Placing a comma between parts of a complex sentence. “supposedly” - is a comma necessary or not? Is a comma placed after the word because

If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure (usually this happens with conjunctions “and” and “but”), then the conjunction is not included in the introductory construction - a comma needed.

For example: “Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired.”

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then a comma after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction “a”) not placed.

For example: “She simply forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it,” “..., and therefore, …”, “..., and maybe …”, “..., and therefore, …”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then a comma needed after the conjunction “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word.

For example: “She not only didn’t love him, but maybe even despised him.”

If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating conjunction (in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “ and also”, etc.), and then an introductory word, then a comma before it need not.

For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done that”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “And finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have come to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

Happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence worth the connecting union, A the introductory construction stands out intonationally, then commas are NEEDED.

For example: “But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced...”; “And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing.”

Always written WITHOUT commas:

Firstly

at first sight

for sure

similarly

More or less

literally

in addition

in the (eventual) end

in the end

as a last resort

best case scenario

Anyway

at the same time

overall

mostly

especially

in some cases

through thick and thin

subsequently

otherwise

as a result

due to this

in this case

in the same time

in this regard

mainly

often

exclusively

at most

meanwhile

just in case

in case of emergency

if possible

as far as possible

still

practically

approximately

with all that

with (all) desire

on occasion

equally

the biggest

at the very least

actually

in addition

to top it off

by the proposal

by decree

by decision

traditionally

A comma is NOT placed at the beginning of a sentence:

“Before... I found myself...”

"Since…"

"Before as…"

"Although…"

"As…"

"In order to…"

"Instead of…"

“Actually...”

"While…"

“Especially since...”

"Nevertheless…"

“Despite the fact that...” (at the same time - separately); There is NO comma before “what”.

"If…"

"After…"

“And...”

« Finally" in the meaning of "finally" - is not separated by commas.

« And this despite the fact that..."- a comma is always placed in the middle of a sentence!

« Based on this, …"- a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

BUT: “He did this based on...” - no comma is used.

« After all, if... then..." - a comma is not placed before "if", since the second part of the double conjunction - "then" - comes next. If there is no “then”, then a comma is placed before “if”!

« Less than two years..." - a comma is not placed before “what”, because this is not a comparison.

Comma before "How" placed only in case of comparison.

« Politicians like Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is added because there is a noun "policy".

BUT: "… policies such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov…” - there is no comma before “how”.

Commas are not used:

“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God’s sake”- not separated by commas, + the word “god” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are placed in both directions:

"God bless" in the middle of the sentence it is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - it is highlighted with a comma (on the right side).

"By God"- in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “god” in this case is written with a small letter).

"My God"- separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence, “God” - with a small letter.

Recently, a cheat sheet on the Russian language spread across LJ. I took it from here: http://natalyushko.livejournal.com/533497.html

However, there were errors and inaccuracies.
I corrected what I noticed, plus added information from my notebook and other sources.

Use it. =)

If you notice any errors or have any additions, please write about it.

Editor's note. Part 1

Commas, punctuation

“In addition” is ALWAYS highlighted with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

“Most likely” in the meaning of “very likely, most likely” is set off with commas (Of course, it’s all because of the cognac and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely have remained silent.).
In the meaning of “quickest” - NO (This is the most likely way to get to the house.).

"Quicker". If it means “better, more willingly”, then WITHOUT commas. For example: “She would rather die than betray him.” Also WITHOUT commas, if it means “better to say.” For example: “making some remark or rather an exclamation.”
BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author’s assessment of the degree of reliability of this statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of “most likely” or “most likely”). For example: “He cannot be called a smart person - rather, he is on his own mind.”

“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is NOT separated by commas at the beginning of the response, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!
In other cases, a comma is REQUIRED.

The expressions “in general”, “in general” are SEPARATED in the meaning of “in short, in a word”, then they are introductory.

“First of all” stands out as introductory in the meaning of “first of all” (First of all, he is a fairly capable person).
These words do NOT stand out in the meaning of “first, first” (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).
A comma after “a”, “but”, etc. is NOT needed: “But first of all, I want to say.”
When clarifying, the entire phrase is highlighted: “There is hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed.”

“at least”, “at least” - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”

“in turn” - is not separated by a comma in the meaning “for its part”, “in response, when it was the turn.” And the quality of introductory ones is isolated.

“literally” - not introductory, not separated by commas

"Hence". If the meaning is “therefore, therefore, it means,” then commas are needed. For example: “So you, therefore, are our neighbors.”
BUT! If it means “therefore, as a result of this, based on the fact that,” then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I found a job, therefore we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; “You can’t bake a cake, so I’ll bake it.”

"Least". If it means “the least”, then without commas. For example: “At least I’ll wash the dishes”; “He made at least a dozen mistakes.”
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional assessment, then with a comma. For example: “At a minimum, this approach involves control,” “To do this, you need, at a minimum, to understand politics.”

“that is, if”, “especially if” - a comma is usually not needed

“That is” is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on either side. This is a conjunction, a comma is placed before it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight a certain isolated construction or subordinate clause that comes after it).
For example: “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour’s walk” (a comma is needed), “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you walk slowly, an hour’s walk (a comma after “that is” is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "if you go slowly")

“In any case” are separated by commas as introductory ones if they are used in the meaning “at least”.

“Besides that”, “besides this”, “besides everything (other)”, “besides everything (other)” are isolated as introductory ones.
BUT! “Besides that” is a conjunction, a comma is NOT needed. For example: “In addition to not doing anything himself, he also makes claims against me.”

“Thanks to this”, “thanks to that”, “thanks to that” and “along with that” - a comma is usually not required. Segregation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

“Moreover” - WITHOUT a comma.
“Especially when”, “especially since”, “especially if”, etc. — a comma is needed before “even more so.” For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “especially if it is meant”, “rest, especially since a lot of work awaits you”, “you shouldn’t sit at home, especially if your partner invites you to the dance."

“Moreover” is highlighted with a comma only in the middle of the sentence (on the left).

“Nevertheless” - a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: “He has decided everything, however, I will try to convince him.”
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If "however" means "but", then the comma on the right side is NOT placed. (An exception is if this is an interjection. For example: “However, what a wind!”)

“In the end” - if it means “in the end”, then a comma is NOT placed.

“Really” is NOT separated by commas in the meaning of “in fact” (that is, if this is a circumstance expressed by an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective “valid” - “real, genuine”. For example: “Its bark itself is thin, not like oak or pine, which are really not afraid of the hot rays of the sun”; “You are really very tired.”

“Indeed” can act as an introductory and SEPARATE. The introductory word is characterized by intonation isolation - it expresses the speaker’s confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the author of the text decides on the placement of punctuation marks.

“Because” - a comma is NOT needed if it is a conjunction, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical examination because he fought in Vietnam,” “maybe it’s all because I love when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because replace with “because” it is forbidden).

"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is “be that as it may.” Then this is introductory. For example: “She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything.”
BUT! The adverbial expression “one way or another” (the same as “in one way or another” or “in any case”) does NOT require punctuation. For example: “War is necessary one way or another.”

Always WITHOUT commas:
Firstly
at first sight
like
it seems
for sure
similarly
More or less
literally
in addition
in the (eventual) end
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
Anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
through thick and thin
subsequently
otherwise
as a result
due to this
after all
in this case
in the same time
generally
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
at most
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
with all that
with (all) desire
on occasion
wherein
equally
the biggest
at the very least
actually
generally
maybe
as if
in addition
to top it off
I guess
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
as if
traditionally
supposedly

The comma is NOT included
at the beginning of a sentence:
“Before... I found myself...”
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"In order to…"
"Instead of…"
“Actually...”
"While…"
“Especially since...”
"Nevertheless…"
“Despite the fact that...” (at the same time - separately); There is NO comma before “what”.
"If…"
"After…"
“And...”

“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” is NOT separated by commas.

“And this despite the fact that...” - a comma is ALWAYS placed in the middle of a sentence!

“Based on this, ...” - a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence. BUT: “He did this based on...” - a comma is NOT used.

“After all, if..., then...” - a comma is NOT placed before “if”, since then comes the second part of the double conjunction - “then”. If there is no “then”, then a comma is placed before “if”!

“For less than two years...” - a comma is NOT placed before “what”, because This is NOT a comparison.

A comma is placed before “HOW” only in case of comparison.

“Politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is added because there is a noun "policy".
BUT: “...politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is NOT placed before “how”.

Commas are NOT used:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God’s sake” - are not separated by commas, + the word “God” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are placed in both directions:
“Thank God” in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
“By God” - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a small letter).
“Oh my God” - separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence, “God” - with a small letter.

If introductory word Can omit or rearrange to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the conjunctions “and” and “but”), then the conjunction is not included in the introductory construction - a comma is NEEDED. For example: “Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired.”

If introductory word remove or rearrange it is forbidden , then a comma after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction “a”) is NOT placed. For example: “She simply forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it,” “..., and therefore, …”, “..., and maybe …”, “..., and therefore, …”.

If introductory word Can remove or rearrange, then a comma is NEEDED after the conjunction “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word, i.e., welded combinations such as “and therefore”, “and however”, “and therefore”, “and maybe”, etc. p.. For example: “She not only didn’t love him, but maybe even despised him.”

If at first sentences worth coordinating union(in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “and also”, etc.) , and then an introductory word, then there is NO need for a comma in front of it. For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done that”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “And finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have come to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

It happens rarely: if at first offers worth connecting union, A the introductory construction stands out intonationally, then commas are NEEDED. For example: “But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced...”; “And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing.”

Basic groups of introductory words
and phrases
(set off by commas + on both sides in the middle of the sentence)

1. Expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:
to annoyance
to amazement
Unfortunately
unfortunately
unfortunately
to joy
Unfortunately
to shame
fortunately
to the surprise
to horror
bad luck
for joy
for luck
the hour is not exactly
there's no point in hiding
by misfortune
fortunately
strange affair
amazing thing
what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reality of what is being communicated (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):
without any doubts
undoubtedly
undoubtedly
may be
right
probably
apparently
Maybe
Indeed
in fact
there must be
Think
Seems
it would seem
Certainly
Maybe
May be
Maybe
Hope
presumably
is not it
undoubtedly
obviously
apparently
in all probability
truly
perhaps
I guess
in fact
essentially
Truth
right
of course
goes without saying
tea, etc.

3. Indicating the source of what is being reported:
They say
they say
they say
transmit
In your
according to...
I remember
In my
in our opinion
according to legend
according to information...
according to…
according to rumors
according to message...
in your opinion
audible
report, etc.

4. Indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:
All in all
Firstly,
secondly, etc.
however
Means
in particular
The main thing
Further
Means
So
For example
Besides
by the way
By the way
by the way
by the way
finally
vice versa
For example
against
I repeat
I emphasize
more than that
on the other side
On the one side
that is
thus, etc.
as it were
whatever it was

5. Indicating techniques and ways of formatting expressed thoughts:
or rather
generally speaking
in other words
if I may say so
if I may say so
in other words
in other words
in short
better to say
to put it mildly
in a word
simply put
in a word
as a matter of fact
if I may say so
so to speak
to be precise
what is it called, etc.

6. Representing appeals to the interlocutor (reader) in order to attract his attention to what is being reported, to instill a certain attitude towards the facts presented:
do you believe
do you believe
do you see
you see)
imagine
let's say
do you know)
Do you know)
Sorry)
believe me
Please
understand
do you understand
do you understand
listen
suppose
Imagine
Sorry)
let's say
agree
agree, etc.

7. Measures indicating an assessment of what is being said:
at least, at least - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”
the biggest
at the very least

8. Showing the degree of normality of what is being reported:
It happens
it happened
as usual
according to custom
happens

9. Expressive statements:
All jokes aside
between us it will be said
just between you and me
need to say
it won't be said as a reproach
frankly
according to conscience
in fairness
admit say
to speak honestly
funny to say
Honestly.

Set expressions with comparison
(without commas):
poor as a church mouse
white as a harrier
white as a sheet
white as snow
fight like a fish on ice
pale as death
shines like a mirror
the disease vanished as if by hand
fear like fire
wanders around like a restless person
rushed like crazy
mumbles like a sexton
ran in like crazy
lucky, as a drowned man
spins like a squirrel in a wheel
visible as day
squeals like a pig
lies like a gray gelding
everything is going like clockwork
everything is as chosen
jumped up as if scalded
jumped up as if stung
stupid as a plug
looked like a wolf
goal like a falcon
hungry as wolf
as far as heaven from earth
shaking as if with a fever
trembled like an aspen leaf
he's like water off a duck's back
wait like manna from heaven
wait like a holiday
lead a cat and dog life
live like a bird of heaven
fell asleep like the dead
frozen like a statue
lost like a needle in a haystack
sounds like music
healthy as a bull
know like crazy
have at one's fingertips
fits like a cow's saddle
goes next to me like it's sewn on
like he sank into the water
roll around like cheese in butter
sways like a drunk
swayed (swayed) like jelly
handsome as god
red like a tomato
red as a lobster
strong (strong) like an oak
screams like a catechumen
light as a feather
flies like an arrow
bald as a knee
it's raining cats and dogs
waves his arms like a windmill
rushing around like crazy
wet as a mouse
gloomy as a cloud
dropping like flies
hope like a stone wall
people like sardines in a barrel
dress up like a doll
you can't see your ears
silent as the grave
dumb as a fish
rush (rush) like crazy
rush (rush) like crazy
rushing around like a fool with a written bag
runs around like a chicken and an egg
needed like air
needed like last year's snow
needed like the fifth spoke in a chariot
Like a dog needs a fifth leg
peel off like sticky
one like a finger
remained broke like a lobster
stopped dead in his tracks
razor sharp
different as day from night
different as heaven from earth
bake like pancakes
turned white as a sheet
turned pale as death
repeated as if in delirium
you'll go like a darling
remember your name
remember like in a dream
get caught like chickens in cabbage soup
hit like a gun on the head
sprinkle like a cornucopia
similar as two peas in a pod
sank like a stone
appear as if by command of a pike
loyal like a dog
stuck like a bath leaf
fall through the ground
good (useful) like milk from a goat
disappeared as if into the water
just like a knife to the heart
burned like fire
works like an ox
understands oranges like a pig
disappeared like smoke
play it like clockwork
grow like mushrooms after the rain
grow by leaps and bounds
drop from the clouds
fresh like blood and milk
fresh as a cucumber
sat as if chained
sit on pins and needles
sit on coals
listened as if spellbound
looked enchanted
slept like a log
rush like hell
stands like a statue
slender as a Lebanese cedar
melts like a candle
hard as a rock
dark as night
accurate as a clock
skinny as a skeleton
cowardly as a hare
died like a hero
fell as if knocked down
stubborn as a sheep
stuck like a bull
mulish
tired as a dog
cunning like a fox
cunning like a fox
gushes like a bucket
walked around like a daze
walked like a birthday boy
walk on a thread
cold as ice
skinny as a sliver
black as coal
black as hell
feel at home
feel like you're behind a stone wall
feel like a fish in water
staggered like a drunk
It's like being executed
as clear as two and two is four
clear as day, etc.

Do not confuse with homogeneous members

1. The following stable expressions are not homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:
neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit;
no end or edge;
neither light nor dawn;
not a sound, not a breath;
neither for yourself nor for people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for no reason about anything;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no hello;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and this way and that;
both day and night;
both laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
in both.

(General rule: a comma is not placed inside complete phraseological expressions formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeated conjunction “and” or “nor”)

2. NOT separated by commas:

1) Verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose.
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go take a look.
2) Forming a semantic unity.
Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.

3) Paired combinations of a synonymous, antonymous or associative nature.
Seek the truth.
There is no end.
Honor and praise to all.
Let's go.
Everything is covered.
It's nice to see.
Questions of purchase and sale.
Greet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

4) Compound words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs that contrast something).
For some people, but you can’t.
It’s somewhere, somewhere, and everything is there.

Compiled by -

Verbs, names and adverbs in a sentence can act as introductory words, which in one way or another - grammatically, lexically, intonation - express the speaker’s attitude to what he is reporting.

Compare two sentences:

This question, it seemed made it difficult for the guest.

Face his it seemed calm.

In both examples the word is used it seemed , but only in the second case is this word included in the members of the sentence: there it is part of a compound nominal predicate.

In the first example the word it seemed serves only to express the speaker’s attitude towards what he is reporting. Such words are called introductory words; they are not part of the sentence and can easily be omitted, for example: This question... made the guest difficult. Please note that in the second sentence, skip the word it seemed impossible.

Compare some more examples in the table:

Take it with you By the way, our books.
This phrase by the way, reminded me of an old joke.

These words are spoken By the way.

This phrase was said by the way.

Words separated by commas can be removed from a sentence without destroying its meaning.

By the way, from the first sentence you can ask the question HOW?
To the phrase BETWEEN OTHERS, you can ask the question WHEN?

Many words can be used as introductions. But there is a group of words that are never introductory. Read two sentences:

There will obviously be a good harvest this year;
There will certainly be a good harvest this year.

The first sentence uses the word obviously, in the second – certainly . Although these words are very close in meaning, only the word from the first sentence is separated by commas and is introductory. The words presented below need to be remembered: they are very similar to introductory ones, but they are not commas are not separated:

PERHAPS, SUDDENLY, SUDDENLY, SO, HARDLY, STILL, EVEN, EXACTLY, AS IF, JUST, CAREFULLY, MANDATORY, ALMOST, ONLY, ALLEGEDLY.

Introductory words can convey five different types of meaning:

Most often, with the help of introductory words, the speaker conveys various degree of confidence in what he reports. For example: You will undoubtedly do well on the exam. or It seems like you need to study more. This group includes the words:

OF COURSE, OF COURSE, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, WITHOUT A DOUBT, UNCONDITIONALLY, ACTUALLY, SEEMED, PROBABLY, POSSIBLY, POSSIBLY.

Introductory words can also convey feelings and attitude speaker to what he is communicating. For example: Unfortunately, you did not pass the exam very well.

FORTUNELY, UNFORTUNATELY, SURPRISINGLY, UNFORTUNATELY.

Sometimes introductory words indicate on The source of information, which is reported by the speaker. Introductory phrases in this case begin with the words BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION. For example: According to doctors, you need to stop training for a while.

The source of the message may also be the speaker himself (IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION) or the source may be uncertain (THE SAY IS HEARD). For example: They say you will have to stop training.

ACCORDING TO THE MESSAGE, ACCORDING TO WORDS, ACCORDING TO OPINION, ACCORDING TO RUMORS, SAYING, HEARD, IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION, IN YOUR OPINION.

Introductory words are also used For organizing thoughts and indications of their connections with each other. For example: Firstly, this participle was formed from a perfective verb; secondly, it has dependent words. Therefore, it must contain two letters N.

FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, THIRDLY, FINALLY, CONSEQUENTLY, MEAN, SO, OPPOSITE, FOR EXAMPLE, ON THE CONVERSE.

There are also sentences where introductory words indicate on way of organizing thoughts. For example: In a word, everything went well.

IN OTHERWISE, IN ONE WORD, IT IS BETTER TO SAY, TO SPEAK SOFTLY.

Introductory words also include words that serve to attract attention interlocutor:

YOU KNOW (KNOW), UNDERSTAND (UNDERSTAND), LISTEN (LISTEN), SEE (SEE) and others.

These same meanings can be expressed not only by introductory words, but also by similar predicative constructions (introductory sentences). Compare: The snowfall will probably end soon And The snowfall, I think, will end soon. In addition to commas, parentheses or dashes can be used to highlight introductory sentences. This is done when the introductory construction is very common and contains additional comments or explanations. For example:

We're passing through our village once, years ago - how can I tell you without lying - about fifteen years old. (Turgenev)
Alexei (the reader already recognized him) Meanwhile, he gazed intently at the young peasant woman. (Pushkin)

The rule for separating introductory words and sentences has several very important notes.

If the introductory word is preceded by the conjunction A or BUT, then a comma is not always placed between the introductory word and the conjunction. Compare a couple of sentences:
The doctor finished the appointment but of course, will look at a seriously ill patient.
He gave his word and consequently, must restrain him.

The introductory word can be rearranged or removed without a conjunction only in the first case, therefore a comma is required between the introductory word and the conjunction. It is impossible to do this in the second sentence, which means there is no comma.

Very often difficulties arise in sentences with the words HOWEVER and FINALLY. The word HOWEVER is highlighted only when it cannot be replaced by the conjunction BUT. Compare two sentences:
However we understand that this figure is still low(HOWEVER = BUT) . Bye, however, we don't yet have a clear picture of what's happening(HOWEVER – introductory word) .

The word FINALLY is introductory only when it does not have a spatial or temporal meaning, but indicates the order of thoughts. For example:
I hope that in the near future this project finally will be implemented. AND, finally, The last thing I would like to draw your attention to.

Introductory words can begin a separate construction, for example, a clarifying phrase. In this case, a comma is not placed after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is moved to the end of the separate phrase).

I saw, or rather felt, that she was not indifferent to me.

In addition, a comma is not placed before an introductory word located at the end of a separate phrase.

For the holidays we decided to go somewhere, to Kolomna for example.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate construction, then it is separated by commas on a common basis.

I decided to declare my love, feeling, it seems, in my heart that she was not indifferent to me.

If introductory words are located before a phrase beginning with the words “how” or “so that,” then they are separated by commas.

The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in fact, like all life.
He thought for a moment, probably, to find the right words.

Exercise

The portraits hung opposite the mirror.
On the contrary, he didn’t even change his face.
On the one hand_ I completely agree with you.
On one side, the coin depicted a double-headed eagle.
The truth is always better than a lie.
I_really_ was somewhat surprised by this news.
In spring_possible_flooding.
There may be a flood in the spring.
Everyone in our city is already talking about this.
In Greece_ they say_ everything is there.
Maybe you deigned to express yourself this way for the beauty of the style? (Gogol).
According to weather forecasters, it will be colder next week.
As scientists say, global warming awaits us.
The train leaves in an hour_ therefore_ we need to leave the house.
Fortunately_ Pechorin was deep in thought (Lermontov).
We have gathered here_first_to resolve the issue of the timing of the work.
He didn’t want to shoot himself - thank God - he didn’t want to try... (Pushkin).
Of course_ you have seen the district young lady’s album (Pushkin) more than once.
In one word, you got off easy.
So_ now we can draw a conclusion.
“You don’t bother me at all,” he objected, “if you please, shoot yourself, but as you please; your shot remains behind you; I am always ready at your service (Pushkin).
She suffered for a very long time after separation, but as you know, time heals any wounds.
The wind, however, was strong.
Fedya brought flowers_ however_ Masha didn’t like it.
A strong, yet warm wind blew through the window.
A good upbringing, as we know, can be achieved in boarding schools (Gogol).
However_ there are various improvements and changes in methods... (Gogol).
You_ definitely_ should come to us.
I took the ace of hearts from the table, as I remember now, and threw it up (Lermontov).
However, General Khvalynsky himself did not like to talk about his career; He seems to have never been to war (Turgenev).
You will become wild_ you know_ if you live locked up all the time (Gogol).
He was probably a grateful person and wanted to pay for his good treatment.
You supposedly had to come to his office and report on the trip.
Yes_ I confess_ I thought so myself.
I still decided to do it my own way.
Ivan Petrovich, you know, was an extraordinary man.
Nobody, of course, went to see him (Turgenev).
Gleb, as far as I knew, studied well at the Bryansk gymnasium (Paustovsky).
But perhaps the reader is already tired of sitting with me at Ovsyannikov’s house, and therefore I eloquently fall silent (Turgenev).
My arrival—I could have noticed it—at first somewhat confused the guests.
However_ the political process began to develop in a different way.
In my last report, I hastened to inform you that we finally managed to solve this problem.
The experiences of transformations that happened around us had, without a doubt, a strong influence on the thoughts of the majority of people involved in them (M. M. Speransky).
A group of border guards led by an officer approached the violators with the intention, as had happened before, to protest and demand that they leave the territory.
Finalization of the agreement will probably take several more months.
Secondly, there are a lot of abuses in the field of international tourism.
However, if we remain committed to the spirit and letter of this document, it could not have been otherwise.
We all know well, and everyone here knows well, that on the western, or as they say, the second front, about 1.5 million Allied troops and about 560 thousand German troops were concentrated.
This modest, symbolic gesture seems to me to be full of deep meaning.
Fortunately, the examples mentioned above are the exception, not the rule.
Increased baggage value may be claimed for certain types of items.
The reason for this is obvious: when the mind begins to recognize the price of freedom, it dismisses with carelessness all the children's toys, so to speak, with which it amused itself in its infancy (M. M. Speransky).
Pravda_ spoke to me politely, did not force me to do anything, and I remember having the impression that he did not look at all these accusations seriously.
But in our case, the truth quickly came out, and we were soon released.

In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and allied words are used as if, where, for nothing what if (if... then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only, rather than, from where, why, while, since, why, as if, since, so, just, exactly, although, whose, than, what, in order etc. The subordinate part in a complex sentence is highlighted commas on both sides, if standing inside the main part; if the subordinate part comes before or after the main part, then it is separated from it comma : Double skywhen the clouds were moving in different directions , ended with rain for two days(Priv.); When it got dark , I lit the lamp(Priv.); It is common knowledgethat everyone who left Russia took with them the last day (Ahm.); Green askedso that his bed is placed in front of the window (Paust.); There was a white veil ahead,as if the river had overflowed its banks (A.T.); I'll come,although very busy ; If I'm in the way, then I'll leave(Paust.); Below lay the third layer,where there were many remains from Roman times (Paust.); It was hard to believethat there is a war at sea (Paust.); It became audiblehow the fire roars inside the building (Shuksh.).

In complex sentences complex conjunctions can be used: due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case of, while, due to the fact that, based on the fact that, meanwhile, despite the fact that, because, before, likewise, in proportion as, because, before, for the sake of, before, in order to, since, for the purpose of, just as, so that, especially since and etc.

"due to the fact that", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. In this case, the first comma is usually placed not before the conjunction, but between its parts (before the word “what”).Due to the fact that Every event is like a ball covered with a complex pattern; eyewitnesses contradicted each other, not matching in the description of the incident, since each saw only the part of the ball facing him...A. Green, The Shining World.In a similar way, such conjunctive constructions as “due to the fact that”, “due to the belief that”, etc. are drawn up in writing.

Subordinate clauses joined by conjunction "due to the fact that", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. In this case, the conjunction can be entirely included in the subordinate clause (and not separated by a comma), but more often it is divided (in this case, a comma is placed between the parts of the conjunction, before the word “what”). Before his death, Darwin, not without reason, expressed to Wallace a very hopeless view of the future of humanity, due to the fact that in modern civilization there is no place for natural selection and survival of the most capable. V. Veresaev, Notes of a doctor. The guest was waiting and sitting like a hanger-on who had just come downstairs from the room allotted to him to join the owner for tea, but was meekly silent due to the fact that the owner is busy and frowningly thinking about something... F. Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov. It is also possible to place a comma both before the conjunction (before the word “in view of”) and between its parts (before the word “that”).I have orders from above: avoid staffing with monarchical elements, due to the fact that population... you see, restraint is necessary.M. Bulgakov, White Guard.

"for nothing", are highlighted (or separated) by commas (less commonly, dashes). There is no comma between parts of the conjunction. ...Tom Thumb, for nothing that he was small, very clever and cunning. L. Tolstoy, Little Thumb Boy. The nurse says: " For nothing the patient, and also... notices all sorts of subtleties.” M. Zoshchenko, Case history.

"because", "despite the fact that" are distinguished by punctuation marks (commas). In this case, the first punctuation mark can be placed either before a compound conjunction or between its parts (before the word “what”). He did not marry one very rich and beautiful bride, whom he really liked, only because her great-grandfather was not a nobleman. S. Aksakov, Family chronicle. He heard that women often love ugly, simple people, but he did not believe it, because judged by himself, since he himself could only love beautiful, mysterious and special women. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina. It immediately became clear that Kurenkov got off easier - the blow landed on the shoulder, despite the fact that he moved his hand more or less freely. V. Makanin, Anti-Leader. This is still despite the fact that We pay everyone “excuses” – the kitchen chef, the storekeepers, the senior bartender, and the restaurant director.. V. Kunin, Kysya.

"especially since", are highlighted with punctuation marks. In this case, the first punctuation mark is usually placed before the compound conjunction (before the word “that”), and not between its parts. This news made all the schoolchildren terribly excited. especially since our road to school passed by the river... D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Bad Comrade. Madam, the doctors told me to keep my feet warm, especially since I now need to go and tune the piano to General Shevelitsyna. A. Chekhov, Boots.

Combination "So"can act both as a union and as apronouns + conjunction.

Union. Same as “and therefore, therefore.” Syntactic constructions beginning with the conjunction “so” are distinguished by punctuation marks (commas). In this case, the first punctuation mark is placed before the conjunction (before the word “so”), and not between parts. The next day after their arrival, it started pouring rain, and at night it began to flow in the corridor and in the nursery, So the cribs were moved into the living room. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.
Pronoun + conjunction. Syntactic constructions with the conjunction “what” are distinguished by punctuation marks (commas). Berlioz's life developed So he was not used to unusual phenomena. M. Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita.

Syntactic constructions attached by a conjunction "as soon as", are distinguished by punctuation marks (usually commas). As soon as as soon as K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose. As soon as

Syntactic constructions attached by a conjunction "good", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. There is no comma after the conjunction “good”. The old coachman looked, looked, got off the box, and into the tavern, good got stuck near the tavern. A. Fet, Song.

Union "in connection with which" attaches a subordinate part of a complex sentence, which contains a direct consequence arising from the action of the main part. Subordinate clauses attached by this conjunction are highlighted (or separated) by commas. She arrived at the front a few days ago, Vconnection with what There is no data on the officer composition in the personnel department of the headquarters yet. V. Bogomolov, The moment of truth.

"otherwise", are highlighted (or separated) by commas.Tell them not to dare follow us, V otherwise case they will be severely punished.V. Obruchev, Plutonia.

Subordinate clauses joined by conjunction "until", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. In this case, the first comma is usually placed not before the conjunction, but between its parts (before the word “yet”). They'll put a collar on you and won't let you sleep until You won't lie to yourself. A. Chekhov, Sinner from Toledo.

Union “if (and) not... then” connects homogeneous members of a sentence, the first of which contains an unreal condition, and the second - an assumption, an assumption. A comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction (before the word “then”). The offensive was about to end if not defeat of the attackers, That, in any case, a failure. M. Sholokhov, Quiet Don.

Particle + conjunction word "only when" separates the subordinate clause with commas, attached by the conjunctive word “when”. In this case, a comma is placed before the particle “only”, and no punctuation mark is required before “when”. They can mean something again only When what they completely coincided with will disappear. A. Bitov, Notes of a goy . However, a comma is placed before the conjunctive word “when” if the words “only when” are preceded by the demonstrative pronoun “then” (the construction “then only when” is formed). But the trouble was that these whitish tongues crawled towards the lakes, but he, on the contrary, tried to lead the Krauts to the forest and therefore dived into the fog Then only, When It was becoming completely unbearable. B. Vasiliev, And the dawns here are quiet.

Between parts of the union"insofar as"a comma is added....I am old, sick and therefore find it timely to regulate my property relations insofar as they concern my family.A. Chekhov, Uncle Vanya.He could only judge her insofar as it fit into one or another paragraph of the state code. G. Chulkov, Emperors.“The undead are not life,” said Edik. – Undead exist only insofar as there is intelligent life". A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday.

Collocation "not so that/that"can be either an integral expression or a combination with a conjunction:

An expression that is complete in meaning. The same as “not very, not quite, not quite.” There is no punctuation between parts of the expression (before the word “to”). Sang Not So to It was very slim, but both of them looked amazingly well. V. Shukshin, Alone.
Combination with union. Syntactic constructions with the conjunction “to” are distinguished by punctuation marks, usually commas. Rot it like that , so that it bends and Not So, to burst. S. Cherny, Soldiers' Tales.

Syntactic constructions starting with conjunctions "as", "before""similar to", "since", "before" or "so as to", are highlighted with punctuation marks. In this case, the first punctuation mark can be placed either before a compound conjunction or between its parts (before the last word).

Subordinate clauses joined by conjunction "while", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. In this case, the conjunction can be entirely included in the subordinate clause (and not separated by a comma), but it can also be divided (in this case, a comma is placed between the parts of the conjunction, before the word “how”). He was married to a poor noblewoman who died in childbirth, V That time How he was in the departing field. A. Pushkin, Young Peasant Lady. It makes me laugh to remember how much the three of us smelled like lipstick. V That time, How we started going down the stairs. L. Tolstoy, Childhood. To herit even became annoying at her for the fact that she recovered just while a letter was sent. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina. If the subordinate part of a complex sentence comes before the main clause, a comma is usually not placed between the parts of the conjunction “while” (a comma is acceptable, but such punctuation is considered obsolete).IN That time How we sat for hours on the fence, peering into the greenish water; from the depths of the tub, these strange creatures rose in flocks every now and then...V. Korolenko, Paradox.

Syntactic constructions starting with a conjunction "in case", are highlighted with punctuation marks. Moreover, if the word “that” is absent, the first punctuation mark can be placed before the entire compound conjunction and between its parts.“A propos,” I said, “so as not to forget, how much would you take for your crocodile, on happeningIf would you consider buying it from you?F. Dostoevsky, Crocodile.He took out a notebook from his red briefcase, on which he had jotted down a summary of a small compilation of work he had invented on happening, If in Crimea it will seem boring with nothing to do. A. Chekhov, Black Monk.All recess they hid in the restroom on happening, If suddenly Liza Tsypkina has recovered and wants to lead them from today.L. Ulitskaya, Gift not made by hands.When the word “that” is present, the first punctuation mark is placed between the parts of the conjunction (before the word “if”).I need to increase the firing range on That happening, If the dirty yellow stream will turn towards us at once. A. and B. Strugatsky, Beetle in an anthill.

Combination "whereas"

Union. Same as “but, although, while.” Syntactic constructions beginning with the conjunction “whereas” are distinguished by punctuation marks (commas). In this case, the first punctuation mark is placed before the word “then”, and not before the word “how”.It is remarkable that the ancestor descendants passed on their beautiful type to their later offspring to only one men, whereas blond women have retained their local - and the truth must be told - very ugly type.A. Fet, Poor people.In all other countries the sovereign came from the people, Then How in Japan, on the contrary, the people have the honor of descending from a sovereign who is directly descended from the gods. A. Bitov, Japan.
Adverb + conjunction. A comma is placed before “how”.Going to the army is not shouting a song: boast Then, How you can; and God willing, you yourself will lay down your violent head.O. Somov, They come to the field, they are not considered family.

Combination "exactly the same as (and)" can act as a union.Union. Syntactic constructions beginning with the conjunction “just like (and)” are distinguished by punctuation marks. In this case, the first sign is placed before the compound conjunction (before the word “exactly”), and not between its parts. Nowadays there is no rumor of robbers, exactly So same How about witches, sorcerers, dead people, brownies and all this hellish scum, from which in the old days our ancestors could not live. M. Zagoskin, Evening on Khopra. ...And in grace itself there can be calculation, exactly So same How And there may be grace in the calculation. M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Our friendly trash.

Combination "because" can act as a conjunction or as an adverb + conjunction:

Union. Same as “because”. Syntactic constructions with the conjunction “since” are distinguished by punctuation marks, usually commas. They didn't talk much because it was prohibited. Yu. Tynyanov, Second Lieutenant Kizhe.
Adverb + conjunction. Same as “in the same way as”, “to the same extent as”. A comma is placed before “how”. He smiled because as if he was talking about women's pranks. Y. Tynyanov, Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. It all started around because the she-wolf dreamed about it when the cubs were still small. Ch. Aitmatov, Scaffold.

Syntactic constructions attached by a conjunction"as soon as", are distinguished by punctuation marks (usually commas).As soon as in the started thing people appear and as soon as these people, by the will of the author, come to life, they immediately begin to resist the plan and enter into a fight with it.K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose.As soon as a thunderstorm passed, I went to a locksmith’s shop and, while they were grinding my key there, I calculated that I would be able to move to Murmansk no earlier than in a week...K. Vorobyov, Here comes a giant.

In the union “even though/though (and) a/yes/but”a comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction (before “a / yes / but”).Life but heavy, But not an example. A. and B. Strugatsky, Doomed City. In the hut though smells bad Yes warm at least... I. Goncharov, Oblomov. Yes, he knows everything, understands everything, and with these words he tells me that but ashamed, A You have to get over your shame. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.

A close connection between the parts of a sentence is established when there is an intensifying particle in the subordinate clauseneither . This particle closely merges with a relative word or subordinating conjunction:who neither anything nor, which nor where nor, where nor, no matter how much, no matter how, whenever etc. Subordinate clauses with these combinations have the additional meaning of generalization and strengthening and are highlighted (separated) by commas:What neither ask, she will explain, she will teach, you will never get bored talking to her.(N.) No matter how hard we tried, that day we only managed to reach the mouth of the river.(Ars.)

A comma may be used in a complex sentence if the subordinate clause is an indirect question: Fortunately, he didn’t think to ask me a simple question: is there an official investigation underway?.

Combinations with the words “in connection with” can raise many questions: where to put a comma and whether it is needed, how to correctly use this or that combination, etc. Let's look at the question of whether “in connection” is separated by commas or not, using specific examples.

“In connection with...” is separated by commas

Before the word

1. The combination we are considering is a derived conjunction, therefore a comma is placed before “in connection”, and there is no need for signs after it.

Frosts had already begun, and therefore classes began to be cancelled.
Sasha has an exam soon, so he spends all day cramming dates, formulas and vocabulary words.

2. This also applies to combinations of the “in connection with which” type. Such a combination can occur exclusively within a sentence (it is stylistically unacceptable to start a phrase with it), and the answer to the question “in connection with what” is highlighted with commas is unambiguous: the comma should only be before it, but not after it.

The ceilings leaked again, forcing an entire wing of the building to be closed off.
Lyubasha had a name day, and therefore Igor composed these verses.

3. From the combinations “in connection with this”, “in connection with which” the combination “in this connection” should be distinguished, which is most often used in a journalistic style and is a means of transition from one micro-topic to another (does not express a direct causal relationship!) . A sign is required before “in this regard”; Naturally, there is no comma at the beginning of the sentence.

The thunderstorm passed just before the wedding, in this regard, an association is imposed with a person’s life before and after the wedding.
My colleague's work is of great importance; in this regard, it is impossible not to remember how he went towards his goal.

No comma needed

The preposition “in connection with” is often used in speech. Additions with it are not separated by commas. In particular, a comma is not required after “in connection with... I ask...” and in other similar stable combinations characteristic of the official business style.

We decided to give you this gift in connection with Preschool Worker's Day.
In connection with the above, I ask you to grant me leave without pay.

Do you know..

Which option is correct?
(according to last week’s statistics, only 78% answered correctly)