follow from the reasons, including: a change of government, improving the living conditions of citizens, increasing wages, providing jobs, etc. Thus, a revolution is a fleeting change in social development that arises due to mass discontent among the inhabitants of a particular country.

Revolution is an inevitable historical stage in the life of mankind, since there will always be rich and poor, unemployed and employed, satisfied and dissatisfied. Politics and the state cannot provide decent level life to absolutely every person, but at the same time they diligently emphasize that everything possible is being done for this. In reality, such actions do not exist (with rare exceptions). In connection with this, discontent in society is growing, people openly declare disagreement with state policies, distrust of the current government, and show absenteeism ( refusal to participate in elections).

It is important to remember that revolution does not always lead to the desired improvement in life. In most cases from history, the revolution ends sadly and brings serious damage to the state: destabilization of public order and material difficulties, since during a revolutionary uprising shops may be destroyed, public places and so on.

Considering the question of what a revolution is, it should be noted that it is a method of transition from one political and social order to another through the active actions of the masses, sometimes armed. Revolution is a creative form of development of society, aimed at preserving and increasing the productive capacities created by the people. It helps to eliminate the forces that hinder the development of society, putting its interests above the interests of citizens.

Thus, the answer to the question of what a revolution is may be as follows: a revolution is a process of destruction of obsolete ones that have lost incentives for the development of productive forces, and the restoration of the mechanisms of social development. At the same time, the creators of the revolution are considered to be social classes, groups and strata that are interested in change and oppose the existing order.

One of the main tasks of any revolution is to overthrow the current government and establish a new one. These tasks can be carried out peacefully or non-peacefully, that is, either with the use of armed violence to overthrow the government, or without the use of it. The nature of the revolution is determined by the essence of the social, economic and political contradictions that it resolves, as well as by its nature. For example, if it is based on internal contradictions between development and obsolete relations that hinder this development, then the revolution, in accordance with the nature of the social masses that affirm new relations may be bourgeois in nature. Such were the Dutch and English, as well as the Great, which were hidden in the desire to establish new orders.

If the revolution is based on the contradictions between national development and the pressure of imperialism, then it acquires a national liberation, democratic character.

When considering the question of what a revolution is, it is necessary to point out that it occurs when the majority of the country no longer wants to tolerate the situation in which it finds itself and longs for change. People's dissatisfaction increases if they fail to achieve what they want. But, in any case, a push is needed to get started. As a rule, it begins spontaneously with rebellions that are easily suppressed by force. However, if the revolution is led by a strong leader who sets clear goals, it will end successfully. Otherwise, it will be doomed to failure.

Let's look at a few examples of revolutions occurring in different countries:

1. (1775) - the colonists rebelled against the introduction of taxes, their goal was to change the status of the column and as a result the States were proclaimed democratic republic.

2. Socialist revolution in Russia (1917) - due to the emergence of a crisis situation in the country, uprisings led by V.I. Lenin were raised, which resulted in a revolution.

3. The Great French Revolution (1789) - as a result of the emergence of chaos in the management system, rising food prices, riots began to break out, and mass unrest appeared. As a result of all this, the monarch was overthrown and a new government was established.

Thus, having considered what a revolution is, it must be said that it can be completely unpredictable. Revolutionaries can achieve their goals, but they can also be defeated, and the leaders of revolutions can either go down in history as heroes or as traitors (if they betray their ideals).

A revolution represents a profound qualitative change in the development of social life. It is widespread and leads to changes in social, economic and political life.