Presentation "Literary History of Kuban". Ancient Kuban Paleolithic sites were discovered on the Black Sea coast and in the foothills of the Caucasus
History of the Cossacks Kuban is the Russian breadbasket. In addition, this region is also a stronghold of the Cossacks. Back in 1792, Empress Catherine II signed a document “granting to the Black Sea Cossack army the eternal possession of the Tauride island of Phanagaria with the whole Earth, lying on the right side of the Kuban River, and on the other, the Sea of Azov to the Yeisk town served as the border of the military Land...” . The duty of the army was charged with “vigilance and border guard.” After that, a lot of water passed under the bridge, and, as we know from history, a lot happened. But the Cossacks still exist today, and when talking about the culinary traditions of Kuban, you need to understand that they are inextricably linked with the history of this land - with the Cossack history. Kuban is the Russian breadbasket. In addition, this region is also a stronghold of the Cossacks. Back in 1792, Empress Catherine II signed a document “granting to the Black Sea Cossack army the eternal possession of the Tauride island of Phanagaria with the whole Earth, lying on the right side of the Kuban River, and on the other, the Sea of Azov to the Yeisk town served as the border of the military Land...” . The duty of the army was charged with “vigilance and border guard.” After that, a lot of water passed under the bridge, and, as we know from history, a lot happened. But the Cossacks still exist today, and when talking about the culinary traditions of Kuban, you need to understand that they are inextricably linked with the history of this land - with the Cossack history.
Traditions of the feast First of all, palyanitsa (bread) is placed on the table, which is Everyday life- ordinary food, and on holidays and celebrations - a symbol of hospitality, hospitality, family strength. For each celebration, they baked their own loaf, which was decorated accordingly. Then the hostess served pies, kulebyaki, sour cream, sour milk, fermented baked milk, cow butter, cold meat and fish appetizers
Then hot dishes are served: the signature dish of the Kuban table is borscht. He came to Kuban cuisine from Ukraine. Initially, borscht was a soup made from hogweed (a plant of the Umbelliferae family with sharp, porous leaves), and then a first course of beets, cabbage and tomatoes. However, these components are not the only ones in borscht. Each housewife cooks borscht in her own way, adding meat, lard, garlic and a lot of other products. Each housewife's borscht was unique: even mother and daughter's were not alike. This dish became so popular in Kuban that people began to eat it almost three times a day.
Cossacks also loved meat. Characteristic of Kuban cuisine was the preparation of large pieces of meat and poultry stuffed with apples or dried fruits. In addition to meat, they also served porridge and noodles. From time immemorial, the favorite dish in the Kuban was porridge made from watermelon (pumpkin). It was called watermelon porridge. Usually this porridge was cooked sweet. And how the Cossacks loved Ukrainian dumplings with cheese, cherries, and cabbage! To feed a large family with dumplings, the housewife had to have skill. Cossacks also loved pancakes. They never get boring, because there are thousands of fillings for pancakes: with liver, rice, cottage cheese, caviar, prunes:. Pancakes can be sweet, lean, made from buckwheat or corn flour. Pancakes were used to celebrate Maslenitsa and were placed on the everyday table. Cossacks also loved meat. Characteristic of Kuban cuisine was the preparation of large pieces of meat and poultry stuffed with apples or dried fruits. In addition to meat, they also served porridge and noodles. From time immemorial, the favorite dish in the Kuban was porridge made from watermelon (pumpkin). It was called watermelon porridge. Usually this porridge was cooked sweet. And how the Cossacks loved Ukrainian dumplings with cheese, cherries, and cabbage! To feed a large family with dumplings, the housewife had to have skill. Cossacks also loved pancakes. They never get boring, because there are thousands of fillings for pancakes: with liver, rice, cottage cheese, caviar, prunes:. Pancakes can be sweet, lean, made from buckwheat or corn flour. Pancakes were used to celebrate Maslenitsa and were placed on the everyday table.
A bottle of kvass was always placed on the table for dinner. What recipes did the Cossacks know for making it: beetroot, bread, and apple! It is also impossible to imagine Kuban cuisine, a Kuban feast, without good local wine. A bottle of kvass was always placed on the table for dinner. What recipes did the Cossacks know for making it: beetroot, bread, and apple! It is also impossible to imagine Kuban cuisine, a Kuban feast, without good local wine.
Such a delicious dinner could only be prepared by a cook who did this work with love and desire, in cleanliness and order, and who maintained her workplace - the kitchen. Such a delicious dinner could only be prepared by a cook who did this work with love and desire, in cleanliness and order, and who maintained her workplace - the kitchen.
On the territory of the present Krasnodar region, archaeologists have discovered about fifty monuments of the Early Paleolithic.
The Paleolithic is usually called the period in human history when the main material for humans was stone.
The Northwestern Caucasus, which is mainly the modern territory of Kuban, has always attracted people with its natural and geographical
NorthwesternCaucasus, and this is in
mostly
modern
territory of Kuban,
always attracted
people with their own
natural-geographical
conditions,
wealth
vegetable and
animal world.
According to most modern scientists, primitive man came to the territory of the Kuban from the south, passing along rivers and passes
Caucasus mountains. This eventhappened more than 500 thousand years ago.
Paleolithic sites have been discovered on the Black Sea coast and in the foothills of the Caucasus.
The main activities of ancient Stone Age (Paleolithic) man were gathering and hunting.
During the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic 10-6 thousand years BC), man invents a bow and arrow, which contributes to
transition fromcollective
hunting for
individual.
The emergence of a new man (Neanderthal) also dates back to around this time.
The icing and general cooling that occurred contributed to the further improvement of hunting types and gradually led to
What happenedicing and
general
cold snap
contributed
further
improvement
yu types of hunting and
gradually
led to
sedentary lifestyle
life.
Such sites of primitive people as: Ilskaya
Gubskaya
Monastic
Barakaevskaya
Vorontsovskaya
Man learns to build artificial dwellings and make fire, the latter in turn takes man out of the circle of animals.
Mastery of fire made it possible for ancient man not to depend on natural conditions and turn animal meat into easily digestible
food.During the New Stone Age (Neolithic 4th - 3rd millennium BC), people began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture and
goes tonew level
human level
reasonable (Homo
Sapiens).
The appearance of metal (initially copper) meant a significant leap in the development of mankind. The Caucasus was one of the first and oldest
outbreakscopper smelting, and
then iron.
Climate change, improvement of tools and human activity have made certain adjustments to the landscape of Kuban.
Gradually its natural-geographicalthe view became the same as the first Russians found it
migrants.
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Symbols of the Krasnodar region Lesson on Kuban studies
Historical reference The anthem of the Krasnodar Territory is a work based on poetry by the regimental priest Father Konstanin Obraztsov, set to folk music arranged by Professor Viktor Zakharchenko (Law of the Krasnodar Territory “On the Symbols of the Krasnodar Territory” dated May 5, 1995 N 5-KZ, adopted on March 24, 1995 by the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnodar Territory , chapter 3, article 16). Historical information: The folk song “You, Kuban, You are our Motherland” was written in 1914 on the Russian-Turkish front. It was dedicated to the Cossacks of the 1st Caucasian Cossack Regiment in memory of their military glory in the First World War. The author of the words is the regimental priest Konstantin Obraztsov. The song immediately attracted the attention of the soldiers. The military songs of their repertoire, as a rule, described pictures of campaigns and battles where the Cossacks took part. But in the new song there is nothing battle-like, external, descriptive. She conveys her content and feelings in a humanly simple, sincere and at the same time wise, majestic way. The lyrics of the song are written in the form of a greeting message, a collective letter to Kuban. The Cossacks remember the “free villages: their father’s home” and fight to the death with the “infidel enemy” so that their holy homeland lives. At first the song was performed in a small circle of front-line soldiers. A year or two later, all the Kuban units of the active army began singing it. During civil war it was the official anthem of the Kuban Rada. And during the Great Patriotic War, the song raised the morale of the Cossacks and together with them walked the victorious path from the banks of the Kuban to the Elbe. It was heard in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Germany. Currently, the song personifies Kuban. In March 1995, the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnodar Territory approved it as the anthem of the Krasnodar Territory.
Anthem of the Krasnodar Territory YOU, KUBAN, YOU, OUR MOTHERLAND You, Kuban, you, our homeland, Our age-old hero! Abundant, free-flowing, You have spilled into the distance and breadth. From the distant lands of the midday, From the overseas side We hit you with our brow, darling, Your faithful sons. We remember you here, We sing a song together, About your free villages, About your father’s home. We remember you here, Like a dear mother, We are going to fight to the death against the enemy, against the infidel. I remember you here, Shouldn’t I stand up for you, Shouldn’t I give my life for your old glory? We, as our humble tribute, From the illustrious banners We send you, dear Kuban, to the damp earth.
Flag of the Krasnodar Territory Flag of the Krasnodar Territory The flag of the Krasnodar Territory is a rectangular panel of three equal horizontal stripes: the top - blue, the middle - crimson and the bottom - green. The width of the two outer stripes is equal to the width of the crimson stripe. In the center of the flag is the coat of arms of the Krasnodar Territory, made in a single color - yellow with an orange outline. The ratio of the width of the flag and its length is 2: 3. Law of the Krasnodar Territory of May 5, 1995 N 5-KZ “On the symbols of the Krasnodar Territory” was adopted on March 24, 1995 by the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnodar Territory, Chapter 2, Article 7 (as amended by the Law of the Krasnodar Territory "On Amendments to the Law of the Krasnodar Territory "On Symbols of the Krasnodar Territory" dated June 28, 2004 N 730-KZ). The flag of the Krasnodar Territory is included in the State Heraldic Register Russian Federation September 22, 2004 with the assignment of registration number - 1503.
Coat of arms of the Krasnodar region Coat of arms of the Krasnodar region The coat of arms of the Krasnodar region is based on the image of the historical coat of arms of the Kuban region. In the green shield there is a golden battlement wall, lined with black, with two similar round towers and an open gate. Between the towers, from behind the wall, emerge a golden feather and on either side of it two silver horsetails, with golden points and on golden shafts. In the golden head of the shield appears the Russian imperial eagle (black double-headed, with golden beaks and scarlet (red) tongues), crowned with natural imperial crowns, of which the middle one is larger and has azure (blue, light blue) ribbons, bearing on the chest the Caucasian cross (cross with swords "For service in the Caucasus"). The shield is topped with a princely crown (cap), lined with scarlet. Behind the shield is an azure (blue) standard with the golden crowned monogram of Emperor Alexander II, surrounded by a laurel wreath; at the top of the standard there is a wreath and above it the Russian imperial eagle. On the sides behind the shield are placed crosswise four azure banners with a golden image of the crowned monograms of Empress Catherine II and Emperors Paul I, Alexander I and Nicholas I, surrounded by the same oak and laurel wreaths. The shafts of the standard and banners are azure, the pommels, tassels on the cords and the fringe of the standard, banners and tributaries are gold. The shafts of the standard and banners are intertwined with two ribbons of the Order of Lenin, connected under the shields with a bow. Law of the Krasnodar Territory of May 5, 1995 N 5-KZ "On the Symbols of the Krasnodar Territory" was adopted on March 24, 1995 by the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnodar Territory, Chapter 1, Article 1 (as amended by the Law of the Krasnodar Territory "On Amendments to the Law of the Krasnodar Territory "On Symbols" Krasnodar Territory" dated June 28, 2004 N 730-KZ). The coat of arms of the Krasnodar Territory is included in the State Heraldic Register of the Russian Federation with the assignment of registration number - 1502.
Ustich Natalya Ilyinichna
Presentation “History of the Kuban Cossacks”
IN early XIX V. uniform form there were no Cossacks. Black Sea residents wore blue trousers and a caftan of red or of blue color. Linear Cossacks they preferred Circassian clothing.
By the middle of the 19th century. the form becomes unified. As a rule, these were black or dark blue Circassian coats with gazyrs - patrons; under the Circassian coat they wore a beshmet shirt made of satin, boots, and a hood. In winter, a burka was added - sleeveless outerwear made of sheep skins. Papakhas Cossacks There were black - ceremonial and gray - everyday.
At all times, women have strived to dress fashionably. The Cossacks were no exception.
The traditional women's costume - skirt and jacket - was made from factory fabrics. The styles were varied, there was a lot of decoration, an underskirt was always worn - "speedy". The woman's hair was braided and placed in a bun at the back of her head. The beam was closing "shlychka", a small hat consisting of a round bottom and a narrow side, which was tightened on the bun with a cord. Girls did not go bareheaded in the summer. On your feet Cossack women put on dudes, slippers, morocco boots.
The house was a rectangle from 12 to 35 arshins long (arshin - 71 cm.) and a width of 8 to 10 arshins under a two- or four-pitched roof. There were two rooms in the house "Mala Khata" And "great house". The house was made of adobe (sun-dried bricks made from clay, straw and earth) or they built a tourist house. It is when Cossacks Along the perimeter of the house, plows were buried in the ground, intertwined with vines. As soon as the frame was ready, relatives and neighbors were called for the first stroke "under fists" when clay mixed with straw was driven into the fence.
A week later they did a second smear - "under the fingers", when clay mixed with flooring was pressed and smoothed with fingers. For the third "smooth" smears added chaff to the clay and "dung" (manure). There was also a fourth stroke - "vikhtyuvaina". This is when you use a rag "whihtem" They washed away the walls, applying a thin layer of clay on them. Whitewashing was done with white clay. For the roof, clean, dry reeds were prepared, which were cut in late autumn
Special rituals were associated with the construction of a house, aimed at ensuring well-being in the family and abundance in the home. When laying the foundation for a house, scraps of domestic animal hair and feathers were thrown onto the construction site. “so that everything runs smoothly”. Svolok - wooden supporting beams on which the ceiling was laid - was lifted not with bare hands, but on towels - “so that the house is not empty”. Small money was placed under the roof, and a small wooden cross was embedded in the wall in the front corner, invoking God's blessing on the inhabitants of the house. After completion of construction work, instead of payment (she was not supposed to be taken for help) the hosts were giving a treat (all this was accompanied by songs).
There is another way to build Cossack hut. First, bricks (adobe) were formed from clay and straw, and then a hut was built from it and then
All significant life events Cossacks were associated with the Orthodox faith. Parting prayer Kuban residents They were escorted to the service and greeted with thanks.
The guardians of customs were old Cossacks. Even the ataman did not sit in the presence of the old people. The elders were addressed only to "You", An important role in Cossack played for the family grandmother: the husband is in the service, the wife is in the field, and all the upbringing of the children fell on the shoulders of the grandmothers, who were respected in the family.
Thanks to the tradition of transmitting oral information from grandfather to father and from father to son Kuban residents preserved their culture.
My Cossacks knew and respected history. Everything that had to do with it was carefully and carefully preserved. No matter how they lived - poor or rich, in any pre-revolutionary village there was no hut without a holy corner.
If guests came into the room, the first thing they did was cross themselves next to the icons, covered with embroidered or lace towels, and the light of the lamp began to fluctuate from the wave of fresh air.
And the foundation of each new village or farm began with the construction of a church or temple.
Story about Cossack life would be incomplete if we did not touch upon the oral folk art. Cossacks created many examples of oral creativity, many of which have come down to us in the works of I. D. Popko "Black Sea Cossacks in civilian and military life" and F.A. Shcherbiny « History of Kubansky Cossack army » . These and other works by these authors adorn folklore inserts: legends, proverbs, etc.
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Kuban is a multinational region.
The total population of Kuban is 5.2 million people (as of January 1, 2010). Krasnodar region ranks 3rd among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the number of inhabitants - after Moscow and the Moscow region. The share of the urban population is 52.5%, rural - 47.5%. Population density - 67.9 people/km² (2010 data).
Number of people in 2002, thousand people 4436.3 (86.6%) 17.5 (0.3%) 274.6 (5.4%) 131.8 (2.6%) 26.5 (0.5%) 26.3 25, 6 20.5 18.5 15.8 13.5 11.9 10.9 7 6.5 5 3.2 People Russians including Cossacks Armenians Ukrainians Greeks Belarusians Tatars Georgians Germans Adyghe Turks Azerbaijanis Gypsies Mordovians Moldavians Kurds Shapsugs
Multinationality is historically characteristic of the southern borders of Russia (representatives of more than 100 nationalities live in the region). The modern ethnic composition of the population of Kuban began to take shape in the second half of the 18th century. These processes took place especially intensively in the second half of the 19th century, and a new surge of them occurs in our time. However, even in earlier periods, the Kuban land was not deserted. Many peoples lived on it and passed along it on their way to new places of settlement. They left us monuments of material culture, names of places. Here the destinies of entire nations were sometimes decided in bloody battles. The territory of the Krasnodar Territory was a crossroads of large nomads; there was a zone of interaction between mountain residents and steppe inhabitants, so the national composition of the population and the boundaries of settlement of peoples changed quite quickly.
The Adygeis are a very ancient of the historically distinct peoples who inhabited the shores of the Kuban, although their roots and origins are not yet completely clear. There is a hypothesis about the migration of their distant ancestors “Kashaks” from Western Asia during the Bronze Age. Already in the 1st millennium BC, among a number of peoples of the Kuban, the Meotians stood out, who are traditionally considered the genetic predecessors of the Adyghe people. The Caucasian War and the eviction of some Adyghe people to Turkey significantly changed the ethnic map of Kuban. In 1867, after the resettlement, only 75 thousand highlanders remained in the Kuban region.
The Slavs have long-standing historical ties with the Kuban: in the 10th–11th centuries, the ancient Russian Tmutarakan principality existed in Taman. However, the ancestors of the current Slavic population appear here much later, after a long break - from the 18th century. In 1710, Nekrasov's Cossacks, numbering up to 10 thousand people - immigrants from the Don, participants in the uprising of Kondraty Bulavin - found refuge in the Kuban. However, since 1740, Nekrasovites have been moving in communities to the territory Ottoman Empire, fleeing the oppression of the tsarist government.
From the end of the 18th century, Ukrainian and Russian ethnographic groups began to form in Kuban - the Black Sea and Linear Cossacks. They were based on Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks and peasants from southern Russian and Ukrainian provinces, resettled here to perform border service. The Kuban lands were granted to the former Cossacks by Catherine II.
Armenians have lived in Kuban since the Middle Ages. So, even before the Cossacks arrived here, the mountaineers had Armenian settlements - Gyaurkhabl and others. Perhaps the Armenians moved here from Crimea in the 15th century. In 1839, the Circassian-Gai (Kuban Armenians) founded the village of Armavir. TO end of the 19th century century, there was a massive wave of resettlement of Hamshen Armenians - immigrants from Turkey - to the Kuban.
Particularly significant changes in national composition population of Kuban occur in the 1860–1870s. This was due to the end of hostilities in the Caucasus and government measures to populate the mountainous strip and the Black Sea coast after the departure of some mountain tribes to Turkey. At this time, Greeks, Estonians, and Moldovans appeared here, who, arriving in entire communities to their new place of residence, founded villages.
The migration flow to Kuban from other regions of Russia has been very active since the 60s of the 19th century. As a result, the population of the Black Sea province (the coastal strip from Anapa to Adler, where there was no military Cossack administration) grew from 1861 to 1914 by 1600%, and the Kuban region - by 437%. By 1917, the majority in Kuban was the Slavic population, not belonging to the Cossack class.
Changes in the ethnic composition of the population occurred in Kuban after 1917. Thus, during the 1920–1930s, the number of Ukrainians decreased significantly as a result of the famine of 1933 and a forced change of nationality (previously, many descendants of the Cossacks considered themselves Ukrainians). In 1924, in the Kurganinsky region, settlers from the Karsk region (Turkey) formed the Assyrian farm of Urmia (Assyrians in small numbers first appeared in the Kuban at the turn of the 20th century), and by 1930 about 100 families from Moscow, Leningrad, and Sverdlovsk moved to this farm and other places. Already in recent decades, since the 1970s, Kurds, Meskhetian Turks, and Hemshils (Muslim Armenians) have appeared in the region.
The North Caucasus, as history has repeatedly confirmed, is an extremely important region for Russia. It is a gateway, including sea gates, to Transcaucasia and the Balkans, a food supplier to other regions of the country, and a unique resort area. At the same time, the North Caucasus is one of the potentially conflicting regions of the Russian Federation. The reason for this is a complex tangle of interethnic contradictions, both historically inherited from Russian Empire, and those created after 1917.
Since 1988, the region has become a center of attraction for refugees, internally displaced persons, and other categories of migrants from various regions former USSR. In this stream, Russians are in 1st place in number, and Armenians are in 2nd place. The Armenian diaspora in Kuban has always been quite powerful, and in many cities (Armavir, Tuapse, Sochi, Novorossiysk, Anapa and Krasnodar) the number of ethnic Armenians is large. Other settlers include Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Assyrians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Greeks, Adygeis and Germans. The number of Greeks, Germans and Turks in the region decreased after the repressive resettlement of the 1930s - 1940s; The Circassians (Shapsugs, Natukhais, etc.), are now few in number and are the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. The most multinational district of the region is Krymsky.
The peoples living in our region are distinguished by their culture, language, national traditions, rituals, and faith. And it is very important that each of us respects the customs of other people, regardless of their nationality and religion. This is the principle of tolerance.
I love my incredibly rich land, My Kuban - the pearl of the country. Its spaciousness, in the gardens of cherry huts, Merry dance and songs of antiquity. Let the sky be clear and cloudless. The gardens are blooming, the fields are rustling all around. Live always happily and freely Cossack region, Kuban Land!
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