Presentation of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Presentation - inhibition of conditioned reflexes Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes presentation
Higher nervous activity refers to those functions of the brain that are associated with the inner world of a person, his psyche. VND is the activity of the higher parts of the central nervous system, ensuring the most perfect adaptation of animals and humans to the external environment. The study of higher nervous activity in Russia is associated primarily with the names of two great scientists: Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov (1829-1905) and Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). The merit of I.M. Sechenov is that he proved that the brain can both enhance the reflexes of the spinal cord and inhibit them. It was the discovery of central inhibition that brought fame and world recognition to I.M. Sechenov. He showed that the higher parts of the nervous system are capable of regulating the work of the lower parts. This proved the multi-level organization of brain function. The higher the part of the brain is located, the more complex functions it performs. I.P. Pavlov continued his research and found that all reflexes can be divided into two large groups. Congenital (unconditioned) reflexes acquired (conditioned) IP Pavlov associated the formation of conditioned reflexes with the work of the cerebral cortex. They arise under the obligatory condition of a combination of any irritation, even a minor one, with vital irritations (for example, food, pain, danger) and become their signals. The concept of congenital and acquired forms of behavior. The need for something to maintain the life and development of the organism causes a special state called need. A complex complex of adaptive motor acts aimed at satisfying the body’s needs and manifested in purposeful activity is called behavior. Behavior is a combination of physiological and mental processes. Behavior Innate Acquired No clear boundary Innate behavior refers to those forms of behavior that are genetically programmed and which are almost impossible to change. Acquired (as a result of learning) are all forms of behavior that are formed as a result of the individual experience of a living organism. Unconditioned reflexes, their characteristics and classification Unconditioned reflexes (species reflexes) are relatively constant, stereotypical, innate, genetically fixed reactions of the body to internal and external stimuli (stimuli), carried out with the participation of the central nervous system (CNS). The term “unconditioned reflex” was introduced by I.P. Pavlov - an obligatory species characteristic - has ready-made reflex arcs. - carried out by spinal or cranial reflex arcs. - centers are located in the spinal cord and in the brain stem, i.e. in the lower parts of the central nervous system. - the participation of the cerebral cortex is not necessary. - feedback – information about the results and degree of success of the action taken. Thanks to unconditioned reflexes, the integrity of the body is preserved, the constancy of the internal environment is maintained, and reproduction occurs. Unconditioned reflexes underlie all behavioral reactions of animals and humans. Classification of unconditioned reflexes (I.P. Pavlov) – food (swallowing, sucking, etc.); – sexual (“tournament fights”); – protective (coughing, sneezing, blinking, etc.); – indicative (alertness, listening, turning the head to the source of sound, etc.) The emergence of an internal need is a condition for the implementation of an unconditioned reflex Instincts and their characteristics Instinct (from the Latin instinctus - urge) is a complex innate form of behavior that arises in response to certain changes in the environment and are of great importance for the survival of the organism. - specific for each species - a whole chain of reflex acts sequentially connected with each other. Examples: the construction of nests by birds, a dam by beavers, etc. This instinct manifested the following chain of innate reflexes: birth --> CO2 --> inhale --> cry. Instinctive behavior provides the body with a set of ready-made behavioral reactions, which allows the economical use of nerve cells. Answer question No. 2 on page 106 using the textbook text. Innate trigger mechanism Acquired forms of behavior. The basis of acquired forms of behavior is learning. Learning is a process based on individual experience that leads to adaptive changes in the behavior of an individual. Basic methods of learning Habituation, or habituation, is a process as a result of which already existing reactions are lost. This is how the cubs of the South African black-footed cat react to the first meeting with a person: bared teeth and flattened ears are a sign of anxiety. After the photographer began to appear every day, this reaction faded away. Conditioned reflexes are individually acquired systemic adaptive reactions of animals and humans, arising on the basis of the formation of a temporary connection between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned reflex act. The term “conditioned reflex” - P. Pavlov in 1903 - is strictly individual and unstable - The arcs of acquired reflexes are closed in the cerebral cortex and are temporary. Trial and error method Skinner's camera Insight (from the English insight - intuition, understanding) is an animal's sudden solution to a relatively complex task after a few random, chaotic attempts to achieve the desired result. Köhler's experiment on chimpanzees Imprinting, or imprinting (from the English imprint - to imprint, imprint), is the formation in the early period of development of an individual of stable individual selectivity to external stimuli. 30s XX century Konrad Lorenz. An apparatus used to study imprinting. It consists of a treadmill along the circumference of which a duck decoy moves. The duckling follows the decoy. Control equipment in the foreground Conditioned reflexes are individually acquired systemic adaptive reactions of animals and humans, arising on the basis of the formation of a temporary connection between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned reflex act. I.P. Pavlov developed a method for the formation of conditioned reflexes. Experiment on the development of conditioned reflexes according to I.P. Pavlova. On the left is the inner part of the experimental chamber, on the right is the outer part. Conditions necessary for the formation of a catch reflex 1. The presence of two stimuli: an indifferent (indifferent) one, which they want to make conditional, and an unconditional one, which causes some activity of the body. 2. An indifferent stimulus (light, sound, etc.) must precede the unconditional one and accompany the action of the latter for some time. 3. The unconditioned stimulus must be stronger than the conditioned one. 4. Lack of distracting extraneous stimuli. 5. Active state of the cortex Development of a conditioned reflex 1. The dog sees the light bulb on, but does not react to it in any way. There is no reflex. 2 – Visual center in the cerebral cortex, 4 – Salivary gland. 2. 1 – Salivation center in the subcortex, 3 – Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 – Salivary gland. A bowl full of food was placed in front of the dog. The dog begins to eat. The unconditioned reflex turns on. A signal is sent from the dog’s olfactory receptors to the brain - from the subcortex to the cerebral cortex and back, and then to the dog’s salivary glands. Saliva begins to flow. 3. 1 – Salivation center in the subcortex, 2 – Visual center in the cerebral cortex, 3 – Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 – Salivary gland. The dog eats from a bowl. There is a light bulb in her field of vision as she eats. Information about the light bulb being turned on is transmitted from the visual receptors to the visual center of the dog's brain. If the light comes on dozens of times in a row every time the dog eats, a new connection will be formed in his brain between the visual center and the salivation center. This way the dog will acquire a conditioned reflex that starts working when the light bulb is turned on. 4. 1 – Salivation center in the subcortex, 2 – Visual center in the cerebral cortex, 3 – Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 – Salivary gland. Now, when the light bulb is turned on, the dog salivates, even if there is no bowl of food in front of him. A nerve impulse is transmitted from the eyes to the brain, which passes from the visual center to the salivary center of the cerebral cortex, then to the subcortex and from there to the dog’s salivary gland. General signs of conditioned reflexes are absent in newborns; – are an individual’s highest adaptation to changing living conditions; – carried out by the highest department of the central nervous system; – acquired through the formation of temporary neural connections and are lost if the environmental conditions that caused them have changed; – represent a warning signal reaction. A dynamic stereotype is the ability of the brain to combine a number of individual reflex acts into a system. - Human habits, daily routine, ability to skate and bike, ski - Plays a big role in the formation of a variety of work, sports, and play skills in humans and in the behavior of animals, if the activity is monotonous and often repeated. - Ensures the body’s adaptation to stable or habitually changing environmental conditions. - The ability for dynamic changes weakens with age. Rational activity is the ability of animals to grasp patterns connecting objects and phenomena in the environment, as well as to use knowledge of these patterns in new conditions. - The more developed the nervous system, the higher the level of rational activity. - The highest form of adaptation to environmental conditions. Excitation and inhibition Excitation is an active state of nervous tissue in response to the action of various stimuli of sufficient strength. Inhibition is an active nervous process leading to inhibition of excitation. Types of unconditional (congenital) inhibition - transcendental (protective) inhibition - external inhibition - some innate reflexes in which certain stimuli cause the cessation of certain actions Types of conditioned (acquired) inhibition - Extinction inhibition - Differentiative, or discriminative, inhibition - Delayed inhibition Tasks Conditional inhibition reflex If a dog that has developed a food conditioned reflex to a light bulb is not fed after turning on the light, then after a while it will stop giving a food conditioned reflex reaction to the light and the conditioned reflex will fade. The extinction of conditioned reflexes is a biologically important adaptation. Thanks to it, the body stops wasting energy by reacting to a signal that has lost its meaning. Without inhibition, it would be impossible for the body to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Law of Mutual Induction The focus of excitation “induces” the process of inhibition on neighboring or competing areas. Dual images Different forms of inhibition I.M. Sechenov discovered central inhibition. I.P. Pavlov found out how the processes of excitation and inhibition interact with each other. He showed that there is innate inhibition and conditioned inhibition acquired during life. Innate inhibition includes external inhibition. The appearance of any other, stronger stimulus causes a new reflex in the body, and the previous one ceases its activity according to the law of mutual induction. With the help of external inhibition, the action that was performed before is automatically interrupted, and space is given for the functioning of new reflexes or other types of activity. Acquired inhibition refers to internal inhibition that occurs when a conditioned reflex is not reinforced, for example, when it fades. Dominant Behavior is determined by life needs. When the need intensifies, a focus of excitation temporarily dominant in the central nervous system arises, aimed at satisfying precisely this need. Alexey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky (1875-1942) Russian physiologist A.A. Ukhtomsky called such a mechanism of temporary dominance of excitation dominant. The dominant focus is distinguished by a number of features: 1 - it is capable of inhibiting all competing centers of excitation. 2 - any stimulus is sufficient for an animal in a state of food dominance to respond to any irritation with salivation and food-procuring activity. It is the dominant that makes it possible to close the temporary connection in the cerebral cortex between neutral and vitally important events. The phenomenon of dominance is associated with illusions of attitude: we, as a rule, do not notice what we do not expect to see. Sources of materials http://school.xvatit.com/index. http://rugrad.eu/communication/blogs/Paralipomenon/1598/?commentId=18855 http://nashavlast.ru/article_description/107/1070.html http://medicinkoff.ru/page/76/ http:/ /andrey-dol.spb.ru/golovolomki/litso_saksafon.shtml http://clubs.ya.ru/4611686018427406302/replies.xml?item_no=13720 http://www.kcnlp.com.ua/illusions/2D/ http ://biology.ru/course/content/scientist/uhtonsky.html
Conditioned reflexA conditioned reflex is a reaction of the body,
acquired during life as a result
combinations of indifferent (indifferent)
stimulus with the unconditioned.
The physiological basis of the conditioned
reflex constitutes the process of closure
temporary connection. A temporary connection is
a set of neurophysiological,
biochemical and ultrastructural
brain changes that occur during
combinations of conditional and unconditional
irritants and forming certain
relationships between different
brain formations.
Stimulus
Stimulus - any material agent, external or internal,conscious or unconscious, acting as a condition for subsequent
states of the body. Signal stimulus (also indifferent) a stimulus that previously did not cause a corresponding reaction, but when
certain conditions for the formation of a conditioned reflex, which begins it
call. Such an irritant actually causes
indicative unconditioned reflex. However, when repeated many times
irritation, the orienting reflex begins to weaken, and then completely
disappears.
Stimulus - an influence that determines the dynamics of mental states
individual (reaction) and related to it as cause and effect.
Reaction - any response of the body to a change in external or internal
environment from the biochemical reaction of an individual cell to a conditioned reflex.
Stages and mechanism of conditioned reflex
1. Stage during generalization – characterized by pronounced
concentration of excitation (main image, in the projection zones of the cortex
conditioned and unconditional stimuli) and the absence of conditioned
behavioral reactions.
2. The stage of generalization is based on the process of “diffuse”
propagation (irradiation) of excitation. Conditioned reactions to
signal and other stimuli (afferent generalization) + in
intervals between presentations of the conditioned stimulus
(intersignal reactions). There is a distant
synchronization of biopotentials - synchronization
bioelectrical activity in many areas of the cortex and
subcortical formations.
3. Specialization stage - when intersignal reactions fade away and
a conditioned response occurs only to a signal stimulus.
(Changes in biocurrents are more limited and confined mainly to
to the action of a signal stimulus. This process ensures
differentiation, fine discrimination of stimuli, specialization
conditioned reflex skill).
reflex
For the formation of a conditioned reflex it is necessary to comply
the following rules:
1. An indifferent stimulus must have sufficient
force to excite certain receptors. Receptor –
this is a peripheral specialized part of the analyzer,
through which the influence of external stimuli
the world and the internal environment of the body is transformed into
process of nervous excitation. The analyzer is nervous
apparatus performing the function of analysis and synthesis
irritants. It includes the receptor part,
conducting pathways and the analyzer nucleus in the cerebral cortex.
However, an excessively strong stimulus may not
cause a conditioned reflex. Firstly, its action
will cause, according to the law of negative induction, a decrease
cortical excitability, which will lead to a weakening of BR,
especially if the strength of the unconditioned stimulus was
small. Secondly, an excessively strong stimulus can
cause a focus in the cerebral cortex instead of a focus of excitation
braking, in other words, bring the appropriate
area of the cortex into a state of extreme inhibition.
Rules for the formation of a conditioned reflex
Conditional formation rulesreflex
2. The indifferent stimulus must
reinforced by an unconditional stimulus, and
it is desirable that it precedes it somewhat, or
was presented simultaneously with the last one. When in action
first the unconditioned stimulus, and after it
if an indifferent conditioned reflex is formed,
it usually remains very fragile. At
simultaneous inclusion of both stimuli
It is much more difficult to develop a conditioned reflex.
3. It is necessary that the stimulus used in
as a conditional, was weaker than the unconditional.
4. To develop a conditioned reflex it is necessary
also the normal functioning of cortical and
subcortical structures and the absence of significant
pathological processes in the body.
5. To develop a conditioned reflex it is necessary
absence of strong extraneous stimuli.
General properties of conditioned reflexes
Despite certain differences, conditional
reflexes are characterized by the following general
properties (signs):
1. all conditioned reflexes represent one of
forms of adaptive reactions of the body to
changing environmental conditions;
2. conditioned reflexes belong to the category
acquired during individual life
reflex reactions and differ individually
specificity;
3. all types of conditioned reflex activity are
signal
precautionary nature;
4. conditioned reflex reactions are formed on the basis
unconditioned reflexes; without
reinforcement of conditioned reflexes over time
weakened and suppressed.
The mechanism of formation of a conditioned reflex
The mechanism of conditional formationreflex
1. Theory of E.A. Asratyan. E.A. Asratyan, studying unconditioned reflexes,
came to the conclusion that the central part of the arc of the unconditioned reflex
not unilinear, it does not pass through just one level
brain, but has a multi-level structure, that is, the central part
The arc of the unconditioned reflex consists of many branches that
pass through various levels of the central nervous system (spinal cord, medulla oblongata
brain, stem sections, etc.). Moreover, the highest part of the arc
passes through the cerebral cortex, through the cortical
representation of this unconditioned reflex and personifies
corticolization of the corresponding function. Next Asratyan
suggested that if the signal and reinforcing stimuli
cause their own unconditioned reflexes, then they constitute
neurosubstrate of the conditioned reflex. Indeed, conditional
the stimulus is not absolutely indifferent, since it itself
causes a certain unconditioned reflex reaction, indicative, and with significant strength this stimulus
causes unconditional visceral and somatic reactions. Arc
the orienting reflex also has a multi-level structure with
its cortical representation.
Consequently, when an indifferent stimulus is combined with
unconditional (reinforcing) a temporary connection is formed between
cortical and subcortical branches of two unconditioned reflexes
(indicative and reinforcing), that is, the formation of conditional
reflex is a synthesis of two or more unconditioned reflexes
E.A.Asratyan
Theory V.S. Rusinova.
2.According to the teaching
B.S.Rusinova conditioned reflex
first becomes dominant, and
then - a conditioned reflex. If
using direct polarization
create a focus area of the cortex
excitation, then a conditioned reflex reaction can be
call any indifferent
irritant.
The mechanism of conditioned reflex activity
Research has shown that there are two mechanisms of conditioned reflex activity:1. superstructural, regulating the state of the brain and creating
a certain level of excitability and performance of the nervous
centers;
2. trigger, which initiates one or another conditioned reaction.
The relationship between the left and right hemispheres in the development of conditioned
reflex is carried out through the corpus callosum, camissura,
intertubercular fusion, quadrigeminal and reticular formation
brain stem. At the cellular and molecular levels, temporal communication
is closed using memory mechanisms. At the beginning of production
conditioned reflex communication is carried out using mechanisms
short-term memory - the spread of excitation between two
excited cortical centers. Then she goes to
long-term, that is, structural changes occur in
neurons.
Scheme of the arc of a conditioned reflex with two-way communication (according to E.A. Asratyan)
Diagram of the arc of a conditioned reflex with two-way communication (according toE.A. Asratyan): a - cortical center of the blink reflex; b -
cortical center of the food reflex; c, d - subcortical centers
blinking and food reflexes, respectively; I - straight
temporary connection; II - time feedback
Reflex arc diagrams
Schemes of reflex arcs: A – two-neuron reflex arc; B –three-neuron reflex arc:
1 – receptor in muscle and tendon; 1a – receptor in the skin; 2 –
afferent fiber; 2a – neuron of the spinal ganglion; 3 –
interneuron; 4 – motor neuron; 5 – efferent fiber; 6 –
effector (muscle). Prepared by a student of group 21
Bychkova Ekaterina
Slide 1
Inhibition of conditioned reflexes
Slide 2
Inhibition is an active nervous process leading to suppression or prevention of excitation.
Slide 3
Central inhibition was discovered in 1863 by I.M. Sechenov. He showed that the higher parts of the nervous system are capable of regulating the work of the lower parts. This proved the multi-level organization of brain function. The higher the part of the brain is located, the more complex functions it performs.
Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov (1829-1905)
Slide 4
During the experiment, I.M. Sechenov removed the frog’s brain at the level of the visual thalamus and determined the time of the flexion reflex. Then a salt crystal was placed on the visual tuberosities, as a result of which an increase in the duration of the reflex time was observed.
This observation allowed I.M. Sechenov to express an opinion about the phenomenon of inhibition in the central nervous system. This type of braking is called Sechenov or central.
Slide 5
Slide 6
Unconditional (external) inhibition
Unconditional inhibition is characteristic of all parts of the nervous system.
It does not need to be produced; it occurs as a result of the action of a new stimulus.
Manifests itself in weakening or suppression of other reflexes.
Example:
Extraneous noise inhibits the dog's salivation.
a) A fading signal is an extraneous signal that, after several repetitions, loses its inhibitory effect due to the loss of significant significance for the body.
b) Non-extinguishing is an additional stimulus that does not lose its inhibitory effect with repetition.
Slide 7
inhibition acquired during life.
Conditioned (internal) inhibition
develops only in the cortex
An indispensable condition for conditioned inhibition is the non-reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditioned. If the dog's reflex to light is not reinforced with food, the reflex weakens and disappears. In nature, unsupported conditioned reflexes are inhibited and new ones are formed. For example, the drying up of a reservoir from which animals drank will lead to the fact that they will stop coming to it and will find a new reservoir. Some conditioned reflexes will be inhibited and new ones will form.
Slide 8
Extinction is formed gradually when the unconditioned stimulus (for example, food) is not reinforced by the conditioned stimulus (for example, the light of a light bulb or a bottle with a pacifier)
Types of conditioned inhibition
Fading
The brain is freed from outdated and unnecessary conditioned reflexes through their extinction.
Slide 9
Differentiation
Types of conditioned inhibition
Differentiation is the ability to distinguish one signal from other similar ones.
If one stimulus is reinforced, but a similar one is not reinforced, then a conditioned reflex reaction will occur only to the reinforced stimulus. For example, by the nature of a conditional knock on the door, you can determine who came: your own or someone else’s. Differential inhibition is aimed at “not confusing” similar stimuli. For example, only the owner gives the cat treats. The cat runs to the door opening if the owner has arrived (he hears the sound of the lock being opened). The cat does not react to the arrival of other people (the lock is opened a little differently)
Slide 10
Delay inhibition develops when the initial part of the action of the signal stimulus is not reinforced and precisely timing the unconditioned reflex to the time of action of the unconditioned stimulus. For example, the light is turned on, and food reinforcement is given only after 3 minutes. The separation of saliva, after delayed inhibition has been developed, begins at the end of the 3rd minute. The dog "doesn't drool" is useless. The conditioned stimulus first causes inhibition in the cortex, which is replaced by excitation only before the action of the unconditioned stimulus.
Types of conditioned inhibition
Lag inhibition
Slide 11
A type of congenital inhibitory process is the so-called transcendental inhibition. It develops with prolonged nervous excitation of the body and under the influence of an extremely strong conditioned signal or several weak ones, the strength of which is summed up. In this case, the “law of force” is violated (the stronger the conditioned signal, the stronger the conditioned reflex reaction) - the conditioned reflex reaction begins to decrease with increasing strength. This happens because cells have a certain limit of performance, and irritation above this limit turns off the neurons, thereby protecting them from exhaustion. This special type of inhibition was discovered by I.P. Pavlov and called protective, as it protects nerve cells from excessive excitation.
Extreme braking
Slide 12
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936)
Slide 13
Dominant
The dominant focus is distinguished by a number of features: Firstly, it is capable of inhibiting all competing foci of excitation; Secondly, any stimulus is sufficient for an animal in a state of food dominance to respond to any irritation by salivation and food-procuring activity
A.A. Ukhtomsky developed the foundations of the doctrine of the dominant.
When a certain need intensifies, a focus of excitation temporarily dominant in the central nervous system arises, aimed at satisfying this particular need. This mechanism of temporary dominance of excitation is called dominant.
There are food, sexual, defensive and other types of dominants.
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Description of the presentation Presentation Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes on slides
HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY, a set of complex reflex reactions that ensure individual adaptation of the body to changing environmental conditions; carried out by the higher parts of the brain.
I. P. Pavlov’s teaching on higher nervous activity was created on the basis of generalization and further development of the achievements of natural science over previous periods.
In 1902, I.P. Pavlov formulated the main principles of the reflex theory. The scientific community was offered the terms: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex.
The main form of nervous activity is the reflex. Reflex is a causally determined reaction of the body to changes in the external or internal environment, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system in response to irritation of receptors. This is how the emergence, change or cessation of any activity of the body occurs.
According to Pavlov's teachings, the basis of GND are conditioned reflexes (CR), produced by the higher parts of the central nervous system (mainly the cerebral cortex), as well as complex unconditioned reflexes (instincts) carried out by subcortical formations.
Hierarchy of the functional organization of the brain 1. Molecular level. 2. Level of neurophysiological processes. 3. Level of higher nervous activity 4. Level of mental activity
An unconditioned reflex is an innate species-specific reaction of the body, reflexively arising in response to the specific influence of a stimulus, to the influence of a biologically significant (pain, food, tactile irritation, etc.) stimulus adequate for a given type of activity.
Unconditioned reflexes: Congenital hereditary reactions, most of them begin to function immediately after birth. They are specific, that is, they are characteristic of all representatives of a given species. Permanent and maintained throughout life. They are carried out by the lower parts of the central nervous system (subcortical nuclei, brain stem, spinal cord). They arise in response to adequate stimulation acting on a specific receptive field.
A conditioned reflex is a complex multicomponent reaction that is developed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes using a previous indifferent stimulus. It has a signaling character and the body meets the impact of an unconditioned stimulus prepared.
Conditioned reflexes: Reactions acquired in the process of individual life. Individual. Impermanent - can appear and disappear. They are primarily a function of the cerebral cortex. They occur in response to any stimuli acting on different receptive fields.
Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) First level: elementary unconditioned reflexes. These are simple unconditional reflex reactions, carried out at the level of individual segments of the spinal cord. Implemented in accordance with genetically determined programs. Stereotypical. They are carried out unconsciously.
Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) Second level: coordination unconditioned reflexes. These are complex acts of contraction and relaxation of various muscles or stimulation and inhibition of the functions of internal organs, and these reciprocal relationships are well coordinated. Feedback is of great importance in the coordination of unconditioned reflexes. They are formed on the basis of elementary unconditioned reflexes (the first level of reflex reactions). These are locomotor acts and vegetative processes aimed at maintaining homeostasis.
Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) The third level of organization of reflex reactions is integrative unconditioned reflexes. They arise under the influence of biologically important stimuli (food and pain). Integrative unconditioned reflexes are complex behavioral acts that are systemic in nature with pronounced somatic and vegetative components. For example, locomotor acts are accompanied by increased blood circulation, respiration, etc.
Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) The fourth level is the most complex unconditioned reflexes (instincts). Herbert Spencer was the first to suggest that instincts are also reflexes. The most complex unconditioned reflexes are carried out according to genetically specified programs, the trigger stimulus triggers them entirely.
Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) The fifth level is elementary conditioned reflexes. They are developed in the process of individual life. At an early age, simple conditioned reflex reactions are formed. Over the course of life they become more complex. The cerebral cortex is involved in the formation of conditioned reflexes. The conditioned reflex mechanism of behavior is distinguished by a high degree of reliability, which is ensured by the multichannel nature and interchangeability of nerve connections in the plastic structures of the central nervous system.
Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) The sixth level of behavioral acts is complex forms of mental activity. It is based on the integration of elementary conditioned reflexes and analytical-synthetic mechanisms of abstraction.
Instinct is understood as that part of animal behavior that is characteristic of organisms of a given species and assigned to them hereditarily.
Criteria and signs of instincts: 1) Inspiration (motivation) and the ability to act are among the hereditary properties of the species; 2) such actions do not require preliminary training (although training can develop and improve its implementation!); 3) are performed essentially identically in all normal representatives of the species; 4) are associated with the normal functioning of its organs (for example, the instinct to dig holes is combined with the corresponding structure of the paws adapted for digging); 5) adapted to the ecological conditions of the species’ habitat (i.e., ensure survival in specific environmental conditions).
Male threespined stickleback models that cause attacks by a male guarding his territory. The four models pictured below are very primitive, but their red undersides prove to be an effective enough irritant to cause an attack.
A "predator goose" silhouette used to study alarm responses in geese and other birds. The bird's reaction depends on which direction the researchers move the model.
Complexes of fixed actions (= fixed complexes of actions, fixed patterns of actions) are complex stereotypical movements that form a highly organized sequence / Complexes of fixed actions are innate, carried out almost the first time, species-specific (the same for all individuals of the same species), characterized by stereotypes (stereotypical in order and form of execution).
Typical examples of complex sets of fixed actions are various rituals that have symbolic meaning and serve for communication (mating rituals, battles between males), and singing in songbirds. There are also many striking examples in the behavior of insects: weaving webs by spiders, building honeycombs by bees. Many types of behavior of mammals and birds are inherently laid down as complexes of fixed actions, but can be improved with the accumulation of individual experience: the construction of dams and lodges by beavers, hunting by predators, etc.
An example of a set of fixed actions: a gray goose returns an egg that has rolled out of the nest, moving its head from side to side. The key stimulus that triggers this behavior is the sight of an object near the nest. If the goose loses an egg during this process, it will stop shaking its head, but will continue to make a "pushing" motion towards itself. To notice the lost egg, he must first sit on the nest, and only after that a new set of fixed actions will be launched. If you place some inappropriate object (a toy dog, a doorknob) near the nest, the goose will roll it to the nest, but most likely will not leave it there.
Examples of some complex stereotypical human actions, similar to fixed sets of actions: laughter, crying (and other expressions of emotions), coughing, sneezing (and other protective reflexes), etc. The more developed the brain and the more complex the behavior, the less the role of innate stereotypical forms of behavior , and the greater the role of learning and intelligence. A person is capable, through learning and consciousness and volitional effort, to change the course of these reactions within certain limits.
Classification of conditioned reflexes According to the degree (depth) of abstraction: Conditioned reflexes of I, II and higher orders. The tertiary conditioned reflex was developed in the 20s of the 20th century by I.P. Pavlov’s collaborator, D.S. Fursikov. The IV order reflex cannot be developed in dogs, but it can be developed in dolphins. In horses, the depth of abstraction is reflexes of the V – VI orders.
Classification of conditioned reflexes Based on structure: simple and complex Based on the time relationship between signal and reinforcement: Present (the reinforcing stimulus is supplied during the action of the signal stimulus). Trace (take a pause between the end of the conditioned stimulus and the beginning of reinforcement; as the experiment becomes more complex, the pause is from 15-20 s to 4-5 minutes).
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Slide captions:
Reflexes.
The concept of reflex. A reflex is the body's response to stimulation carried out by the nervous system. Reflexes can be innate - instincts - and conditioned, that is, acquired during life. Conditioned reflexes are not inherited. Congenital reflexes are called unconditioned. They are inherited.
Unconditioned reflexes. Available from birth. They do not change or disappear during life. Adapt the body to constant conditions. Same for all organisms of a given species
Examples of unconditioned reflexes
Sneezing is a protective innate reflex.
Conditioned reflexes. Acquired during life. May change and disappear as conditions change. Each organism produces its own. Adapt the body to changing conditions.
Examples of conditioned reflexes in animals
Training is based on a conditioned reflex
Development of a conditioned reflex
Conclusions. The functioning of the nervous system is based on a reflex - a response to irritation. Reflexes are divided into conditioned, developed during life, and innate or unconditioned. Unconditioned reflexes help us survive in difficult conditions. Thanks to conditioned reflexes, animals acquire skills and abilities.
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On the topic: "Educational technologies for the personal and professional growth of teachers, used in the educational process to enhance the cognitive activity of students in a secondary school...
Lesson on discovering new knowledge and 2 stages of the reflection lesson "Past Progressive", 6th grade
This lesson on the topic Past Progressive (past continuous tense) is designed for 6th grade schools with in-depth study of the English language....
Federal State Educational Standards LLC: second generation, presentation for students, presentation of the lesson construct, technological map of a 6th grade mathematics lesson.
Technological map of the lesson on the topic "Solving equations" 6th grade. contains: goals, objectives, planned results of educational activities, didactic structure of the lesson. This map allows you to determine the activities of the teacher...
Reflection lesson in 5th grade.
Reflection lesson in the 5th grade. Topic “Case endings of nouns in -iya, -iy, -ie.” Lesson type: reflection lesson....
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