Presentation of the beginning of Ivan's reign 4 Torkunov's reforms. Presentation for the lesson on the topic “The beginning of the reign of Ivan IV. We met irregularly and worked on solutions

Vasily III - father of Ivan the Terrible

Elena Glinskaya - mother of Ivan the Terrible

Dying, he blessed his three-year-old son Ivan for the great reign under the regent-mother Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya.

M. Gorelik. Death of Vasily III

Elena Glinskaya

P The government of Elena Glinskaya is taking measures to strengthen the army, build new and reorganize old fortresses.
Like Princess Olga, who founded in the 10th century. quite a few new settlements, Elena Vasilyevna gave the order to build cities on the Lithuanian borders, to restore Ustyug and Yaroslavl, and in Moscow in 1535, the builder Peter Maly Fryazin founded Kitay-Gorod.
Emigrants from other countries flocked to rich Muscovy; 300 families left Lithuania alone. However, the largest event in Elena Vasilievna’s domestic policy was the monetary reform of 1535, which led to the unification of monetary circulation in the country and overcoming the consequences of fragmentation.

Elena Glinskaya

In 1535-1538, during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, a reform of the Russian monetary system was carried out.
All low-grade, cut-off coins, as well as coins of old mintage, were removed from circulation.
She actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Rus'. All over Russia they began to print money with the image of a horseman with a spear, which is why the coins were called “kopeks” (a silver kopek weighing 0.68 g; one-fourth of a kopek is half a penny).
This was a significant step to stabilize the Russian economy.

Childhood of Ivan IV

“My late brother Georgiy and I began to be raised as foreigners or beggars. What a need we have suffered for clothing and food! We had no will for anything; They did not treat us in any way as children should be treated. (...) How to calculate such severe sufferings that I endured in my youth? How many times I was not given food on time. What can I say about the parental treasury that I inherited? Everything was stolen in an insidious manner.”

Ivan grew up as a homeless but watchful orphan in an atmosphere of court intrigue, struggle and violence that penetrated his children's bedchamber even at night.
Ivan’s childhood remained in Ivan’s memory as a time of insults and humiliation, a concrete picture of which he gave about 20 years later in his letters to Prince Kurbsky.

How did childhood impressions affect the character of the future king?

Boyar rule (1538-1548)

Boyar family of Shuisky

Boyar family of Belsky

Reprisals against political opponents, executions, murders

Theft of the state treasury

Distributing land and privileges to his supporters

Increase in collections from the population

Royal wedding. 1547

In January 1547, Ivan announced to the boyars and Metropolitan Macarius that he wanted to get married and take a new title - tsar.

On January 16, 1547, the solemn coronation of Ivan took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

K. Lebedev. Wedding and adoption of the royal title by John IV.

February 3rd Ivan married the young hawthorn Anastasia Romanovna, who belonged to the ancient Zakharyin-Yuryev family.

Historical significance of the proclamation of Ivan IV as Tsar

It equated Ivan IV with his eastern neighbors - the Astrakhan and Kazan khans - the heirs of the Golden Horde, the recent rulers of Rus' and with European rulers.
Elevated Ivan IV above other princes. He was revered as a great sovereign
It mattered for the church: from that moment on, the royal government took care of preserving the rights and privileges of the church. The king was considered “God’s anointed one.

Royal wedding. 1547

In June 1547, Ivan faced new trials. During the summer heat and strong wind, a terrible fire broke out in Moscow and lasted ten hours. The city was almost completely burned out, about 4 thousand Muscovites died from fire and smoke.

Driven to despair, people blamed everything on the Glinsky princes, with whom they associated the troubles of boyar rule.

With great difficulty, Ivan managed to calm the people, although he himself later admitted: “Fear entered my soul and trembling entered my bones.”

P. Pleshanov. Tsar Ivan the Terrible and Priest Sylvester during

Elected Rada

Elected Rada – a circle of people close to the young king. (in fact, the Nearby State Duma, the unofficial government)

The most prominent figures of the Chosen Rada were:

priest Sylvester , served in the “house” church of the sovereign - the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, nobleman Alexey Fedorovich Adashev , prince Andrey Mikhailovich Kurbsky

Composition of the Elected Council (1547-1560)

The Tsar's mentor, Metropolitan Macarius
Kostroma nobleman Alexey Adashev
Tsar's confessor Sylvester
Representative of the nobility Andrey Kurbsky
Head of the embassy department clerk Ivan Viskovaty
Boyars Sheremetevs
Prince Silver
Reform objectives:

Limitation of the privileges of the great aristocracy
Strengthening the military-police support of the monarchy
Strengthening the material and financial base of the monarchy
Improving the country's governance apparatus

1549 – 1560

Reasons for the emergence of the Chosen Rada

consistent failures of the “boyar groups” to establish themselves in the supreme power;

people's dissatisfaction with the dominance of temporary workers;
the young king’s weak abilities to rule the state;
the need for reforms.

1. Management reform

1549 – convening of the first Zemsky Sobor

Zemsky Sobor – highest class representative body of power

We met irregularly and worked on solutions

foreign policy and finance

2. Local government reform

Before the reform, local tax collection was entrusted to the feeding boyars.

They were the actual rulers of individual lands.

Under Ivan the Terrible, feedings were abolished.

Local management (investigation and court in particularly important cases) was transferred to the hands of lip prefects ( lip - district), elected from local nobles in rural areas and favorite goals in cities.

In the middle of the 16th century, an apparatus of state power emerged in Russia in the form

estate-representative monarchy

Estate-representative monarchy - This is a form of government in which a class-representative assembly, the Zemsky Sobor, and a permanent advisory body under the supreme power, the Boyar Duma, coexisted with autocratic power.

The main classes of the state were represented at the Zemsky Sobor - the nobles, the clergy, the upper layer of townspeople (merchants, townspeople) and the black-sown peasantry.

TSAR

Metropolitan

Boyar Duma

Zemsky Sobor

orders

Local government

3. Judicial reform

1550 - accepted Code of Law of Ivan IV –

new set of laws of Russia

When and by whom was the code of laws by which Russia lived in the first half of the 16th century adopted?

regulation of punishments;
the right of the highest court belongs to the king;
punishments were provided for clerks and boyars for official crimes;
nobles are subject only to the king;
when examining cases, the presence of elected representatives from the population (tselovniks, elders) is obligatory;
for robbery - death penalty;
The judicial immunity of patrimonial owners has been abolished.

limiting the power of governors by reducing judicial functions and increasing control by the central administration;
the prohibition of turning boyar children into slaves;
an increase in the “elderly” during the transition of peasants to St. George’s Day;
introduction of a single measure of land tax - large plow (until 1679)
the population of the country was obliged to bear taxes - a complex of natural and monetary duties;

4. Military reform

Streltsy army is being formed

(3 thousand people were personally controlled by the tsar, stationed in Moscow, supported by the treasury;

by 1600 – 25 thousand people)

In peacetime, archers are allowed to engage in crafts and trade

The basis of the army is the noble militia (service began at the age of 15, land allotment for service - 150 - 450 acres of land)

1556 – “Code of Service”

What is localism?

"The Sovereign's Genealogist" – streamlining local disputes (during the war localism was prohibited)

5. Church reform

1551 – Stoglavy Cathedral

(Cathedral of the Russian Church)

Before reforms:

relative independence of priests.

There is no uniformity in church rituals

the growth of church land ownership was limited (it was decided to leave in the hands of the church all the lands acquired by it before 1551, but in the future they could receive lands only with royal permission);
the church is prohibited from engaging in usury;
Schools for training priests were organized.

subordination of priests to the metropolitan, creation of a church hierarchy;
a church court was created;
rituals are regulated;
from among the local saints revered in individual Russian lands, an all-Russian list was compiled;
new works of art had to be created following approved models;

Reforms of the Chosen Rada

What is the significance of the reforms that were carried out by the Elected Rada and Ivan IV in the middle of the 16th century?

the rights of the noble boyars in all spheres of government are limited;
the social base of the autocracy becomes the nobility, economically dependent on the tsar;
the new management system eliminated historically formed local management features;
all links of the management system are largely subordinate to the king;
Zemsky councils play the role of a counterweight to the boyars, an estate-representative monarchy is formed;
a centralized state is being formed in Russia and the autocratic power of the tsar is strengthening;
The country's military power strengthened.

Sections: History and social studies

Class: 6

Goals:

Educational: the formation of students’ ideas about the personality of Ivan IV, the essence and nature of the reforms of the second half of the 15th century.
Developmental: creating conditions for the development of active mental activity in students through active forms of working with text.
Educational: developing an understanding of the ambiguity in assessing historical figures

Expected results:

Students should know:

the essence and nature of the reforms of Ivan IV
government bodies in the second half of the 15th century.

Students must understand what:

centralized state
Zemsky Sobor
Elected Rada
Streltsy army
Code of Law

Students should be able to:

ability to convey the content of a text in a compressed form
conduct information and semantic analysis of the text
formulate conclusions

Lesson type: lesson of learning new material.

Lesson format: combined lesson with elements of practical work.

Didactic and methodological equipment of the lesson: textbook “History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 16th century.” Authors: A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina; didactic handouts (excerpts from V. Klyuchevsky’s “Russian History Course”), presentation (appendix), artistic illustration. Ivanov "Zemsky Sobor". CD “Lessons of Russian history before the 19th century.”

Equipment:

computer;
multimedia projector;
screen.

During the classes

I. Learning new material:

Plan

Boyar rule at the beginning of the 16th century.
Personality of Ivan IV.
Strengthening the central government
Stoglavy Cathedral. Reforms of state power ser. XVI century.
Military reform

Introduction to the topic: In today's lesson we will start a conversation about the last representative of the Rurik dynasty - Ivan IV, who received the nickname the Terrible.

Write down the topic, lesson plan.

Statement of the educational task: During the lesson it will be necessary to evaluate the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV.

1. Boyar rule.

Teacher's story: Ivan was born in 1530.

Look at the flyleaf of the textbook, name the indicated years of Ivan’s reign (1533 to 1584)

Question: Could 3-year-old Ivan rule on his own? Of course not. Ivan's father Vasily III died in 1533, before his death he appointed a guardian council of 7 influential boyars over his son Ivan, ordering the boyars to “take care” of their son and involve him in state affairs. The time of boyar rule has come. It was an era of lawlessness, violence, hostility and struggle for power. Abuse and bribery have reached unprecedented proportions. Popular unrest began. To stop popular unrest and restore the correct and clear functioning of the state apparatus, reforms were necessary. The widow of Vasily III, Elena Glinskaya, who was burdened by boyar tutelage, took control of the state into her own hands. According to legend, this woman came from the Mamai family. But by the will of fate she ended up in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and became a Lithuanian princess. In 1526 she married the Grand Duke of Moscow. After the death of her husband, she actually became a ruler with her three-year-old son. During her reign (less than 5 years), Elena Glinskaya managed to carry out a number of reforms in the country.

Working with textbook text: Task: Read paragraph 3 of paragraph 1 and add name of the reforms.

Working with the text of the textbook, let's find out what reforms were carried out and what results they led to?

Reforms of Elena Glinskaya:

introduction ... (single monetary unit (Moscow ruble)
creation ... (monetary system: ruble - half, half, half, hryvnia, altyn.)
foundation ... (Mint)
introduction ... (uniform units of length and weight.)

Question: what contributed to these reforms?

Teacher's story: After the death of Elena Glinskaya, a fierce struggle for power began again in the country: poisoning, murder, imprisonment, forced monastic tonsure became commonplace at the Moscow court. And all this happened before the eyes of young Ivan, during the era of the so-called “boyar rule.” John’s childhood remained in John’s memory as a time of insults and humiliation, a concrete picture of which he gave about 20 years later in his letters to Prince Kurbsky.

Students working with a document“On Boyar Rule”, page 200 of the textbook.

2. Ivan's personality IV .

Checking your understanding of the meaning of the concept “personality” (reliance on knowledge of social science terms)

Work in groups with handout didactic material

Exercise: using excerpts from documents V.O. Klyuchevsky, a Russian historian who wrote the famous work “The Course of Russian History,” to compile a description of the character traits of Ivan IV.

Didactic material for group work.

1 group.“By nature he received a lively and flexible mind, thoughtful and a little mocking, a real Great Russian, Moscow mind. But the circumstances among which his childhood passed spoiled this mind early and gave it an unnatural, painful development. He was orphaned early - in the fourth year of his life he lost his father, and in the eighth he lost his mother. Since childhood, he saw himself among strangers. A feeling of orphanhood, abandonment, and loneliness was etched in his soul early and deeply and remained for the rest of his life, about which he repeated at every opportunity: “My relatives did not care about me.”

2nd group. “Like all people who grew up among strangers, without a father’s gaze and a mother’s greeting, (he) early acquired the habit of walking around looking around and listening. This developed suspicion in him, which over the years turned into a deep distrust of people. As a child, he often experienced indifference and neglect from others. He himself later recalled in a letter to Prince Kurbsky how he and his younger brother Yuri were constrained in everything, kept like wretched people, poorly fed and clothed, given no will in anything, forced to do everything by force and not according to their age.

3rd group.“The ugly scenes of boyar self-will and violence, among which (he) grew up, were his first political impressions. They turned his timidity into nervous timidity, from which over the years a tendency to exaggerate danger developed, creating what is called fear with great eyes. Eternally anxious and suspicious, (he) early got used to thinking that he was surrounded only by enemies, and cultivated in himself a sad inclination - to look out for an endless network of intrigues weaving around him, which it seemed to him were trying to entangle him from all sides.

4th group.“By nature and upbringing, he was deprived of moral balance and, at the slightest everyday difficulty, willingly leaned in the bad direction. One could expect rude behavior from him at any moment; he did not know how to cope with the slightest unpleasant incident. In 1577, on the street in the conquered Livonian city of Kokenhausen, he complacently talked with the pastor about his favorite theological subjects, but almost ordered his execution when he carelessly compared Luther with the Apostle Paul, hit the pastor on the head with a whip and rode off with the words: “Go away.” To hell with your Luther." At another time, he ordered to chop up an elephant sent to him from Persia, which did not want to kneel before him.”

Checking the progress of the work: students’ statements about Ivan’s personalityIV.

Teacher. Ivan the Terrible, the most mysterious and cruelest tsar in Rus', was a highly educated and enlightened man, composed music, collected a unique library, the best in the world, and left his indelible mark on Moscow and history. Such a man, at the age of 17, declared to Metropolitan Macarius his intention to be crowned king. (slide) This was new. Before Ivan 4 they were crowned for the great reign. What's the difference?

Working with textbook text: p. 194, paragraph 2, date entry - January 1547

As a result of their statements, students come to the conclusion: the crowning of the kingdom put Ivan on the same level as other noble rulers of the world and raised the international authority of Russia. The period of boyar rule ended. Tsar Ivan became an autocratic sovereign.

View fragment "Csymbols of power" (CD-disk)

3. Strengthening the central government

Let's remember how the state was governed at the beginning of the 15th century.

This was the name of the ruler in Russia in the 15th century (Grand Duke).

This was the name of the council of representatives of the ancient boyar families under the prince (Boyar Duma).

This was the name of the central governing bodies (orders).

This was the name given to the people who ruled individual districts of the country (governors).

A diagram of the controls gradually appears on the board.XVV.

Teacher's story. Ivan IV faced great challenges: it was necessary to create a unified system of central and local government bodies, approve unified legislation and courts, troops and taxes, and overcome the differences between individual regions inherited from the past. The first thing the tsar did was strengthen and expand government bodies. The tsar created a council, which included people close to the tsar (A.F. Adashev, priest Sylvester, Prince Kurbsky, Macarius). This council became known as the Chosen Rada. The Tsar and the elected Rada decided to carry out reforms in the country. We will get to know them now.

1549 – the first Zemsky Sobor is a body under the tsar from representatives of various segments of the population for solving important state affairs.

1550 - adoption of the new Code of Law. Remember when and by whom the first Code of Law was introduced? What does the expression “St. George’s Day” mean?

New orders appear. There were 80 of them. Each was in charge of certain state affairs.

Exercise: Guess what each of the orders did, judging by the name. (Slide)

Listening to answers, clarification, adjustment, filling out the table.

1551 g. - a church council was held, called the Stoglavy.

Working with the textbook text: find an explanation of this title.

Task: From the item “Stoglavy Cathedral”, select the decisions of the cathedral:

1556 g– local government reform. The positions of provincial elders (guba - territorial district: district, volost) and zemstvo elders were established where the majority of the population were black-growing peasants

Work from the textbook: p. 198, functions of elected bodies.

Entry: elected bodies:

held court;
monitored compliance with laws and order:
collected taxes

Conclusion: In general, the old government bodies (central and local) were preserved, but significant changes were made to their activities

4. Military reform

Teacher's story: The archers armed themselves with firearms (arqueas) at the expense of the state, and were dressed in cloth caftans, trimmed with transverse cords on the chest. Pointed cloth hats with fur trim were worn on their heads. The archer was armed with a heavy smooth-bore rifle - a arquebus and a saber. For their service, the archers received grain, cash and land salaries. In peacetime, archers served at the city gates, on the fortress walls, and on the streets. The archers lived in settlements, where in their free time they engaged in crafts and traded their products. Among the archers there were shoemakers, saddlers, and gunsmiths.

Date input: in 1556, the “Code of Service” was adopted, which determined the exact norms for compulsory service in the royal army from all landowners.

Illustration page 199, “mounted warrior - nobleman.”

Summing up the work in the lesson: students’ assessment of the beginning of the king’s reign.

Conclusion: Thus, the reforms of the 1550s. The reign of Ivan IV was aimed at strengthening central power.

Giving marks for active work in class.

II. Homework:

Optional creative task: prepare messages based on illustrations in the textbook (Monomakh's Cap, Ivan's royal throne
Cards for strong students: working with a document: Fragment from the Code of Service (1556) of Ivan the Terrible. The Code talks about the creation of a noble militia.

Exercise: Translate Old Church Slavonic text into modern one using the proposed dictionary

Oto quarters (chetey) - about 50 hectares

From one hundred quarters of the good lands of the land, a man is on horseback and in full armor, and on a long journey about two horses, and who will serve on the ground (fullfill the quota for the supply of people, horses and weapons) and the sovereign rewards them with his salary, feeding, and stowage people (warriors fielded by the feudal lord) give a monetary salary: whoever holds the land, but does not pay for the services from it, on those samekh imati money for the people; and who gives extra people to the service before the land (those put on campaign in excess of the established norm), through the laid down people, and thus from the sovereign a larger salary for themselves...

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Objective of the lesson: To form ideas about the directions of Russian foreign policy and the nature of its implementation by Ivan IV; continue work on developing students’ cartographic skills when studying foreign policy issues.

Plan for studying new material: I. Directions of foreign policy. II. Annexation of Kazan and Astrakhan. The meaning of victories in the East. III. Danger from the south. Serif stripe. IV. Livonian War.

The main directions of foreign policy in the second half of the 16th century Southern direction Eastern direction Western direction Kazan Khanate Nogai Horde (vassal dependence) Astrakhan Khanate Crimean Khanate Narva, Dorpat, Polotsk Livonian War - Russia’s war for the lands of the Old Russian state on which the Livonian Order was created.

In 1550-1551, Ivan the Terrible personally took part in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552, the campaigns of the Crimean Tatars and Swedes were repelled, Kazan was conquered, then the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), in the 50s the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai the Great became dependent on the tsar. In 1553, after the voyage of Richard Chancellor, trade relations with England were established through the pier of St. Nicholas on the White Sea. In the spring of 1557, Tsar Ivan established a port on the banks of Narva. In 1558-1583 - the Livonian War. Russian foreign policy under Ivan the Terrible

The construction of Sviyazhsk, an ancient fortress erected in 1551 by Tsar Ivan the Terrible for the siege of Kazan, is a unique case in the history of Russian urban planning. Previously cut down a thousand kilometers from here, in the forests of central Rus', it was dismantled, transported on rafts along the Volga to the mouth of the Sviyaga River (25 km from Kazan) and reassembled here in just 4 weeks. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible conquered Kazan and annexed the Kazan Khanate to Russia. The Tatar population is evicted outside the city suburb; its forced Christianization begins. Annexation of the Kazan Khanate

Capture of Kazan. At the end of September, part of the wall was destroyed by a powerful explosion, Russian soldiers rushed through the opening, and on October 2 the city was taken. In December 1552, an uprising broke out on the territory of the Khanate, but it was suppressed, and its leaders were executed in Moscow. Ivan IV began sending letters to the Volga peoples, and soon the Bashkirs and Udmurts came under the rule of Moscow.

Annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate In the early 1550s, the Astrakhan Khanate was an ally of the Crimean Khan, controlling the lower reaches of the Volga. Before the final subjugation of the Astrakhan Khanate under Ivan IV, two campaigns were carried out: The campaign of 1554 was carried out under the command of governor Yu. I. Pronsky-Shemyakin. Astrakhan was taken without a fight. As a result, Khan Dervish-Ali was brought to power, promising support to Moscow. The campaign of 1556 was due to the fact that Khan Dervish-Ali went over to the side of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. After which, in July, Astrakhan was again taken without a fight. As a result of this campaign, the Astrakhan Khanate was subordinated to Muscovite Rus'.

Trip to Astrakhan. In 1551, the Astrakhan Khan went into the service of Moscow, but in 1554 he violated the agreement. In June 1554, Russian troops entered Astrakhan without a fight. Tribute was imposed on the Khanate, and I. the Terrible received the right to appoint khans. In 1555, Astrakhan, under pressure from the Crimea, again left the control of Moscow. In 1556, the Russian army approached the city and its residents swore allegiance to the Russian state.

Livonian War Reasons: To win access to the Baltic Sea in order to create conditions for organizing trade with Europe. 2. The cities of the Livonian Order hindered the development of Russian trade in every possible way. The reason for the war was the Order's failure to pay tribute for the city of Yuryev. After the order’s refusal to repay the debt, Ivan the Terrible declared war on him in 1558.

Annexation of the Siberian Khanate Around 1581-1582, the Stroganovs equipped a military expedition of Cossacks and military men from the cities beyond the Urals. The head of this detachment was Ataman Ermak Timofeevich. Having crossed the Ural Mountains, he reached the Irtysh, and a decisive battle took place near the capital of Kuchum - Kashlyk. Ermak entered Kashlyk and began to collect yasak (tribute) from the Siberian inhabitants. However, the victory of the Cossacks turned out to be fragile, and a few years later Ermak died. His campaign did not lead to the direct annexation of Siberia, but a beginning was made for this. Ermak Timofeevich

HOMEWORK - ON TERMS AND DATES Dates to remember 1552 - annexation of Kazan 1556 - annexation of Astrakhan 1558-1583. - Livonian War 1581-1584. – the beginning of the annexation of Siberia

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Purpose of the lesson: to lead to an understanding of the reasons for the fall of the government of the Chosen Rada and the introduction of the oprichnina; give an idea of the nature of the oprichnina, the methods of its implementation and its consequences.

Plan for studying new material: I. The fall of the government of the Chosen Rada. II. Introduction of the oprichnina. Reasons, goals, governance of the country. III. Consequences of the oprichnina.

Cognitive task What was the strengthening of state power under Ivan IV and how was it achieved?

OPRICHNINA Oprichnina is a system of measures taken by Ivan IV to combat alleged treason.

The essence of the oprichnina 1565-1572

The Russian state during the years of the oprichnina TSAR Treasury and Treasury Boyar Duma Oprichnina Court Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' Church Council Bishops Abbots Zemsky Sobor Oprichnina orders Oprichnina treasury Oprichnina army Zemstvo and provincial elders Zemstvo army Posad people Parish churches oprichnina zemshchina Nobles

During the oprichnina period, Grozny achieved a sharp increase in his power. However, this was achieved at a huge cost. The country was devastated by the guardsmen, the Livonian War, and Tatar raids. Despite the official abolition of the oprichnina, mass executions continued. The devil is a guardsman. Miniature 16th century.

HOMEWORK - ON TERMS AND DATES Dates to remember 1565-1572. - oprichnina 1584-1598. - reign of Fyodor Ivanovich 1581 - establishment of “reserved years” 1597 - decree on “prescribed years” Terms for remembering “Reserved years” - prohibition during these years of peasant transition from land to land, from one owner to another. Oprichnina - a political experiment of Ivan IV, the essence of which was to divide Russia into two territories - zemshchina and oprichnina (where the tsar’s personal rule existed); The establishment of the oprichnina led to terror against the zemshchina.

Appendix 2.

The teacher's story about Elena Glinskaya and the boyar rule.

Back in 1526, Prince Vasily III married the young 18-year-old beauty Elena Glinskaya. In 1530, the couple had their first son, Ivan, the future Tsar. Three years later, Vasily III dies, who, during his lifetime, entrusted custody of Elena and his son to his closest and devoted boyars. According to law and tradition, Elena was supposed to transfer power to her son when he reached adulthood. He gave the boyars an order to take care of his son and involve him in state affairs. The weakening of central power led to an intensification of the struggle for influence on the royal child of the boyar groups of the Belsky, Shuisky and Glinsky. Elena Glinskaya was left with the honorable role of chairing the Boyar Duma and listening to the reports of the boyars. All power was in the hands of the board of trustees. The time of boyar rule has come. It was an era of lawlessness, violence, hostility and struggle for power. Abuse and bribery have reached unprecedented proportions. Popular unrest began. In addition, Elena Glinskaya’s personal ambitions played an important role. The domineering, hot-tempered Elena could not agree with a minor role in the palace. Growing up in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, she was not accustomed to the blind obedience shown by high-ranking Russian women. To stop popular unrest and restore the correct and clear functioning of the state apparatus, reforms were necessary.

In 1538, the princess died suddenly (most likely she was poisoned by the boyars) and young Ivan was left an orphan. The rule of boyar groups began in Russia. The boyars distributed land and benefits to their supporters, and exempted them from taxes. The treasury was being plundered, reprisals against rivals took place. The peasants and townspeople suffered the most from this. And all this happened before the eyes of young Ivan, during the era of the so-called boyar rule, which lasted from 1538 to 1547.

List of used literature:

1.Sakharov A.N. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 16th century. 6th grade: educational. for general education organizations. – M.: Education, 2010. – P.194 – 196.

Appendix 3.

An excerpt from the historical source “On boyar rule. From the correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Prince Kurbsky."

When... our mother... moved from the earthly kingdom to the heavenly one, my late brother George and I were left orphans. I was eight years old at that time; and so our subjects achieved the fulfillment of their desires - they received a kingdom without a ruler, they did not care about us, their sovereigns, they rushed to gain wealth and glory and attacked each other at the same time.

And what have they not done! How many boyars and governors, well-wishers of our father, were killed! They took the courtyards, villages and estates of our uncles and settled in them! Our mother's treasury was transferred to the Great Treasury. In the meantime, princes Vasily and Ivan Shuisky arbitrarily took first place with me and took the place of the tsar, while those who betrayed our father and mother the most were released from captivity and brought to their side... My late brother George and I began to be educated, as foreigners or as beggars. What a need we have suffered for clothing and food!.. I remember one thing: it used to be that we were playing children’s games, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky was sitting on a bench, leaning his elbow on our father’s bed and putting his foot on a chair, and on us doesn’t look... What can I say about the parental treasury that I inherited? They plundered everything in an insidious manner - they said that the boyars’ children were given a salary, but they took it for themselves and forged gold and silver vessels from it and inscribed the names of their parents on them, as if it were their hereditary property.

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Ivan groznyj. Reforms of the Chosen Rada

2 Vasily III - father of Ivan the Terrible; Elena Glinskaya - mother of Ivan the Terrible

M. Gorelik. Death of Vasily III On December 3, 1533, the Grand Duke of All Rus' Vasily III died. Dying, he blessed his three-year-old son Ivan for the great reign under the regent-mother Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya.

Elena Glinskaya In 1535-1538, during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, a reform of the Russian monetary system was carried out. All low-grade, cut-off coins, as well as coins of old mintage, were removed from circulation. She actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Rus'. All over Russia they began to print money with the image of a horseman with a spear, which is why the coins were called “kopeks” (a silver kopek weighing 0.68 g; one-fourth of a kopek is half a penny). This was a significant step to stabilize the Russian economy.

Ivan grew up as a homeless but watchful orphan in an atmosphere of court intrigue, struggle and violence that penetrated his children's bedchamber even at night. Ivan’s childhood remained in Ivan’s memory as a time of insults and humiliation, a concrete picture of which he gave about 20 years later in his letters to Prince Kurbsky. Childhood of Ivan IV “My late brother George and I began to be raised as foreigners or beggars. What a need we have suffered for clothing and food! We had no will for anything; They did not treat us in any way as children should be treated. (...) How to calculate such severe sufferings that I endured in my youth? How many times I was not given food on time. What can I say about the parental treasury that I inherited? Everything was stolen in an insidious manner.” How did childhood impressions affect the character of the future king?

Boyar rule (1538-1548) Boyar family of the Shuiskys Boyar family of the Belskys Reprisals against political opponents, executions, murders Distribution of land and privileges to their supporters Increased extortions from the population Theft of the state treasury

Royal wedding. 1547 K. Lebedev. Wedding and adoption of the royal title by John IV. On January 16, 1547, the solemn coronation of Ivan took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Royal wedding. The first “Tsar of All Rus'” In 1547, when Ivan was 16 years old, Metropolitan Macarius crowned him king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Barmas - a wide mantle with religious images and precious stones sewn on it, were worn by Russian princes and tsars during coronation and during ceremonial exits.

Royal wedding. 1547 On February 3, Ivan married the young hawthorn Anastasia Romanovna, who belonged to the ancient Zakharyin-Yuryev family.

The Chosen Rada The Chosen Rada is a circle of people close to the young Tsar. (in fact - the Near Sovereign Duma, the unofficial government) The most prominent figures of the Elected Rada were: priest Sylvester, who served in the sovereign’s “home” church - the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, nobleman Alexei Fedorovich Adashev, Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky

The composition of the chosen Rada (1547-1560) Tsar Metropolitan Metropolitan Kostroma Kostroma nobleman Alexei Adashev Tsarskoye confessor Sylvester representative of the nobility Andrei Kurbsky head of the embassy order clerk Ivan Sheremeteva Prince Silver Tasks of Reforms: restriction of the privileges of a large aristocracy, strengthening the military police of the monarchy of hardening of material and financial financial bases of the monarchy Improving the country's governance apparatus

Reforms of the Elected Rada 1549 - convening of the first Zemsky Sobor 1. Governance reform The Zemsky Sobor is the highest estate-representative body of power. They met irregularly and dealt with foreign policy and finance. Remember what estate-representative bodies existed in England and France? Why are these authorities called estate-representative?

Reforms of the Elected Rada 1. Governance reform What higher governing bodies existed under Ivan III? Orders - institutions in charge of branches of government or certain territories of the country; they collected taxes and judged. In the middle of the 16th century. new orders appeared - sectoral (Petition, Posolsky, Local, Razryadny, Robbery, Zemsky, etc.) and territorial (Siberian, Kazan Palace, etc.) The heads of the orders are appointed by the tsar and are responsible only to him. The orders were financed by the treasury. A layer of bureaucracy is being formed.

Reforms of the Elected Rada 2. Reform of local government Local government (investigation and court in particularly important cases) was transferred to the hands of provincial elders (guba - district), elected from local nobles in rural areas and favorite heads in cities. Before the reform, local tax collection was entrusted to the feeding boyars. They were the actual rulers of individual lands. Under Ivan the Terrible, feedings were abolished.

Reforms of the Elected Rada Tsar John IV opens the first Zemsky Sobor In the middle of the 16th century in Russia, an apparatus of state power took shape in the form of an estate-representative monarchy. An estate-representative monarchy is a form of government in which an estate-representative assembly - the Zemsky Sobor - coexisted with autocratic power. a permanent advisory body under the supreme power - the Boyar Duma. The main classes of the state were represented at the Zemsky Sobor - the nobles, the clergy, the upper layer of townspeople (merchants, townspeople) and the black-sown peasantry.

TSAR Metropolitan Boyar Duma Zemsky Sobor orders Local government

Reforms of the Chosen Rada 3. Judicial reform When and by whom was the set of laws adopted by which Russia lived in the first half of the 16th century? 1550 - The Code of Law of Ivan IV was adopted - a new set of laws of Russia limiting the power of governors by reducing judicial functions and strengthening control by the central administration; the prohibition of turning boyar children into slaves; an increase in the “elderly” during the transition of peasants to St. George’s Day; the introduction of a single measure of land tax - a large plow (until 1679) the population of the country was obliged to bear the tax - a complex of natural and monetary duties; regulation of punishments; the right of the highest court belongs to the king; punishments were provided for clerks and boyars for official crimes; nobles are subject only to the king; when examining cases, the presence of elected representatives from the population (tselovniks, elders) is obligatory; for robbery - death penalty; The judicial immunity of patrimonial owners has been abolished.

Reforms of the Elected Rada 4. Military reform A Streltsy army is formed (3 thousand people are personally controlled by the Tsar, stationed in Moscow, supported by the treasury; by 1600 - 25 thousand people) In peacetime, Streltsy are allowed to engage in crafts and trade The basis of the army is the noble militia (service began at the age of 15, land allotment for service - 150 - 450 dessiatines of land) 1556 - “Code of Service” “Sovereign Genealogy” - regulating local disputes (localism was prohibited during the war) What is localism?

subordination of priests to the metropolitan, creation of a church hierarchy; a church court was created; rituals are regulated; from among the local saints revered in individual Russian lands, an all-Russian list was compiled; new works of art had to be created following approved models; Reforms of the Chosen Rada 5. Church reform Before the reforms: relative independence of priests. There is no uniformity in church rituals 1551 - the Stoglavy Sobor (Cathedral of the Russian Church) limited the growth of church land ownership (it was decided to leave in the hands of the church all the lands acquired by it before 1551, but in the future they could receive lands only with royal permission); the church is prohibited from engaging in usury; Schools for training priests were organized. Stoglav

Reforms of the Elected Rada What is the significance of the reforms that were carried out by the Elected Rada and Ivan IV in the middle of the 16th century? the rights of the noble boyars in all spheres of government are limited; the social base of the autocracy becomes the nobility, economically dependent on the tsar; the new management system eliminated historically formed local management features; all links of the management system are largely subordinate to the king; Zemsky councils play the role of a counterweight to the boyars, an estate-representative monarchy is formed; a centralized state is being formed in Russia and the autocratic power of the tsar is strengthening; The country's military power strengthened.