Between the predicate and the subject, if the predicate is a noun and is used in the nominative case. (A wolf is an animal. A good car is a man’s dream.) If the predicate is accompanied by the particle not, then the dash is omitted. (A car is not a luxury.); Between the predicate and the subject, if the subject is in the nominative case and the predicate is an indefinite form of the verb, or they are both verbs of the indefinite form. (The dream is to live forever. To sleep is not to drag bags.); A dash is placed before “this” if the predicate is attached to the subject with this word. This rule applies to the words “this is”, “here”, “this means” (Lion is a beast. Flying is a worthy dream.); Before generalizing words after enumerations. (Eye, nose, mouth - everything is on the face. Neither tears, nor prayer - nothing touched him.); Before the application, if it is at the end of the sentence. (He wanted one thing - money and only money.); Between a pair of predicates or sentences, if in the second there is a sharp contrast or unexpected addition to the first. (I came - and everyone was already here! I wanted to drink - I dropped the glass.); Between sentences or words connected without conjunctions, to emphasize a sharp contrast. (Not the water in that cup - the nectar of the gods.); Between sentences, if the second contains a conclusion from the first or a result and is not connected by a conjunction. (The palm itches - there will be money. Fingers in the socket - an electric shock.); Between the subordinate and main clauses, if the main clause comes second and is not joined by a conjunction. (The forest is being cut down - the chips are flying.); In the place where simple sentences split into two groups of words, if it is impossible to express this in any other way. (The enemy is in dust! And the sergeant is given a medal “For Courage.”); In the middle of the sentence, two dashes highlight explanations and additions if the selection in brackets reduces the expressiveness of the text. (And Pakhomych - a rare bastard and a weasel - did not come at all.); In the sentence in the middle, two dashes highlight a common application if it is necessary to show its independence. (Behind the wall of the house - an ordinary rural five-walled house - a whole detachment was hiding.); In the sentence in the middle, two dashes highlight a group of homogeneous members. (Usually building materials - boards, nails, logs and staples - are prepared in advance.) If such a listing is preceded by a general word, then a dash is needed only at the end. (The entire squad, namely: Petya, Vasya, Igor and Semyon, did not enter the line.); After the comma, when it is necessary to separate the main clause from the group of subordinate clauses and emphasize the breakdown of the whole into parts. (Whether the world will end or not, no one knows. );After the comma, when you need to indicate an increase or decrease in the period. (People fly into space, harness atomic energy, write brilliant music, create unprecedented structures - but you don’t take out the trash!); Between words, if these words limit a spatial, temporal or quantitative interval. (Flight Ankara - Yerevan. Break 5-7 minutes.); Between the components there are names of teachings or scientific institutions. (Bio-Savart-Laplace law.)__)____

A dash is placed in a simple sentence in two cases:

1. between subject and predicate;
2. if the offer is incomplete.

Dash between subject and predicate

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if:

• Both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the nominative case:
  Moscow is the capital of our Motherland.
• Both main members of the sentence are expressed by cardinal numbers:
  Three times three is nine.
• Both main members of the sentence are expressed by an infinitive, or one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by an infinitive, and the second by a noun:
  Smoking is harmful to health. Smoking is harmful to health.
• Before the words this means:
  Reading is the best teaching. Water is the source of life.

A dash is not placed between the subject and the predicate if:

• The subject is expressed by a personal pronoun:
  I am a citizen of Russia.
• With the predicate there is a negative particle not:
  Irina is not my sister.
  It is necessary to distinguish which member of the sentence the particle not belongs to, for example, in the sentence “ Living life is not a field to cross"The particle NOT refers not to the predicate, but to the object, therefore a dash is placed in the sentence.
• The predicate is introduced by comparative conjunctions as, as if, as if:
  The lake is like a mirror.
• If there is an introductory word between the subject and the predicate:
  My brother is, of course, a good person.

Dash in an incomplete simple sentence

A sentence is incomplete in which any member of the sentence is missing, but there is a place for it in the sentence and it is easily restored from the context.
For example:
They sent letters to everyone, but they didn’t send them to me (the dash replaces “letters”).
Take care of your dress again, and your honor from a young age (a dash replaces “take care”).

Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between incomplete sentences with the omission of one of the main members of the sentence and one-part ones.

In one-part sentences, the second main member is not required; without it, the meaning of the sentence is clear. In one-part sentences there is no place for the second main member of the sentence.

In incomplete sentences it can always be restored.
For example:
The mice chewed up all the food. Now they took up the books (it is clear from the context that the mice took up the books). There's a knock on the door (a one-part sentence that doesn't require a subject).

M.ELISEEVA,
Saint Petersburg

All cases of placing a dash.
Repetition

Students prepare the material

One of the effective and interesting methods of working on the rules of Russian punctuation is for students to independently select examples of the rule they have learned from various texts. These can be works of both domestic and foreign literature, both classical and modern. In addition, these can be not only works of art, but also texts of a scientific or newspaper-journalistic style (fragments or individual sentences from encyclopedias, articles, etc.). The only prohibition is not to use educational literature, especially Russian language textbooks. It is very simple to check whether the student has found the example independently: ask each student to indicate the author (last name and initials) of the book from which the sentence was copied, as well as its title. By checking the completion of this task, you will not only get an idea of ​​​​each student's ability to perform syntactic and punctuation analysis of the text, but also find out the reading preferences of your students. Russian language classes are becoming more interesting and lively. The best examples should be dictated in class and analyzed. Be sure to name the person whose notebook the sentence was taken from. The kids are also interested in learning more about each other: what they read, what they are interested in outside of the school curriculum. Do not forbid choosing examples from children's books, even if your students are high school students. In the fairy tale story “Winnie the Pooh” by A. Milne, translated by B. Zakhoder, one can find almost all possible cases of placing dashes and colons in the Russian language.
Gradually, you will collect a collection of wonderful examples that you will use in your lessons instead of boring examples from textbooks that everyone (and especially you) are tired of.
Here are sentences collected by my students on one of the most “extensive” punctuation topics. These examples are suitable for general repetition on the topic “Dash”, when all particular topics have been covered: a dash between the subject and the predicate, before generalizing words, when highlighting applications, inserted constructions, between parts of a complex non-union sentence, etc.

A DASH IS PUT

1. Between the subject and the predicate with a zero copula, if the main members are expressed by a noun, infinitive, cardinal numeral in the nominative case, as well as a phrase containing the indicated parts of speech.

Is it really possible, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes? ( M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time)

Love brightens life.
Love is the charm of nature... ( MM. Zoshchenko. Blue Book. Love)

Love is a form, and my own form is already decaying. ( I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons)

Let me note by the way: all poets are dreamy friends of love. ( A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)

But genius and villainy are two incompatible things. ( A.S. Pushkin. Mozart and Salieri)

- Prokatilov is power! – the company began to console Struchkov. ( A.P. Chekhov. On a nail)

Know that my destiny is to cherish dreams
And there with a sigh in the heights
Scatter tears of fire.

(A.A. Fet. Rocket)

It's typical foppishness to rob a poor widow. ( I. Ilf, E. Petrov. The twelve Chairs)

2. Before words this is what it means, standing between the subject and the predicate.

But reducing the sum of human lives by 50 million years is not criminal. ( E. Zamyatin. We)

But we know that dreams are a serious mental illness. ( E. Zamyatin. We)

To live forever amidst torment,
amidst painful doubts -
This is the strong ideal,
Without creating anything, hating, despising
And shining like crystal.

(N. Gumilev. Evil genius, king of doubts...)

3. If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate by a noun in the nominative case, a dash is placed in the following cases:

A) with the logical selection of a pronoun:

She is the culprit of that transformation. ( I.A. Goncharov. Oblomov)
You are a staircase in a big, foggy house. ( V.V. Nabokov. Ladder)

b) when contrasted:

I thirst and hunger, and you are a barren flower,
And meeting you is more bleak than granite.

(B.L. Parsnip. Miracle)

Here we are – accomplices of the gatherings.
Here is Anna - nature's accomplice...

(B.A. Akhmadulina. Anna Kalandadze)

V) in reverse word order:

The swan is here, taking a deep breath,
She said: “Why far away?
Know that your destiny is near,
After all, this princess is me.”

(A.S. Pushkin. The Tale of Tsar Saltan)

G) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence:

He is all a child of goodness and light,
He is all a triumph of freedom!

(A.A. Block. Oh, I want to live crazy!)

4. If there is a pause in place of the missing main or secondary member in incomplete sentences.

Wandering his eyes, Ivan Savelyevich stated that on Thursday afternoon he got drunk alone in his office at Variety, after which he went somewhere, but he doesn’t remember where, he drank starka somewhere else, but he doesn’t remember where. He was lying under the fence, but again he doesn’t remember where. ( M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita)

In winter there was a lot of light on Peschanaya Street, it was gray and deserted, in spring it was sunny and cheerful, especially when looking at the white wall of the archpriest’s house, at the clean glass, at the gray-green tops of poplars in the blue sky. ( I.A. Bunin. Cup of life)

Fire is met with fire,
Trouble - trouble and illness cure illness...

(W.Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet. Per. B.L. Pasternak)

5. Intonation dash between any members of the sentence.

The dead lay there and babbled a terrible, unknown speech. ( A.S. Pushkin. Feast in Time of Plague)

The prince removed the lock, opened the door and stepped back in amazement, even shuddered: Nastasya Filippovna stood in front of him. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Idiot)

This is a giant of thought, the father of Russian democracy and a person close to the emperor. ( I. Ilf, E. Petrov. The twelve Chairs)

6. In the notes, the word being explained is separated from the explanation by a dash (regardless of the form of expression of the predicate).

Sibyl of Samia - from the name of the island of Samos. ( D.S. Buslovich. People, heroes, gods)

7. With generalizing words:

a) if the generalizing word comes after homogeneous members of the sentence:

Disgrace, execution, dishonor, taxes, labor, and famine - you have experienced everything. ( A.S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov)

The triumph of self-preservation, salvation from pressing danger - that’s what filled his entire being at that moment. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment)

b) when a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, a colon is placed after it, and a dash is placed after homogeneous members, if after them the sentence continues:

everything around: the blood-stained field, the French lying in a heap everywhere, scattered dirty rags covered in blood - it was disgusting and disgusting. ( L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace)

A crowd of buildings: human buildings, barns, cellars - filled the courtyard. ( N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls)

8. Between words and numbers to indicate spatial, temporal or quantitative limits (“from... to”).

It was once a milestone along the large Voronezh-Azov waterway. ( M.A. Sholokhov. Quiet Don)

Note. If between nouns - proper names or numbers you can insert or, then a hyphen is added.

Two or three former literary celebrities who happened to be in St. Petersburg at that time and with whom Varvara Petrovna had long maintained the most elegant relations also appeared. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Demons)

9. To isolate the application if it is explanatory in nature.

Another matter - getting money - encountered obstacles in the same way. ( L.N. Tolstoy. Anna Karenina)

10. Before the application at the end of the sentence, if it is logically highlighted.

In my room I found the clerk of the neighboring estate, Nikita Nazarych Mishchenka. ( A.I. Kuprin. Olesya)

He walked the entire Bogoyavlenskaya Street; Finally it went downhill, my feet were moving in the mud, and suddenly a wide, foggy, seemingly empty space opened up - a river. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Demons)

11. To isolate common agreed definitions at the end of a sentence, especially when listing:

This is in some windows, and in others hundreds of ladies' hats appeared, both with feathers and without feathers, and with buckles, and without them, and hundreds of shoes - black, white, yellow, leather, satin, suede, and with straps, and with pebbles. ( M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita)

12. To isolate minor members of a sentence, expressed by an infinitive, of an explanatory nature, both at the end and in the middle of a sentence:

The cat Vasily took spring leave to get married. ( A. and B. Strugatsky. Monday starts on Saturday)

Because of Sibgatov, Dontsova even changed the direction of her scientific interests: she delved into the pathology of bones out of one impulse - to save Sibgatov. ( A.I. Solzhenitsyn. Cancer building)

13. For isolating inserted structures.

They killed him - what a strange word! - in a month, in Galicia. ( I.A. Bunin. Cold autumn)

But don't try to keep it for yourself
Given to you by heaven:
Convicted - and we know it ourselves -
We spend, not save.

(A.A. Akhmatova. Freshness of words for us...)

14. Between parts of a complex sentence, if the sentence contains opposition or indicates a rapid change of events.

The horses walked at a pace - and soon stopped. ( A.S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter)

The hetman reigned - and wonderfully. ( M.A. Bulgakov. White Guard)

15. For intonation separation of subordinate and main clauses (often in sentences with parallelism in structure).

If death is light, I die,
If I die, I will burn brightly.
And I don’t forgive my tormentors,
But I thank them for the torment.

(Z. Gippius. Martyr)

And these days the air smells of death:
Opening a window means opening the veins. ( B.L. Parsnip. Gap)

16. In non-union complex sentences, if:

a) the second part is opposed to the first:

They were chasing me - I was not disturbed in spirit. ( A.S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov)

Do good - he won’t say thank you. ( A.S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov)

b) the second part contains a consequence, result, conclusion from what is said in the first:

Veli - I will die; ordered - I will breathe only for you. ( A.S. Pushkin. Stone Guest)

I met you - and everything is gone
In the obsolete heart came to life;
I remembered the golden time -
And my heart felt so warm...

(F.I. Tyutchev. K.B.)

I'm dying - I have no reason to lie. ( I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons)

c) the second part contains a comparison with what is said in the first:

It will pass - as if the sun will shine!
If he looks, he’ll give you a ruble.

(ON THE. Nekrasov. Jack Frost)

d) the sentence expresses a rapid change of events, an unexpected addition:

Come to me for a glass of rum,
Come, we’ll shake off the old days.

(A.S. Pushkin. Today I'll be at home in the morning...)

e) the first part indicates the time or condition of the action referred to in the second part:

Condition:

God willing - ten, twenty years,
He will live twenty-five or thirty.

(A.S. Pushkin. The Stingy Knight);

I don’t give a damn, Varvara Ardalionovna; anything - at least now fulfill your intention. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Idiot)

Time:

And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn,
And the azure and the midday heat...
The time will come - the Lord will ask the prodigal son:
“Were you happy in your earthly life?”

(I.A. Bunin. And flowers, and bumblebees...)

f) with the explanatory meaning of the second part (you can insert a conjunction before it What); however, a colon is usually used in this case, compare:

I know there's a nail in my boot
more nightmarish than Goethe's fantasy!

(V.V. Mayakovsky. A cloud in pants)

I'll tell you from the last one
Directness:
All just nonsense - sherry brandy -
My angel.

(O.E. Mandelstam. I will tell you...)

g) the second part is a connecting clause (it is preceded or can be inserted with the word This):

State of screaming stones -
Armenia, Armenia!
Hoarse mountains calling to arms -
Armenia, Armenia!

(O.E. Mandelstam. Armenia)

17. In direct speech.

THE DAH IS NOT PUT

Between the subject and the predicate, expressed by nouns, if:

1. Before the predicate there is a negation, an introductory word, an adverb, a conjunction, a particle:

I really regret that my husband is not a doctor. ( A.P. Chekhov. Name day)

One more question: how do you feel about the fact that the Moon is also the work of the mind? ( V.M. Shukshin. cut)

Compare if there is a pause:

Styopa was well known in Moscow theater circles, and everyone knew that this man was not a gift. ( M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita)

This is how they begin to understand.
And in the noise of a running turbine
It seems that the mother is not a mother,
that you are not you, that home is a foreign land.

(B.L. Parsnip. This is how they start...)

2. Before the predicate there is a secondary member of the sentence related to it:

[Trofimov:] All of Russia is our garden.

(A.P. Chekhov. The Cherry Orchard)

Compare if there is a pause: Mr. G-v serves, and Mr. Shatov is a former student. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Demons)

Drowning out the whisper of inspired superstitions, common sense tells us that life is just a slit of weak light between two perfectly black eternities. ( V.V. Nabokov. Other shores)

3. The nominal compound predicate precedes the subject:

This valley is a wonderful place!

(M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time)

4. The subject in combination with the predicate is a phraseological unit:

“Another person’s soul is dark,” Bunin answers and adds: “No, our own is much darker.”

(I.A. Ilyin. Creativity I.A. Bunin)

5. The subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate by a noun in the nominative case:

Yes, Luce is a type. Of course, he is a bore, but his vocabulary is gigantic. ( J.D. Salinger. Catcher in the rye)

6. In conversational style sentences:

What hair! Nonsense hair! This is what I say! It’s even better, if it starts to tear, that’s not what I’m afraid of... ( F.M. Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment)

Homogeneous members sentences are words that answer the same question, refer to the same word in the sentence and are the same member of the sentence.

Homogeneous members are separated from each other commas:

Was light, joyful, warm!
Snow, rain, wind didn't care about this man.
Perky, cheerful, marvelous familiar a voice stopped him.
He ran, flew, rushed towards your dream.

Comma placed between homogeneous members if they are connected:

• repeating conjunctions then...that, neither...nor, or...or:
  That snow, That wind;
• double alliances somehow and, not only, but and, if not then:
  Both the trees and bushes turned green. Not only the trees, but also the bushes turned green. The leaves bloom, if not in April, then in May (a comma is placed before if not).

Before single union "And" no comma is used:
Trees, bushes, flowers, and grass turned green.

A sentence may have several rows of homogeneous members:
Maples And birch trees crowded on hillocks And dells.

Colon is placed before the listing if:

• it is necessary to warn the reader that what follows is a list:
  Meanwhile, there are many of their own factories and factories: hat, glass, paper, etc. (I. A. Goncharov)
• the listing is preceded by:

  general word: Everything in a person should be beautiful: his face, his clothes, his soul, and his thoughts. (A.P. Chekhov);
  introductory word(somehow, namely, for example, etc.), with the introductory word separated by a comma: For trade, these trades barely deliver a few unimportant items, such as: skins, horns, fangs. (I. A. Goncharov)

Dash is placed after the listing located in the middle of the sentence, if the generalizing word comes after homogeneous members of the sentence: From the house, from the trees, from the dovecote - from Total Long shadows ran. (I. A. Goncharov)

Colon and dash the enumeration located in the middle of the sentence is highlighted if this enumeration is preceded by a generalizing word, and after the enumeration the sentence continues: And he has a lot of goods: furs, satin, silver - both in plain sight and under locks. (A.S. Pushkin).

Tasks and tests on the topic “Homogeneous parts of sentences and punctuation marks with “and”

• Homogeneous members of a sentence, punctuation marks for them - Offer. Word combination 4th grade

  Lessons: 1 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

• Sentences with homogeneous members. Summarizing words - Basic concepts of syntax and punctuation grade 5

  Lessons: 2 Assignments: 8 Tests: 3

• Punctuation for homogeneous members connected by non-repeating, repeating and paired conjunctions - Simple complicated sentence 11th grade

  Lessons: 2 Assignments: 6 Tests: 1

• Punctuation in definitions and applications - Simple complicated sentence 11th grade

  Lessons: 2 Assignments: 7 Tests: 1

Attention! IN different rows, a comma before the “and” is impossible!

Remember that:

1. if a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after it;
2. if the generalizing word comes after homogeneous members, then a dash is placed after the generalizing word;
3. if a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, then, as you already know, a colon is placed after it; but if after the enumeration the sentence continues, then after the homogeneous members it is necessary to put a dash.

For example:
Everyone: children, adults, dogs - mixed into one heap.

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate, expressed by a noun in the nominative case (without a connective). This rule is most often applied when the predicate defines the concept expressed by the subject, for example:

Oak is a tree.

Optics is a branch of physics.

Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Baku are the largest cities of the USSR.

The elder brother is my teacher.

My older brother is a teacher.

Note 1. If a predicate expressed by a noun in the nominative case is preceded by a negation Not, then the dash is not placed, for example:

Poverty is not a vice.

Note 2. In an interrogative sentence with the main member expressed by a pronoun, there is no dash between the main members, for example:

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if the subject is expressed in the nominative form of the noun, and the predicate in the indefinite form, or if both of them are expressed in the indefinite form, for example:

The purpose of each person is to develop in himself everything human, common and to enjoy it.

Belinsky

Living life is not a field to cross.

A dash is placed before This, it is, this means, Here, if the predicate, expressed by a noun in the nominative case or indefinite form, is attached to the subject through these words, for example:

Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country.

Poetry is the fiery gaze of a young man, seething with an excess of strength.

Belinsky

Romanticism was the first word that announced the Pushkin period; nationality is the alpha and omega of the new period.

Belinsky

A dash is placed before the generalizing word after the listing, for example:

Hope and the swimmer - the whole sea swallowed up.

Neither the crow of a rooster, nor the sonorous hum of horns, nor the early chirping of a swallow on the roof - nothing will call the deceased out of their graves.

Zhukovsky

A dash is placed before the application at the end of the sentence:

If you can insert it before the application without changing the meaning namely, For example:

I don't really like this tree - aspen.

Turgenev

In relations with strangers, he demanded one thing - maintaining decency.

Paying tribute to his time, Mr. Goncharov also developed an antidote to Oblomov - Stolz.

Dobrolyubov

1. If the application contains explanatory words and it is necessary to emphasize the shade of independence of such an application, for example:

   I had a cast iron kettle with me - my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus.

   Lermontov

A dash is placed between two predicates and between two independent clauses if the second of them contains an unexpected addition or sharp contrast to the first, for example:

I went out onto the terrace, not wanting to offend him, and was stunned.

I rush there - and the whole city is already there.

I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel a hundredth part.

Griboyedov

I wanted to paint, but my brushes fell out of my hands. I tried to read, but his eyes glanced over the lines.

Lermontov

Note 1. To enhance the sense of surprise, a dash can be placed after coordinating conjunctions connecting two parts of one sentence, for example:

Ask for payment on Saturday and march to the village.

M. Gorky

I really want to go there and meet them, but I’m afraid.

M. Gorky

Note 2. To express surprise, any part of a sentence can be separated by a dash, for example:

And they threw the pike into the river.

And she ate the poor singer to pieces.

A dash is placed between two sentences and between two homogeneous members of a sentence, connected without the help of conjunctions, to express a sharp contrast, for example:

I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god.

Derzhavin

It’s no wonder to cut off a head; it’s no wonder to add it.

Proverb

This is not where they live - it's paradise.

A dash is placed between sentences not connected by conjunctions if the second sentence contains a result or conclusion from what is said in the first, for example:

Praise is tempting - how can you not want it?

The sun has risen and the day begins.

Nekrasov

A dash is placed between two sentences if they are related in meaning as a subordinate clause (in first place) with the main clause (in second place), but there are no subordinating conjunctions, for example:

Gruzdev called himself get in the body.

The forest is being cut down and the chips are flying.

You yourself are confused - unravel yourself; If you knew how to brew porridge, you also knew how to dissolve it; If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.

Saltykov-Shchedrin

A dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence splits into two verbal groups, if this cannot be expressed by other punctuation marks or word order, for example:

I ask you: do workers need to be paid?

Such a breakdown is often observed when some member of a sentence is omitted (which is why the dash placed in this case is called elliptical), for example:

Pustoroslev for faithful service - the Chizhov estate, and Chizhov - to Siberia forever.

A. N. Tolstoy

We turned villages into ashes, cities into dust, swords into sickles and plows.

Zhukovsky

Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing.

The following are distinguished by dashes:

1. Sentences and words inserted into the middle of a sentence to clarify or supplement it, in cases where bracketing would weaken the connection between the insertion and the main sentence, for example:

   There is nothing to do here - the friends kissed.

   ...When suddenly - lo and behold! oh shame! - the oracle spoke nonsense.

   Only once—and even then at the very beginning—an unpleasant and harsh conversation took place.

   Furmanov

2. A common application, placed after a qualifying noun, if it is necessary to emphasize the shade of independence of such an application, for example:

   The senior constable - a brave elderly Cossack with stripes for long-term service - gave the command to “form up”.

   In front of the doors of the club - a wide log house - workers with banners were waiting for the guests.

3. A group of homogeneous members standing in the middle of a sentence, for example:

   Usually, Cossacks were taken from the upper villages - Elanskaya, Veshenskaya, Migulinskaya and Kazanskaya - into the 11-12th Army Cossack Regiments and the Ataman Life Guards.

   Note. A dash is placed after a listing in the middle of a sentence if this listing is preceded by a generalizing word or words somehow.

A dash is placed as an additional sign after a comma before a word, which is repeated in order to connect with it a new sentence (usually a subordinate clause, reinforcing, supplementing or developing the main clause) or a further part of the same sentence, for example:

I knew very well that this was my husband, not some new, unknown person, but a good man - my husband, whom I knew as myself.

L. Tolstoy

Now, as a judicial investigator, Ivan Ilyich felt that all the most important, self-satisfied people, without exception, were all in his hands.

L. Tolstoy

A dash is placed as an additional sign after a comma, which separates the main sentence from the group of subordinate clauses preceding it, if it is necessary to emphasize the division of a single whole into two parts, for example:

Who is to blame and who is right is not for us to judge.

Whether Stolz did anything for this, what he did and how he did it, we don’t know.

Dobrolyubov

A dash is placed as an additional decimal place to indicate a transition from increase to decrease in a period, for example:

Oh, if it's true that in the night,
When the living rest
And moon rays from the sky
They slide onto the grave stones, -
Oh, if it's true, then what.
Silent graves are empty
I'm calling the shadow, I'm waiting for Leila:
To me, my friend, here, here!

In the 1800s, at a time when there were no railroads, no highways, no gas, no stearin light, no springy low sofas, no furniture without varnish, no disillusioned young men with glass, no liberal female philosophers, nor the lovely lady camellias, of which there were so many in our time, in those naive times when, leaving Moscow for St. Petersburg in a cart or carriage, they took with them a whole home-cooked kitchen, drove for eight days along a soft, dusty or dirty road and believed into Pozharsky cutlets, Valdai bells and bagels; when tallow candles burned on long autumn evenings, illuminating family circles of twenty and thirty people, at balls wax and spermaceti candles were inserted into candelabra, when furniture was placed symmetrically, when our fathers were still young not only because of the lack of wrinkles and gray hair, but they shot for women, from the other corner of the room rushed to pick up accidentally or not accidentally dropped handkerchiefs, our mothers wore short waists and huge sleeves and solved family matters by taking out tickets; when the lovely camellia ladies hid from the daylight; in the naive times of the Masonic lodges, the Martinists of the Tugendbund, in the times of the Miloradovichs, Davydovs, Pushkins, there was a congress of landowners in the provincial city of K. and the noble elections ended.

L. Tolstoy

A dash is placed between two words to indicate spatial, temporal or quantitative limits (in this case, the dash replaces the meaning of the word “from... to”), for example:

Flights USSR - America.

Manuscripts of the XI-XIV centuries.

A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc., for example:

Boyle-Mariotte physical law.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation 1956