Presentation on biology topic gymnosperms. Subkingdom Higher seed plants Division Gymnosperms. Department Angiosperms, or flowering plants

The purpose of the lesson:

Lesson objectives:
Educational: organize the activities of students to study information about the diversity of gymnosperms; promote the acquisition of knowledge about the features of the external structure and significance of gymnosperms, their role in nature; promote awareness of the value of the subject being studied.
Developmental: develop active cognitive activity through working with a textbook and showing presentations; teach to recognize gymnosperms; to form intellectual abilities (the ability to analyze, generalize, compare, classify, draw conclusions, evidence).
Educational: to form the experience of equal cooperation between teachers and students in the learning process; stimulate the development of cognitive interest; instill in students communication skills, assessment and self-assessment skills; continue to cultivate a caring attitude towards green plants.

Signs of gymnosperms

Most are evergreen, with needle-shaped or scaly leaves. Microspores give rise to a male gametophyte, consisting of several cells, which, when transformed, produce pollen. Pollen is carried by the wind and fertilization does not depend on water, falling on the cover of the ovule. Life forms in the form of trees and shrubs.

Signs of Gymnosperms

The Gymnosperms division includes six classes, two of which are completely extinct. Possible evergreen trees, evergreen deciduous shrubs, deciduous and coniferous trees. Gymnosperms can be dioecious or monoecious.

Representatives of Gymnosperms Conifers

The Coniferous class forms forests in North America and Northern Eurasia. The largest number of species of pine, spruce, fir, and larch are concentrated around the Pacific Ocean, especially in China. They are represented mainly by trees; the wood consists of tracheids and contains resin ducts. The leaves of most conifers are hard, needle-like (needles) and do not fall off at unfavorable times of the year.

Siberian pine

The needles are covered with a thick layer of cuticle, the stomata are immersed in the leaf tissue. In conifers, the main tissue is completely absent or there is very little of it. The leaves of coniferous trees produce phytoncides that have bactericidal properties.

Pine development cycle Cone structure

On the stems of conifers there are cones - female and male; consist of axes with attached scales. On the seed scales there are two ovules, from each a gametophyte with one egg is formed. Most pine pollen grains have two light air sacs.

The importance of gymnosperms in human life

Wood is used as fuel; building material; in carriage building; shipbuilding; in aviation; for the manufacture of musical instruments and furniture. In medicine, pine buds and juniper cones and berries are used; fir oil, pine needles; as well as resins and essential oils. The seeds are used in human nutrition.

Class Cycadaceae

Habitat in the tropics and subtropics. *Structures Evergreen tree-like, less often low-growing palm-like plants: a taproot is developed. *Development Dioecious plants, sporophylls are collected into unisexual strobili.

Class Ginkgo

The habitat is represented by a single family, the Ginkgo biloba species. *Structure: Tall deciduous tree. The leaves have a fan-shaped lobed plate sitting on a thin petiole. Ginko is grown as an ornamental tree. *Development features: Dioecious plants. Fertilization is carried out by motile sperm.

Class Gnetovye

Habitat in arid and desert areas. *Structural features: Branched evergreen leafless shrubs or shrubs with opposite leaves. * Developmental features: After fertilization, a seed appears, surrounded by a fleshy pericarp.

The importance of gymnosperms in nature

They are suppliers of oxygen and organic substances; purify the air; serve as a habitat for valuable species of animals and birds; give food to animals. They perform an important water protection function. In biogeocenoses they function as producers.

The diversity of gymnosperms is discussed using a multimedia presentation. The slide show with images of gymnosperms is commented on with a short message. I consider it necessary to introduce students to gymnosperms growing not only in Russia, but also in other countries.

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Slide captions:

Features of organization Gymnosperms produce seeds. These are more advanced units of reproduction and dispersal than spores, since they contain an embryo and reserve nutrients necessary in the first stages of its development. Dense shells protect the seed from unfavorable factors, many of which are detrimental to spores. Seed plants acquired advantages in the struggle for existence, which determined their flourishing during the drying climate.

Ancestors of Gymnosperms: the oldest representatives of the fern division. It is among them that there are heterosporous tree-like forms with secondary wood, which could give rise to gymnosperms. Gymnosperms did not originate from true (typical) ferns, but from one of the lateral heterosporous branches of the oldest fern-like plants.

Gymnosperms have a stem, root and leaves. They form seeds with which they reproduce and spread. Gymnosperms are wind-pollinated plants; their reproduction does not depend on water. Thanks to this, seed plants are currently the conquerors of land. Gymnosperms have resin canals in the bark and wood filled with resin and essential oils. The needle-shaped or scaly leaves are covered with a tough cuticle. The stomata are immersed in the tissue, which reduces water evaporation.

The most common in Russia is Spruce Pine

Juniper

Siberian and Daurian larch

Fir and Siberian pine

Ephedra is a low-growing shrub

Cypress - a tree of the Mediterranean

Thuja grows there too

Cryptomeria is loved by the Chinese and Japanese

Conifers of the southern hemisphere. Araucaria

Velvichia amazing from the Namib Desert

Liana gnetum

Cycad

Ginkgo biloba

Consider pine and fir cones. Why are these plants called gymnosperms?

Male cones Female cones

Use of conifers Furniture and paper are made from coniferous wood; It is used in the construction of buildings, the manufacture of musical instruments, and pencils. Coniferous resin is used to produce rosin and turpentine. Coniferous fragrances are used in the manufacture of creams, shampoos, and soaps. Larch provides a person with wood that does not rot in water and is not inferior in strength to metal.

These plants form vast forests (taiga), and also decorate streets and city parks. Low resistance to air pollution.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

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You will always find her in the forest - Let's go for a walk and meet: Stands prickly like a hedgehog In winter in a summer dress.

Do you know, granddaughter, why she doesn’t sheds needles?

Gymnosperms produce seeds.

Advantages:

There is an embryo and reserve nutrients

Dense shells protect the seed from adverse factors

juniper

The needle-shaped leaves of the pine tree are covered with a tough cuticle. There are few stomata; they are immersed in the tissue, which reduces water evaporation.

Gymnosperms have resin canals in the bark and wood filled with resin and essential oils.

Most common in Russia

larch

Siberian pine (cedar)

Laboratory work No.

Studying the appearance of coniferous plants

Purpose: to study the appearance of shoots, cones and seeds of conifers

Progress.

Task No. 1

Difference

pine shoots

Types of shoots

Needle location

Needle size

Task No. 2

The structure of pine, spruce and larch cones

1 . By what signs can gymnosperms be recognized?

A) have fruits and seeds

B) sex cells mature in the cone

B) eat, breathe, grow, reproduce

D) fertilization occurs in the ovule and depends on water

2. A conifer cone is:

B) reproductive organ, modified shoot

B) ovule

D) embryo

3. Propagated by seeds:

A) horsetail

B) club moss

B) bracken fern

D) Siberian larch

4. Plants that do not have flowers and the seeds are located openly on the seed scales belong to the department

A) bryophytes

D) angiosperms

B) are formed in fruits

B) do not have a seed coat

D) develop on the scales of cones

Right answers

Homework

Aromorphoses of seed plants compared to spore plants Aromorphoses – large
improvement,
border between
large taxa
The fertilization process does not depend on water
Male gametes without flagella are called sperm.
A pollen tube appears, pushing sperm towards the egg.
Fertilization takes place entirely within the body
Reduction of the haploid gametophyte (female - to the ovule, not
leaving the insides of the sporophyte and the male - to the pollen
grains carried by the wind) and improvement of the diploid sporophyte
A new pollination process replaces the movement of the male gamete in the outer
environment
Dispersal using a new organ - the seed
All these aromorphoses allowed the seeds to truly conquer the land and
reduce the species diversity of weak competitors - spore

Division Gymnosperms Class Conifers

Spruce, pine, sequoia, cypress, cedar,
fir, larch (drops for winter
pine needles, which are soft and have no cuticle!)
Life form: trees only, for
except for a single bush
- juniper
Larch
in autumn
In the bark,
wood or
leaves –
resin ducts with resin for protection
from parasites. Volatiles
(phytoncides) - for the same thing.
The root system is only taproot with
developed lateral roots
Needles instead of wide leaves
ensures evergreening, as
the needle has a dense film -
cuticle, as well as the small surface,
which prevents moisture loss in winter,
when the air is dry. Falling leaves of
other plants - adaptation specifically to
air dryness, not temperature.
Signal to fall - decrease
day length in autumn.

Reproduction using the example of pine

In spring, male cones form at the base of the shoots, and female cones at the tops of others.
A cone is a shoot with shortened internodes, the axis of which is covered with scales
(modified leaves)
At the base of the scales there is a man. cones - 2 microsporangia (pollen sacs), in which after
Meiosis produces haploid microspores. Each of them grows into a husband. gametophyte –
pollen grain, consisting of two cells - vegetative and generative, as well as two
air bags.
On the inner surface of each scale female. cones – 2 megasporangia (ovules).
Megaspore germinates into female gametophyte (haploid multicellular endosperm+2
archegonia with egg)
During pollination, pollen enters the cracks between the seed scales of the females. bumps and settles on
ovules
The pollen generative cell divides into two sperm cells. One of them dies, and the second pollen
tube growing from the veg. cells are pushed through the pollen passage of the ovule to the egg in
archegonia (the second archegonia dies). Fertilization occurs, but only after a year, since
how long does a pollen tube grow
Women's scales the cones are glued together with resin, and after a year they open and the seeds fall onto
land.
The seed consists of a seed coat, a diploid sporophyte embryo (result
fertilization) and haploid endosperm tissue - a storage of starch for the embryo.
Thus, the seed is a device for the protected development of the embryo, and for its rest in
unsuitable conditions (for example, seeds can lie dormant and dry for years)

Reproduction using the example of pine
Thus, pine is a monoecious plant, because both female and male
gametophytes are formed in the same “house” (sporophyte)

Reproduction using the example of pine

Department Angiosperms, or flowering plants

Aromorphoses of angiosperms
compared to gymnosperms
Further reduction of the female gametophyte -
ovule, which now has no archegonia
(note that the last antheridia we saw were in
spore) and generally consists of only 7 cells
(embryo sac)
The functions of the cone are transferred to the flower, in which
the ovules are hidden even deeper in the sporophyte: in
ovary of the pistil, and do not lie openly, as on
cone scale
From the ovary of the pistil a fruit is formed containing
inside the seeds, and serving for their dispersal (in
gymnosperm seeds flying through the air
on one's own)
Double fertilization (diploid embryo and
triploid endosperm) of the female gametophyte
Symbiosis with insects (pollination) and birds
(seed dispersal)
More advanced conducting tissues (vessels
instead of tracheids)

Reproduction using the example of cherries
Unsigned parts
see from the same picture
for gymnosperms
Question: why is the triploid endosperm of angiosperms better than the haploid one?
gymnosperms? Where does meiosis occur?

About the flower
1 – stigma
2 – pestle column
3 – pistil ovary
Calyx (consists of
sepals) + corolla
(consists of petals)=
perianth

Inflorescences

Flowers are often bisexual, but may contain only stamens or only
pistils. In the latter case, the staminate and pistillate flowers
located on the same or different plants.
For examples of bisexual flowers, see slide 1.
Bisexual or
dioecious flowers, but
on the same plant
(sporophyte) =
MONOOCYCY PLANTS
Dioecious flowers on
different plants =
DIOECous PLANTS (i.e.
it happens, for example,
"male" and "female"
tree)
Examples of dioecious plants: nettle, sea buckthorn
It is clear that in such dioecious
The perianth of flowers is often simple,
and not double, i.e. contains only
calyx (circle of sepals) or
corolla (circle of petals), not
calyx+corolla

Self-pollination is the pollination of the pistil with pollen from the stamens of the same
the flower itself (if it contains both stamens and pistils).
Cross pollination:
Differences between wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated (SYMBIOSIS!) flowers.
1. Inconspicuous flowers
2. No smell
3. Small flowers, almost always
collected in inflorescences
4. They bloom in April, until
leaves blooming
5. Fine dry pollen
Birch (earring inflorescences)
early autumn), hazel, aspen
and many trees in general
1. Bright perianth
(petals)
2. Aroma
3. Large flowers
4. Bloom in May, summer
5. Heavy sticky pollen
6. Nectar is a sweet liquid,
intended
insects

Seed – protected by the seed coat and supplied with starch for nutrition
embryo of a plant (sporophyte), formed from the ovule in the ovary of the pistil after
fertilization
A young plant will sprout from the embryonic bud. Embryonic
the radicle is transformed into the main root. Cotyledons - embryonic leaves,
which in the class of dicotyledons contain a lot of starch, while in monocotyledons
starch is stored mainly in the endosperm
3n!!

Germination
bean seed
cotyledons

The fruit is education,
protecting seeds and
promoting them
distribution. Formed from
ovary of the pistil of a flower.
seed
pericarp

Class dicotyledons

The embryo is made from two cotyledons,
between them is a kidney
The leaf venation is reticulate,
feathery or palmate
Long lasting
main root
Bundle structure of conductive
systems (bundles in a circle on
cross section)
There is a cambium
Five-membered or
four-membered flowers
Woody, herbaceous,
bushes

Families of the class Dicotyledons

Name
Flower
Pistils Stamens
F.shape
Fetus
Example
Rosaceae
5H, 5L
1 or
a lot of
a lot of
Herbs,
drupe,
berry bushes,
, trees
achene
Raspberries,
cherry,
Apple tree
Cruciferous
4 H, 4L
1
6
herbs
pod
Cabbage,
turnip,
swede,
mustard
Solanaceae
5H, 5L
1
5
Herbs,
trees
Box, Potato
berry
, tomato,
pepper
Legumes
5H, 5L
1
10
herbs
bean
Clover,
beans,
peanut
Compositae
Tubular,
reed
Inflorescence
basket
1
5
herbs
Nut,
achene
Burdock,
artichoke,
chamomile,
dandelion

Class Dicotyledons

Rosaceae
Legumes
Cruciferous
Solanaceae
Compositae

Class Monocots

One cotyledon per seed
Three-membered flower type
Early death of the main root and
development of adventitious root
systems
Conducting bundles are located
randomly
No cambium
Leaf venation is parallel or
arc
Most are herbaceous

Families of the class Monocots

Name
flower
pistils
stamens
F. shaped fruit
example
cereals
Spikelets,
complex
inflorescences
(sl. ear,
panicle,
cob)
1 (2
column)
3
herbs
grain
Rye,
wheat,
oats,
corn
1
6
herbs
Box, Garlic, onion,
berry
asparagus,
lily of the valley,
aloe,
tulip
lily 0H, 6L
Singles,
inflorescences

Flower formula

Raspberry flower formula:
Ch5V5T∞P∞
H – sepals
B – corolla (petals)
T – stamens
P - pistils

Snapdragon

After the plant dies, its fruits
(box) look like small skulls

Seychelles palm

Has the largest seeds of any plant: the fruit,
containing a single seed, grows up to 50 cm in diameter and
weighs up to 30 kg. Depicted on the coat of arms of the Seychelles.

Rafflesia Arnolda

Plant parasite. Some of the largest
flowers on the planet. They have a rotting smell

Gymnosperms

Slides: 13 Words: 543 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Division Gymnosperms. Characteristics of Gymnosperms. Structure of Gymnosperms. The stomata are immersed in the leaf tissue, which reduces water evaporation. Reproduction of conifers. Along the axis of such a cone there are scales. A mature pollen grain consists of two cells. Meaning in nature. Gymnosperms play an important role in nature. Meaning in human life. Gymnosperms are also used by humans in their economic activities. The entire sailing fleet is built primarily from pine. Many of the conifers are still excellent building material. The core of some tropical forms (for example, cycads) is eaten. - Gymnosperms.ppt

Lesson Gymnosperms

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Lesson-trip “Gymnosperms”. Foster a caring attitude towards nature. Lesson plan. 1. Organizational part Reporting the objectives of the lesson 2. Independent work Fill out the table. Answer the questions. Test. Learning new material. Pinery. Common spruce. Juniper. Fir. Common larch. Laboratory work “Structure of needles and cones.” Scots pine. Consider the shape, size, and color of the cones. Fill the table. Consolidation of knowledge. Tasks: 1) Arrange in order of complexity: algae, lichens, mosses, pteridophytes, gymnosperms. Fill out the diagram. - Lesson Gymnosperms.ppt

Division gymnosperms

Slides: 44 Words: 3116 Sounds: 0 Effects: 15

Division Gymnosperms. Scots pine. Gnetum. Ginkgo. Division Gymnosperms (Pinophyta, or Gymnospermae). General characteristics of the department The most ancient department of seed plants. Represented by numerous fossil and modern species (about 700 in total). The type genus is pine (Pinus). Features of the life cycle. Alternation of generations with dominance of the asexual generation (sporophyte). The most important evolutionary acquisition of seed plants is internal fertilization. All gymnosperms are heterosporous plants. Life forms. There are no herbaceous forms. Secondary xylem usually consists of scalariform tracheids (not vessels). - Department Gymnosperms.ppt

Gymnosperms

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Gymnosperms. Definition of gymnosperms. The structure of leaves of coniferous plants. The structure of the cone. The meaning of coniferous trees. Gymnosperms are plants that do not have fruits and the seeds lie open, bare. Gymnosperms include conifers. Conifers are plants that have modified leaves called needles. Needles are modified needle-like leaves of coniferous plants. The cones contain seeds on hard scales. Immature cones are greenish, with tightly pressed scales. A mature brown cone has scales that open up. In gymnosperms, the seeds are not in the fruits, but in the cones. - Gymnosperms.ppt

Biology Gymnosperms

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Biology. Division Gymnosperms. General characteristics. Lesson plan. Checking homework (working with tests). Plan of general characteristics of Gymnosperms. About 700 species. Woody plants, less often shrubs. The leaves are needle-shaped, slightly flattened or scale-like. Evergreens. They do not produce fruit. There are no real vessels. Heterogeneous plants. Fertilization occurs without the participation of water. Male gametes are immobile sperm. Reproduction through seeds. In Gymnosperms, the seeds are not covered by the walls of the fruit. Seeds are formed on modified, shortened, generative shoots - cones. - Biology Gymnosperms.ppt

Plants of the gymnosperm department

Slides: 9 Words: 80 Sounds: 0 Effects: 8

Division gymnosperms. Cones develop on the branches. In the cones, sex cells are formed, fertilization occurs, and seeds are formed. The seeds are located openly on the scales (nalo). From which plants did gymnosperms originate? Life forms of gymnosperms. Trees. Shrubs. Representatives of the Coniferous class. Juniper. Cypress. Yew. The Pine family is the largest among conifers. - Plants of the Gymnosperm department.ppt

General characteristics of gymnosperms

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Department Gymnosperms. The most popular children's song. And she brought a lot of joy to the kids. Conifers are widespread on Earth. Among conifers there are no herbaceous plants, but only shrubs and trees. The leaves of most conifers are narrow, needle-shaped - the so-called needles. On marshy soils the main root is poorly developed. Plan of general characteristics of Gymnosperms. About 700 species. Woody plants, less often shrubs. The leaves are needle-shaped, slightly flattened or scale-like. Evergreens. They do not produce fruit. There are no real vessels. Heterogeneous plants. - General characteristics of gymnosperms.pptx

Reproduction of gymnosperms

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Topic: Reproduction of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms. Select the odd one out. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Sperm Egg. Gamete Ovum Sperm Fertilization. Chlamydomonas Ulotrix Moss cuckoo flax. What method of reproduction is shown in Chlamydomonas? What method of reproduction is shown in Ulothrix? Which moss is a female plant? Horsetail Moss Pine Fern. The structure of the cone. Scheme “Pollination and changes occurring in the cone.” Scheme "Seed formation in pine." Ovum Sperm Zygote Embryo Seed. Ovule Endosperm Seed coat. -