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Presentation on the topic: Countries of Western and Central Europe Grade 8

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France after defeat in the Franco-Prussian War: The pace has slowed down economic development, and from second place in the world industrial production France moves to fourth, behind England, the USA and Germany. Payment of a huge indemnity to Germany (1873). Lack of own raw materials and coal, machinery and equipment. The import of goods exceeded the export. A large number of small craft-type enterprises have survived, where new technology was not used. Backward agriculture, low purchasing power of peasants. In terms of wheat yield, France was one of the last in Europe. The peasantry made up 70% of the country's population, and France late XIX V. was still an agrarian-industrial power. Franco-Prussian War - 1870-1871 Civil War(“Paris Commune”) - March–May 1871 Economic crisis

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By the end of the 19th century. - economic rise of France Large corporations were created - monopolies (metallurgical concern Schneider-Creusot). Large banking monopolies emerged. Formation of a financial oligarchy. Increased export of capital. French bankers exported capital mainly in the form of government loans (they gave loans to the governments of various countries at interest). France ranked first in the world in terms of capital exports. Metallurgical plant Schneider-Creusot in France. Tank created by the Schneider-Creusot plant

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1875 - adoption of a constitution establishing a republic in France (Third Republic in France). The President was elected at a joint meeting of both chambers for a term of 7 years Government (Cabinet of Ministers) Parliament (National Assembly) Chamber of Deputies - the lower house - was elected for 4 years by men over 21 years of age (except for the military and residents of the colonies). The Senate - the upper house - was elected by citizens at least 40 years old for a period of 9 years through multi-stage elections. Executive branch Legislative branch A feature of the political life of France was multi-party politics.

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1880-1890s - era of democratic reforms 1879 - “La Marseillaise” again became the anthem of the republic. 1880 - July 14 was declared a national holiday (the beginning of the Great French Revolution). A law on freedom of the press and assembly has been adopted. 1884 - a law was passed allowing the free activity of trade unions and strikes, and municipal councils received the right to elect their mayor (previously an official from the center was sent to this position). 1880s - the school was separated from the church, education became secular and state educational programs (“school laws”) were introduced. Rouget de Lisle, the author of the anthem, first performed La Marseillaise in 1792.

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One of the negative features of the political life of France was bribery and carelessness of many government officials and politicians: A loud scandal erupted in connection with the activities joint stock company formed for the construction of the Panama Canal. A shameful page in the history of France: the “Dreyfus affair.”

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Labor and socialist movement at the end of the 19th century. 1880 - formation of the Workers' Party of France: the program was created on the basis of the teachings of K. Marx and called for a revolutionary transformation of society. 2. 1890s - French workers: held demonstrations demanding the introduction of an 8-hour working day, achieved the election of their representatives to parliament - J. Guesde, P. Lafargue and J. Jaurès. 1905 - creation of the United workers' party, the leader of which was the outstanding figure of the socialist movement, scientist, philosopher, historian, journalist, republican and democrat Jean Jaurès (1859-1914). 4. 1890s - Anarchist terrorist attacks. Jean Jaurès (1859-1914).

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1869 - The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany is created (Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel). 1863 - The General German Workers' Union was created (Ferdinand Lassalle). Social democratic and labor movement in Germany 1875 - unification congress in Gotha - creation of a single workers' party (SPD) - the “Gothic program” of German social democrats was adopted: Abolition of private ownership of the means of production. Creation of a socialist society peacefully, through the organization of industrial workers' associations. 1877 - in the elections to the Reichstag, the Social Democrats received 12 parliamentary seats.

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Domestic policy of the government of O. Bismarck Introduction of a unified monetary system (gold mark). The Prussian Bank was transformed into the Reichsbank (Imperial Bank). Creation of unified state property through the nationalization of railways, mail, and telegraph. Introduction of a monopoly on tobacco and alcohol. Protectionist policy (encouraging national production). State intervention in economic life. Creation of a nationwide judicial system, adoption of uniform civil and criminal codes for the entire country.

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SOCIAL REFORM POLICIES ● Workers' sickness insurance (1883) ● Industrial injury insurance (1884) ● Old-age pensions for workers from the age of 70 (1889) Germany was the first country to adopt a comprehensive social legislation. The legislation led to an increase in the authority and importance of the state in the eyes of the Germans. “The state serves all layers of society” O. Bismarck

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Austria-Hungary - a constitutional monarchy without universal suffrage Franz Joseph - Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary But Austria and Hungary each had their own: constitution, parliament, government. Austria and Hungary have in common: a flag, an army, three ministries: military, finance and foreign affairs . financial system. There were no customs borders between Austria and Hungary

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1868 - The Czech Republic, Moravia and Silesia raised the question of secession from Austria. Austria agreed to carry out democratic reforms: The property qualification that gave the right to participate in elections was reduced, as a result, wide layers of small owners of the city and village, some workers received the right to vote. The Czechs got their representatives into the Austrian parliament. In areas where there was a mixed population, two languages ​​were introduced, and officials of the Czech Republic and Moravia were required to know them. In general, the position of the Czechs, who raised the question of complete separation from Austria, remained the same. Hungary also opposed their claims to independence.

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Conflicts in the country did not subside. From 1897 to 1914 – In Austria, the government has changed 15 times. All governments pursued a policy of small concessions, maintaining the population in a “state of moderate discontent.” There was no social legislation. Suffrage was not universal: men over 24 years old, literate, property qualification. Austria-Hungary became a federation, but its borders did not coincide with national borders

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Technological map of the theoretical lessontrainingacademic discipline" World Art"

Profession, group : U 18D, specialty 072501 Design (by industry)

Title section A: Culture of Europe in the Middle Ages

Program topic: Medieval Europe (4 hours)

Lesson topic: Regional schools of Gothic art in Western Europe(1 hour)

Lesson type: combined with elements of research work

Methodological goal: familiarization of teachers with the methodology for developing students’ independent work skills to determine the features of the Gothic style in the MHC lesson.

The purpose of the lesson: to study the characteristic features of Gothic art in France, Germany, the Czech Republic, and Spain through the study of special art history literature.

Lesson Objectives :

Contribute to the formation of general and professional competencies:

OK 2. Organize your own activities, determine methods and means of performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.

OK 4. Search, analyze and evaluate information necessary for setting and solving professional problems, professional and personal development.

OK 6. Work in a team, ensure its cohesion, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, and consumers.

PC 2.7. Master oral and writing, professional terminology.

Forming the ability to analyze works of art, evaluate their artistic features, and express their own judgment about them

Development creativity students in the process of search and research educational activities.

Basic concepts of the theme: Gothic style, vault on ribs (arches), flying buttresses, buttresses, stained glass, portal, vaulted Moorish ceiling.

Interdisciplinary connections: history, literature, aesthetics

Material and didactic equipment of the lesson:

· presentation for the lesson "Gothic art"

· interactive board

· handouts: fragments from General history arts (Volume 2. Art of the Middle Ages. Book one Gothic art of France, Germany, Spain, Czech Republic)

· literature: World art culture gallery "Yula" 2008. O. Andreeva; "World artistic culture" Moscow "Bustard" 2008.

During the classes

Homework: prepare messages and illustrations of the use of the Gothic style in modern life.

Lesson script" Regional schools of Gothic art in Western Europe" (1 hour)

1. Organizational moment

- Hello, please sit down. Group leader, name the names of those absent from class.

Today we will conduct a lesson - a study of "Regional schools of Gothic art in Western Europe." The theme of the program is "Medieval Europe".

We will study fragments from the General History of Art and identify regional features of Gothic in Germany, Spain, France and the Czech Republic.

In the previous lesson, as you remember, we were divided into workshops (subgroups) and, like in the Middle Ages, four masters from Germany, France, Spain and the Czech Republic, together with apprentices, organize activities to search and analyze information; Working in a team, you must communicate effectively, demonstrate mastery of professional terminology and a culture of oral speech.

In the previous lesson, we studied the Gothic cathedral as an image of the world, as well as its design features. Homework was to prepare a report on the main Gothic cathedrals of Western Europe, to learn terms related to Gothic.

2. Updating knowledge

Teacher: The Middle Ages is the history of Europe, which lasted more than a thousand years. The story is tough, merciless and at the same time permeated with a passionate search for the Ideal. The importance of cities, merchants, craft guilds, as well as royal power as the main builders-customers and organizers of the country's artistic life increased. In the 13th and 14th centuries, medieval art in Western and Central Europe, especially church and civil architecture, reached its highest point.

A series of slides are shown to the music of Gregorian chant (No. 1-3)

What do they have in common? (- all gothic style)

After viewing the slides again, write down in your notebook those features that can be used to say that all these temples are of the Gothic style.

Repeat slide show.

Listen to the answers (- open the slide, compare your answers with those written earlier and add as necessary)

The Gothic cathedral is based on a somewhat simplified Romanesque basilica, transformed into new architectural forms and outlines. To increase the capacity of the room and create a feeling of spaciousness, it was necessary to expand the internal space of the temple. The architects managed to make the ceiling of the hall lighter, thanks to which it was possible to reduce the thickness of the load-bearing columns and combine the space of the three naves of the cathedral.

The essence of the Gothic design consisted in the frame ceiling of the building, constituting, as it were, its skeleton. It combined three main architectural elements: a vault on lancet-shaped ribs (arches), a system of so-called flying buttresses, that is, connecting open semi-arches that transmit the thrust of the vault to powerful buttresses - vertical projections of the walls, often tapering upward, increasing their stability.

The system of flying buttresses and buttresses, placed outside, behind the walls of the cathedral, gave it the openwork that is so characteristic of the Gothic style. Invisible from the inside, this system removed the enormous load from the walls, making it possible to cover almost their entire surface with window openings glazed with colored stained glass. As a result, the space of the Gothic cathedral, in contrast to the gloomy interior of the Romanesque churches, became lighter.

The only massive part of the Gothic temple building was the main facade, on which there were two huge towers, turning into a thin spire. Gothic cathedrals are very elegant and richly decorated: buttresses are decorated with pointed turrets (pinnacles), windows and perspective portals are crowned with acute-angled carved or openwork pediments (vimpergi).

The impression of lightness, weightlessness, and delicacy is also due to the peculiar plasticity of architectural forms: emphasized verticals of supports that look not like pillars, but like bundles of thin columns, pointed arches, pointed tents and pediments.

Grandiose Gothic cathedrals - the pinnacle of medieval culture - demonstrate a magnificent synthesis of the arts. Sculptural decor in the form of ornaments, round statues, reliefs, shining stained glass paintings...

Elongated proportions of sculptures, symmetry of forms, subordination to architectural volumes are characteristic features of Gothic sculpture

Thus, the forms of the Gothic building acquired characteristic verticality, dissection, pointedness, saturation with plasticity, lightness and dynamism. Compared to Romanesque churches, the height of Gothic cathedrals is much greater. Emphasized by the verticality of all divisions, it gives the building a tendency upward, towards the vault of heaven.

3. Learning new material. Research work with text

Teacher: Gothic art, especially architecture, is distinguished by great stylistic unity. However, differences historical development Each of the European countries determined significant originality in the artistic culture of individual peoples.

Today you will conduct research to determine the characteristic features of the Gothic style in France, Spain, Germany, and the Czech Republic. To make this work more convenient, you are divided into subgroups - workshops. The “master” of each team must organize and distribute tasks among the “apprentices” in such a way that they are completed completely, as correctly as possible. During the performance of one team, all the others fill out the table for that country. At the end of the lesson, each student must complete a table.

Assignment for the subgroup:

1. Having studied special art history literature, determine the characteristic features of the Gothic style in France, Spain, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Prepare a collective report and fill in the appropriate column of the table.

2. Prepare a 2-minute report about one Gothic cathedral in the country - checking homework (proficiency in the culture of oral speech, professional terminology).

Students begin to do the work, distributing tasks among themselves.

After 10 minutes, each subgroup presents their research work on their country

Explain the features of the Gothic style,

They talk about one of the Gothic cathedrals of this country.

During the performance of one team, all the others fill out the table for that country.

" France"

The most important role in the formation of Gothic art was played by the economically more developed regions of northeastern France: Ile de France and Champagne. After the subjugation of Normandy to the power of the king, the importance of the main city of Ile de France, then the capital of France - Paris, especially increased, since the mouth of the Seine was within the royal domain, which gave access to the sea. Not only intercity, but also international trade in Paris expanded, which was entirely in the hands of the townspeople. Urban crafts were differentiated and improved, and artisans united into guilds. It is very significant that in the middle of the 13th century. Etienne Boileau had already collected about 100 guild regulations of Paris in the “Book of Crafts” (there were about 300 guilds in total at that time). In Paris, as in other cities, there was a workshop of masons and sculptors. It is they, that is, secular builders, who develop the design and means artistic expression Gothic style. Masons were not only executors of bold projects of outstanding architects of their time, but also collaborators who contributed their skills, creative experience and artistic sense to the common cause.

French architecture, like the architecture of other Western European countries, went through the stages of early, mature (or high) and late Gothic. The most characteristic features of early Gothic are noticeable in the architecture of the cathedrals in Noyon, Laon and Notre Dame Cathedral. Mature Gothic monuments were created from the 20s. and until the end of the 13th century. The most significant of them are the cathedrals in Chartres, Reims and Amiens. Mature, or high, Gothic is characterized not only by perfect mastery of frame construction. In France, early Gothic covers the last third of the 12th and the first quarter of the 13th century. The buildings of this period have a clear architectural composition and monumental composition, with an abundance of sculpture and stained glass.

Late Gothic covers the 14th and 15th centuries. However, some of its features - the sophistication and refinement of architectural decoration - made themselves felt already in the monuments of the late 13th century. Sometimes late Gothic art of the 15th century is distinguished as a special period of the so-called “flaming” Gothic.

One of the most majestic buildings of early French Gothic is the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris (Notre-Dame de Paris). It was founded in 1163. In some parts the cathedral was completed until the mid-13th century.

The main façade is distinguished by the proportionality of its majestic scale relationships, the simplicity of the whole, crowned with two mighty towers directed upward, and divided into three tiers. The lower, portal tier is like a plinth, carrying the load of the upper two tiers. Its wall, not covered by architectural decoration, gives the impression of stability and strength to the entire structure. Three large deep portals reveal the thickness of the powerful wall, imparting plasticity to it and the entire tier - deep internal tension. At the same time, the pointed, perspectively deepened arches of the portals contribute to a very slow but definite upward movement. The lower tier ends with a frieze-like “gallery of kings” ( " Gallerykings" called a number of quite numerous images of the Jewish kings and ancestors of Christ, who very early began to be identified with the French kings.), the rhythm of which, on a reduced scale, is repeated by the balustrade of the second tier. The gallery and balustrade emphasize the horizontal divisions, but at the same time they echo with their columns and elongated statues of kings with vertical rhythms, which are increasingly intensified in the upper tiers.

The center of the second tier is filled with a large round window, the so-called rose. Above the side portals are large windows, covered in pairs by wide and shallow pointed arches - archivolts, as if repeating the pattern of the portals located below; Smaller roses are inscribed in the tympanums of the arches. In the second tier the wall is less accentuated than in the lower one: its heavy massiveness is not at all expressed. The third tier is formed by a high through and light gallery, which consists of elegantly woven pointed arches growing from thin and slender columns. In this gallery, the verticals of the facade are embodied most fully and freely. Rising even further, the viewer's gaze lingers on the cornice, but then switches to the majestic rise of the huge slender lancet windows of the towers, the bases of which are hidden by an arcade of galleries.

The facade and towers form a harmonious ensemble, inscribed in a high rectangle, which, combined with the increase in verticals from tier to tier, creates the impression of aspiration upward. At the same time, each of the tiers, taken separately, is stretched horizontally, and this preserves calm strength and stability in the architecture of the facade. The noble, at first glance simple proportions of the facade, upon careful examination, turn out to be extremely rich and complex. Each façade motif, with all its crystalline clarity and definiteness, enters into diverse interactions - constructive, large-scale, rhythmic - with all the others. Hence the extraordinary combination of clear simplicity and complex richness, which, despite the restorations of the 19th century. ( Yes, figures" gallerieskings" , severely damaged during bourgeois revolution 1789--1794, were in the 20s. 19th century replaced by new ones based on the drawings of Violet le Duc.), distinguishes this first masterpiece of French Gothic. gothic cathedral buttress architecture

The facades of the transepts, as already mentioned, are the work of developed Gothic style (1250-1270). Their more slender and graceful forms, the almost complete absence of a wall plane, the free dynamics of vertically developing architectural forms and a huge openwork rose complement and enrich the expressiveness of the main facade. The facades of the transepts are organically combined with delicately light flying buttresses, which frame the main ship of the cathedral with its 12-meter lancet windows, as if floating above the surrounding houses ( In the 19th century The ancient houses surrounding the cathedral were demolished and trees were planted around the cathedral.).

Rice. Notre Dame Cathedral. Internal view.

Rice. Notre Dame Cathedral. View from the southeast.

The enormous interior space of the central nave (height under the vaults is 35 m) decisively dominates the low and less illuminated side naves. The interior, like the façade, is permeated with solemn, austere grandeur, but its architectural rhythms are directed upward even more, and material weight is felt to a lesser extent. The interior walls of the central nave are also divided into three zones. The lower one consists of massive and squat columns supporting arcades that separate the central nave from the side ones. The middle zone is formed by emporium arches, opening into the central nave with wide openings, similar in shape to the paired windows of the second tier of the western facade. The pointed archivolt of each span spans three arches. Above the emporium arches, forming a third zone of division, there are tall lancet windows with colored stained glass ( Original stained glass windows from the 13th century. lost.). The higher the tier, the proportions of the arches and windows become more slender and elongated upward. This is emphasized by thin double semi-columns, rapidly soaring from the capitals of the lower tier, between the Empor arches and windows, to the capitals under the heels of the rib vault. In the depths of the central nave, penetrated by the flickering light of stained glass windows, there is an altar, illuminated by the flickering lights of countless candles and the fabulous radiance of the huge stained glass windows of the altar part of the temple.

In the design of facades, especially portals, sculpture plays a large role (statues and reliefs in tympanums above the doors of the portals). Decorative carving is also extremely widely used in the framing of portals, window openings, cornices, flying buttresses, etc. These decorations sometimes consist of floral and geometric patterns, sometimes they take on the character of fantastic images (gutters in the form of open-mouthed dragons, fantastic monsters-chimeras on balustrades upper tiers), but all of them are characterized by a combination of a plastically voluminous shape with an openwork patterned silhouette.

In the interior design of the main nave, the role of sculptural decoration is much more modest and subordinate. There are no statues or large relief compositions in the main nave and transept; the decor is mainly reduced to rich carvings of capitals, setting off the planes of the walls cut through by high windows. Only in the choir walk a number of reliefs from the 14th century appear. But the stained glass images, sparkling like gems, were endowed with extraordinary artistic power.

Approximate performance of the subgroup" Germany"

In Germany, the Gothic style developed later than in France. In German Gothic there is no relative harmony that is clearly felt in the works of French masters. The originality of German Gothic lies precisely in the fact that it expresses the contradiction between the intense inner life of a person and the indifferent for the medieval artist, and therefore ugly, sometimes naive or clumsy, sometimes exaggeratedly characteristic appearance. German Gothic is characterized by a deep interest in depicting emotional impulses and a keen sense of individuality of the artistic image.

One of the features of the development of architecture in Germany is the conscious preservation of Romanesque traditions in Gothic; the distinctive features of German Gothic, especially in the southwest, were the use of a frame system in the construction of hall churches and centric structures, as well as the creation of a single-tower facade.

Many cathedrals were built according to the hall system, that is, the side naves were made the same height as the main one.

A characteristic feature of German Gothic is the use of elements of Romanesque architecture: a simple plan, a small amount of decoration on the external walls, smooth gable roofs. At the entrance to the temple there was one (rarely two) high tower, topped with a tent and a pointed spire. Instead of a rose in the center of the facade there is a large lancet window.

Approximate performance of the subgroup" Spain"

In the 13th century The borders of the Spanish states expanded due to lands conquered from the Moors. The largest political unions of Christian Spain were the Leono-Castilian and Aragonese-Catalan states. The medieval art of Spain developed along its own special path, associated with the peculiarities of the history of the Spanish people during the period when the foundations of the national artistic culture were laid in the process of the reconquista.

The Gothic style in Spain dominated mainly in church architecture and only partly in the construction of fortified castles and large public buildings. All mass residential construction for a very long time historical period remained directly linked to the traditions of Moorish architecture. The picture was complicated by the fact that the influence of Moorish architecture was not limited to this area and was also strongly reflected in religious construction. The Gothic rib system was enriched in Spain with Moorish roofing methods - the vault above the center cross rests on intersecting arches; in the center a space is formed filled with an openwork eight-pointed star. Inlaid wooden ceilings with exceptionally complex and elegant designs were readily used, and horseshoe-shaped arches and Moorish patterns were introduced.

One of the features of Spanish Gothic in general is the free violation of the strict constructive logic of the building

Without a specific plan, countless chapels and sacristies grew into the body of the cathedral, many of which were created in subsequent eras. The building seemed to spread in width, losing its single vertical direction.

The internal layout is to move the choir from the eastern apse to the middle of the main nave. The choir, which occupied almost half of the nave, was separated from the rest of the space by a high, richly decorated wall. In the place where the choir was usually located in a Gothic cathedral, the main chapel was located, also surrounded by a wall; in the chapel there was an altar with an image behind the altar - a retablo. So the choir and altar turned into a small church inside the cathedral

In Spain, the smooth surface of the wall prevails, the abundance of stained glass windows (there are 1800 of them, and some of them reach 12 m in height) - the most characteristic feature Leon Cathedral; because of them, it is often compared to a precious stone. The stained glass windows of the Leon Cathedral are the best in Spain.

Gothic art took unique forms in Catalonia. Gothic buildings in these areas are distinguished by their breadth of plan, great spatial freedom, the predominance of calm horizontal lines, and restrained decorative decoration. The external appearance of churches in Catalonia is dominated by large volumes of generalized forms. It is characteristic that the main nave, only slightly larger than the side ones, is almost not distinguished in the façade, the flying buttresses and buttresses are poorly developed; in some buildings, for example in the Barcelona Cathedral, the buttresses do not protrude beyond the line of the side facade, but are placed inside the cathedral. Instead of high Gothic roofs, flat roofing along ledges is used. The facade of the building, losing its characteristic Gothic silhouette, acquires a trapezoidal outline. Small door and window openings with sparse decor and clear horizontal drafts enliven the smooth surfaces of the walls. There are no cornices or pinnacles - the facade is decorated only with corner towers without spiers and sometimes with a rose of a laconic and austere design. An excellent example of Gothic Catalan architecture is the façade of the Church of Santa Maria del Map in Barcelona.

The cathedral in Barcelona, ​​for the construction of which the architect Jacob Fabre from the island of Mallorca was invited in 1317 (the cathedral was completed only in the 15th century). A light and spacious hall-shaped choir, a three-nave longitudinal body with buttresses placed inside the cathedral and forming a series of short transverse walls in it, a middle ship almost equal in height to the side ones, unusually thin and slender abutments - all this makes the Barcelona Cathedral one of the most original Spanish Gothic monuments.

Gothic sculpture received significant development in Spain. The portals of Gothic cathedrals (especially those of Leon and Burgos) were decorated with excellent sculptural works. The architect Enrique, the builder of the León Cathedral, also supervised the sculptural work of the portals; they are close to French samples. However, they still do not have the strict harmony of forms so inherent in French Gothic sculpture of the 13th century. Here this is often redeemed by lively expressiveness in the rendering of purely Spanish types of faces.

Approximate performance of the subgroup" Czech"

Large material resources concentrated in the hands of the Czech kings and in the prosperous cities of the Czech Republic made it possible to widely use the experience of other countries. Soon, thanks to the involvement of German and French masters, Gothic art reached a high level in the Czech Republic and at the same time acquired its own special national character.

The first monument of the developed Gothic style was the Prague Church of St. Barbara (30s of the 15th century), clearly associated with the traditions of French Gothic Ile de France.

Czech Gothic formed a number of schools, of which the South Bohemian should be mentioned. Its buildings were distinguished by their massiveness and heaviness of architectural forms with great elegance of monumental decoration.

During the 13th century. There was a process of crystallization of the main architectural and construction types of Czech Gothic. There were two-nave buildings, and beautiful three-nave buildings with a raised central nave (for example, the Church of St. Bartholomew in Kolin, completed in the 14th century, and hall-type churches with equally high naves (Church of the Holy Cross in Jihlava), and a large five-nave church Sedlec Monastery. In the 60s of the 13th century, a four-nave temple was erected in the Golden Koruna Monastery. Most of these buildings, with all their diversity, have some common features: the almost complete absence of a developed supporting system of flying buttresses, a relatively moderate amount of sculpture and a fairly wide use of wall painting .

A distinctive feature of Czech and Slovak architecture, associated with the growth of old cities and the founding of new cities, was the creation of urban ensembles. In the center of the city or new urban area, a town hall and market square were planned, surrounded by houses, the bottom of which was occupied by loggias-galleries protecting from bad weather (a tradition continued in the 15th-16th centuries and determined the unique appearance of the squares of ancient Czech cities). The highways were oriented towards the main square and the city gates.

The heyday of Czech Gothic began in the 30s. 14th century During this period, the main and dominant construction scheme was a three-nave temple with a very wide central nave compared to the side ones. This enhanced the impression of the power of the main space of the central nave and gave the entire interior a hall-like character (the three-nave Cathedral of St. Jakub in Kutná Hora).

Most buildings, especially in the first half of the 14th century, were still built without a complex system of external supports, and therefore there was a need for massive inter-window pylons supported from the outside by simple buttresses closely adjacent to the wall. This gave such structures a stern, masculine character. The contrast of massive, powerfully rising pylons and huge lancet windows amazes the viewer, for example, in the Church of Mary on Tyn, in Prague.

The most significant building of the Czech Gothic style should be considered the Cathedral of St. Vita in Prague.

The architects used a limited number of architectural motifs when building the cathedral; however, by skillfully juxtaposing pylons, buttresses, flying buttresses, high openings of lancet windows, and balustrade openwork, they were able to bring to life an inexhaustible wealth of visual impressions.

The exterior decor of the cathedral surprises with the inexhaustible richness of intertwined forms: the variety of silhouettes and scales of stone leaves sprouting on the stone branches of flying buttresses, and flames wavering, like the fires of St. Elmo, on the tips of pinnacles. Inside the building, the decor becomes more restrained and spare. The main decorations were stained glass windows of huge windows and easel painting on wood, which became widespread in the Czech Republic from the beginning of the 14th century.

Czech architecture of that time was distinguished by a healthy, graceful cheerfulness.

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The essence and characteristics of the Romanesque style in art, history and stages of its formation in the architecture of Western Europe. Application of the principles of the Romanesque style in the construction of churches of the 11th–12th centuries. The reasons for the appearance of the Gothic style, its types and reflection in sculpture.

test, added 11/05/2009


Characteristic features of Romanesque art as a pan-European style and distinctive features arts of this direction in different countries of Western Europe, due to the influence of other cultures. Common and distinct features between schools, unique architecture.

course work, added 06/13/2012


Gothic culture as a type of subculture, the degree of its prevalence in modern society. Characteristic features and characteristics inherent in this direction, features of the Gothic style, art, philosophy. Beliefs and detachment are ready.

abstract, added 10/30/2010


Romanesque style is a period in European art in the 11th-12th centuries. before the emergence of the Gothic style in the 13th century. Prerequisites for the formation of architecture, its specifics, principles and features. Sources, characteristics and aesthetic ideal of sculpture and painting.

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Western Europe Presentation for the final lesson on the topic “Western Europe” for 11th grade Geography teacher GBOU Secondary School No. 489 Lifshits I.O.

Which country in Western Europe can be said to be a country of geysers and fishing?

Which Western European country can be said to be a country of gambling houses and an aquarium?

Which Western European country can be said to be a country of banks and watches?

Which Western European country can be said to be the country of bullfights and oranges?

Which Western European country can be said to be the country of tulips and household appliances?

Which Western European country can be said to be a country of perfumery and haute couture?

Which country in Western Europe can be said to be the country of alpine skiing and waltzing?

Which Western European country can be said to be the country of dairy products and Andersen's fairy tales?

Which Western European country can be said to be a country of paper and Joulupukki (which means Christmas goat ) Happy New Year!

Geographical location Mark the westernmost point of Eurasia on the contour map of Western Europe and sign its name

Mark the coastline of Western Europe on a contour map

Name the countries of Western Europe that are members of the European Union.

Attractions

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Presentation for a geography lesson, grade 11, “Microstates of Western Europe: Vatican City”

This presentation presents the characteristics and attractions of one of the microstates of Western Europe - the Vatican...

Geography. Grade 11. Western Europe is the second geographic center of economic rivalry.

Outline of a geography lesson in grade 11 "Western Europe is the second geographical center of economic rivalry"....

18TH CENTURY ART IN WESTERN EUROPE

Ireland Livestock farming plays a leading role in Irish agriculture. The main products of this industry are milk and dairy products, beef, wool, pork. There is intensive fishing in Irish coastal waters. Main commercial species: herring, anchovy, haddock, cod, mackerel. The Irish successfully breed trout, mussels, salmon, and lobsters. The main crops are wheat, oats, potatoes, barley and sugar beets.

Belgium Dairy and meat farming leading industry Agriculture Belgium, provides over 70% of the value of agricultural products. The country produces about 600 different brands of beer, some of which are as old as years. About a hundred different brands are produced in Belgium, they make up approximately 3/4 of the total production, the most famous of them are Stella Artois and Jupiler. Vegetable growing and horticulture account for 20% of the value of agricultural products. Extensive plum and cherry orchards. Flowers and ornamental plants are grown. A large greenhouse farm in the vicinity of Brussels, where grapes, strawberries, and champignons are grown for export.

Netherlands In some areas of the country, floriculture predominates. Fifth place in Europe in butter production and fourth in cheese production. Pasture farming is the most widespread, with more than 4.5 million head of cattle grazing on the polders (about 3.5% of EU livestock). Potatoes, sugar beets and grain crops are also grown. An important export item is high-quality greenhouse and canned vegetables.

Luxembourg The total area of ​​cultivated land in the duchy is 135 thousand hectares. Residents of Luxembourg annually harvest on average more than 140 thousand tons of grain, 35 thousand tons of potatoes, produce 250 thousand tons of milk, 15 thousand tons of beef and 9 thousand tons of pork. Meat and dairy farming predominates. Mainly cattle are raised. Luxembourg is seeking to intensify its livestock production and is increasingly focusing on housing and developing industries such as pigs, poultry, rabbits and bees. Gardening is well developed. Various fruit trees are cultivated, mainly apples, plums, pears, and cherries. Viticulture is one of the most important industries.

Great Britain Livestock farming predominates in the structure of agricultural production. Dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding (bacon fattening), meat sheep breeding and poultry farming are also developed. England is one of the world's largest suppliers of sheep wool. Traditionally, livestock farming is concentrated in river basins. In crop production, almost 60% of arable land is occupied by perennial grasses, over 28% by grain crops (including 15% by wheat, 11% by barley); 12% under industrial (rapeseed, sugar beet, flax) and fodder crops (including potatoes. The main agricultural regions are East Anglia and the South-East. The country has orchards.

France France is one of Europe's largest producers of agricultural products and occupies one of the leading places in the world in the number of cattle, pigs, poultry and the production of milk, eggs, and meat. Grain farming predominates in crop production; The main crops are wheat, barley, corn. Winemaking is developed (the leading place in the world for wine production).

History of Wine in France Wine production in France began around the sixth century BC during the colonization of southern Gaul by Greek settlers. The monasteries had the resources, a sufficient level of protection and the motivation to produce constant volumes of wine, both for their own needs and for sale. At this time, the best vineyards belonged to the monasteries, and it was their wine that was considered the best. France is traditionally the largest consumer of its own wine,

Beneficial features wine Wine contains some iron, and more importantly, it helps the body absorb iron from food if it is drunk with a meal. Red wines contain slightly more beneficial substances than white wines. They contain vitamins B1, B2, C (in small quantities), vitamin P, which strengthens the walls of blood vessels and normalizes the metabolism of vitamin C, and tannins that have an astringent effect. The natural sugars of grapes - glucose and fructose - are almost completely fermented during the production of dry wines. Dry table wines contain tiny amounts of sugar (no more than 1-1.2 g per liter).

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The presentation on the topic “Western Europe: characteristics” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 9 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Geographical position

Western Europe occupies the western part of the Eurasian continent, washed by the Atlantic and Arctic oceans and their seas. The average height of Europe is about 300 m, the maximum is 5642 m (Mount Elbrus), the minimum is -28 meters (Caspian Sea). Plains predominate (large - East European, Central European, Middle and Lower Danube, Paris Basin), mountains occupy about 17% of the territory (the main ones are the Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Apennines, Ural Mountains, Scandinavian Mountains, mountains of the Balkan Peninsula). There are active volcanoes in Iceland and the Mediterranean.

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Composition of the region

Western Europe includes: Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, France, Switzerland.

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Minerals

In Western Europe there are large deposits of oil and gas, hard and brown coals, ores, iron, manganese, chromium, bauxite, copper, zinc, tin and some other minerals. Among other continents, Western Europe ranks 1st in the world in reserves of mercury ores, 2nd in reserves of coal and zinc ores, 3rd in reserves of chromium, lead and apatite ores, and fluorite.

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The structure of the earth's crust within Western Europe is complex. Ancient platforms are adjacent to younger areas of the earth's crust. In the north of the region are the ancient, heavily eroded Scandinavian Mountains. From the east they are adjacent to plateaus, turning into hilly elevated and lowland plains. To the south, the relief is dominated by hilly moraine and outwash plains, formed as a result of the activity of the glacier and its melt waters.

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The climate of Western Europe is temperate, transitional to continental, highly dependent on altitude. Winter is mild with frequent snowfalls, the coldest winter month is January, the temperature in the valleys drops to -2C, in the mountainous areas - to -14C. Summer is warm and sunny, the hottest months are July and August, temperatures are around +20C.

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Inland waters

The main waterways of Europe are the Volga, Don, Dnieper, Danube, and Sev rivers. Dvina, Pechora, Elbe, Rhone, Loire, Vistula, Rhine, Odra, Tagus. The largest European lakes include Ladoga, Chudskoye, Onega, Geneva, and Balaton.

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Vegetable world

The territory of Western Europe is covered with broad-leaved forests, where oak, beech, birch, willow, rowan, alder, and aspen grow.