“History of Astronomy” - “The Ionian Awakening”. Eratosthenes Why? Errors in the angle bisection scheme. Equant. I figured out how to set distances in the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Music of the crystal spheres Eudoxus of Cnidus. Ecliptic. Ptolemy System of the world according to Ptolemy (Gorbatsky, p. 57, words by Idelson). Simple eccentricity hypothesis.

"System of the World" - Halle around 1520. History of astronomy. Aristotle considered the Earth to be the center of the world. System of the world according to Aristotle. The idea of ​​the world of the ancient Egyptians. The Mayan cultural heritage was destroyed by conquerors and monks. The main Mayan structures have survived to this day. An astronomer's office from the early 16th century. Egypt is located in the center of the Earth.

“History of the development of astronomy” - Both for time and for angles (Ptolemy - a finer division. History of astronomy Stonehenge. During field work it was necessary to take into account the onset of different seasons of the year. (1) The appearance of initial information on astronomy - economic activity. White, Solving the Mystery Stonehenge, 1984. Hawkins, J.

“Man’s Ideas about the World” - Isaac Newton was solemnly buried in Westminster Abbey. Bell tower of the cathedral in the city of Pisa. Burned at the stake in Rome. The birth of a new European science. System of the world according to Ptolemy. Problem. Tomb of Galileo Galilei. Galileo Galilei. Creator of the heliocentric system of the world. Monument to G. Bruno.

"Heliocentric system" - Ancient Greece. Heliocentric system of the world. Loop-like motion of planets. Scientific explanation of the heliocentric system of the world. Bruno refused to recognize the main theories of his as false. Heliocentric system of the Copernican world. Proof of the heliocentric system of the world. Planets orbiting the Sun.

"World of Astronomy" - Daily parallax< неск. минут дуги “О новой звезде”. Инструменты Тихо Браге 194 см литая латунь 10” – метод трансверсалей. Николай Коперник (1473-1543). Родился 19 февраля 1473 г. Умер 24 мая 1543 г. Тихо Браге остров Вен. Падуанский университет (медицина, но изучал право) - 1501-1503, без степени.

There are a total of 13 presentations in the topic

“Stages in the Development of Astronomy” - Isaac Newton. Giordano Bruno. Geocentric system. Galileo Galilei. Primitive astronomy. Copernicus. Quiet Brahe. Story. Hipparchus. History of astronomy. Alphonse X the Wise. Johann Kepler. Astronomy. Stonehenge.

“The World of Astronomy” - Tycho Brahe Merits Accuracy - transversal method - tens of times - 0.5’! ! Warsaw, 1830. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler. Quietly Brahe Stjorneborg our time. Finally, all trigonometry was built by Vieta - 1540 - 1603). The r/a error is twice as large! Faculty of Liberal Arts. Ferrara – Doctor of Canon Law of Padua (medicine). 1506 (?) – return to Emerland.

“Imagination of the World” - Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543), the great Polish astronomer, creator of the heliocentric system of the world. Phases of Venus. The Aristotelian system of the world survived until the era of Copernicus. The meaning of the heliocentric system of the world. Mountains on the Moon. First ideas about the structure of the world. Creation of a heliocentric system of the world.

“Man’s ideas about the world” - Heliocentric system of the world. Ferdinand Magellan. From Copernicus to the present day. Mars. Claudius Ptolemy is the greatest ancient Greek astronomer. What ideas did Europeans have during the Middle Ages? The first scientist to observe the sky through a telescope. Isaac Newton. Newton saw an apple falling. Creator of the heliocentric system of the world.

“Discoveries in Astronomy” - Explained the existence of two streams; Velocity ellipsoid. Cecilia Payne-Gaposhkina. Stars are made up of 70% hydrogen and 28% helium. Larmore - 1900; J. 1912. XVIII century. – reflectors (metal mirror). Jeans – initial mass of the Sun – upper limit. Antonia Mori (1866-1952) At Harvard 1888-1891

“History of Astronomy” - History of Astronomy Astronomy in Greece in the 4th – 3rd centuries. BC. Simple eccentricity hypothesis. Ecliptic. Ptolemy - Scheme of “angle bisection”. Music of the crystal spheres Eudoxus of Cnidus. Ptolemy System of the world according to Ptolemy (Gorbatsky, p. 57, words by Idelson). Pyramid or tetrahedron. Icosahedron. Eccentric Equant.

There are a total of 13 presentations in the topic

1 of 15

Presentation on the topic: Heliocentric system of the world

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The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) developed the heliocentric system of the world. He made a revolution in natural science, abandoning the doctrine of the central position of the Earth, which had been accepted for many centuries. Copernicus explained the visible movements of the celestial bodies by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the revolution of the planets, including the Earth, around the Sun. Nicolaus Copernicus

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Historical information about N. Copernicus The famous astronomer, the transformer of this science and who laid the foundation for the modern idea of ​​the world system. There was a lot of debate about whether K. was a Pole or a German; Now his nationality is beyond doubt, since a list of students at the University of Padua has been found, in which K. is listed among the Poles who studied there. Born in Thorn, into a merchant family. In 1491 he entered the University of Krakow, where he studied mathematics, medicine and theology with equal diligence. At the end of the course, K. traveled around Germany and Italy, listened to lectures about different universities, and at one time even served as a professor in Rome; in 1503 he returned to Krakow and lived here for seven whole years, being a university professor and engaged in astronomical observations. However, the noisy life of university corporations was not to K.’s liking, and in 1510 he moved to Frauenburg, a small town on the banks of the Vistula, where he spent the rest of his life, being a canon of the Catholic Church and devoting his leisure time to astronomy and free treatment of the sick

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Copernicus believed that the Universe is limited by the sphere of fixed stars, which are located at unimaginably huge, but still finite distances from us and from the Sun. The teachings of Copernicus affirmed the vastness of the Universe and its infinity. Copernicus, also for the first time in astronomy, not only gave the correct diagram of the structure of the solar system, but also determined the relative distances of the planets from the sun and calculated the period of their revolution around it.

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Copernicus' heliocentric system of the world The Sun is at the center of the world. Only the Moon moves around the Earth. Earth is the third planet farthest from the Sun. It revolves around the Sun and rotates on its axis. At a very great distance from the Sun, Copernicus placed the “sphere of fixed stars.”

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Heliocentric system of the world The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) outlined his system of the world in the book “On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres,” published in the year of his death. In this book, he proved that the Universe is not structured at all as religion has claimed for many centuries. In all countries, for almost a millennium and a half, the false teaching of Ptolemy, who claimed that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, dominated the minds of people. The followers of Ptolemy, to please the church, came up with new “explanations” and “proofs” of the movement of the planets around the Earth in order to preserve the “truth” and “holiness” of his false teaching. But this made Ptolemy’s system become more and more far-fetched and artificial.

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Long before Ptolemy, the Greek scientist Aristarchus argued that the Earth moves around the Sun. Later, in the Middle Ages, advanced scientists shared Aristarchus's point of view about the structure of the world and rejected the false teachings of Ptolemy. Shortly before Copernicus, the great Italian scientists Nicholas of Cusa and Leonardo da Vinci argued that the Earth moves, that it is not at all at the center of the Universe and does not occupy an exceptional position in it. Why, despite this, did the Ptolemaic system continue to dominate? Because it relied on the all-powerful church power, which suppressed free thought and interfered with the development of science. In addition, scientists who rejected the teachings of Ptolemy and expressed correct views on the structure of the Universe could not yet convincingly substantiate them.

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Only Nicolaus Copernicus managed to do this. After thirty years of hard work, much thought and complex mathematical calculations, he showed that the Earth is only one of the planets, and all the planets revolve around the Sun. With his book, he challenged church authorities, exposing their complete ignorance of the structure of the Universe. Copernicus did not live to see his book spread throughout the world, revealing to people the truth about the Universe. He was dying when friends brought the first copy of the book and placed it in his cold hands.

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Copernicus was born in 1473 in the Polish city of Toruń. He lived in difficult times, when Poland and its neighbor - the Russian state - continued the centuries-old struggle with the invaders - the Teutonic knights and the Tatar-Mongols, who sought to enslave the Slavic peoples. Copernicus lost his parents at an early age. He was raised by his maternal uncle Lukasz Watzelrode, an outstanding social and political figure of that time. Copernicus was possessed by a thirst for knowledge from childhood. At first he studied in his homeland. Then he continued his education at Italian universities. Of course, astronomy was studied there according to Ptolemy, but Copernicus carefully studied all the surviving works of great mathematicians and the astronomy of antiquity.

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What does Copernicus’ book “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” contain and why did it deal such a crushing blow to the Ptolemaic system, which, with all its flaws, was maintained for fourteen centuries under the auspices of the omnipotent church authority of that era? In this book, Nicolaus Copernicus argued that the Earth and other planets are satellites of the sun. He showed that it was the movement of the Earth around the sun and its daily rotation around its axis that explained the apparent movement of the Sun, the strange entanglement in the movement of the planets and the apparent rotation of the firmament.

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Copernicus simply brilliantly explained that we perceive the movement of distant celestial bodies in the same way as the movement of various objects on Earth when we ourselves are in motion. We are sliding in a boat along a calmly flowing river, and it seems to us that the boat and we are motionless in it, and the banks are “floating” in the opposite direction. In the same way, it only seems to us that the Sun is moving around the Earth. But in fact, the Earth with everything on it moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in its orbit within a year.

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And in the same way, when the Earth, in its movement around the Sun, overtakes another planet, it seems to us that the planet is moving backward, describing a loop in the sky. In reality, the planets move around the Sun in orbits that are regular, although not perfectly circular, without making any loops. Copernicus, like the ancient Greek scientists, believed that the orbits in which the planets move can only be circular.

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Subject . The evolution of ideas about the world system: from the geocentric world systems of ancient Greek philosophers to the heliocentric system of Copernicus.

Lesson Objectives . Using the example of creating a world system, show students:

1) the path of scientific knowledge: facts - hypothesis - facts - new hypothesis -... - theory;

2) the relativity of truth;

3) the possibility of interpreting the same phenomena in different reference systems;

Basic Concepts . Geocentric system of the world, heliocentric system of the world.

Demo material . Illustrations. Models.

Independent activity of students. Carrying out search tasks, creating presentations, organizing material in table form.

Worldview aspect of the lesson. To develop students’ logical thinking skills and scientific approach to studying the world. Analysis of the accumulation of knowledge in astronomy has occurred since the times of ancient civilizations. Models of the Universe.

Time, min

Techniques and methods

1. Preparation of a report, presentation

Illustrations, models

Performing search tasks

2. Teacher's introduction

Conversation with students

3. Student performance

Illustrations, models

Student performances

4. Comparison of geocentric and heliocentric theories. Reflection

5. Homework

Preparing for the lesson.

Students choose a topic for their report. Preparation of oral communication, presentation to illustrate the report and A5 newspaper.

Literature

Eric Rogers “Physics for the curious”, vol. 2, M.: “Mir”, 1970. , “Planet Earth. Development of ideas and ideas” textbook. M.: Interpax, 1994.

Message topics

The Universe According to Thales. The Pythagorean world system. Philolaus' world system. Eudoxia's world system. Aristotle's system of the world. System of the world of Aristarchus. Hipparchus' world system. Ptolemy's world system. Copernican world system.

Lesson summary.

The accumulation of knowledge in astronomy has occurred since the times of ancient civilizations, from simple recording of certain facts to systematic observations. From these facts, legends arose that taught children or reassured the common people. In these legends, the Sun was considered a deity, the planet Venus was worshiped, and stories were told about the “abode of bliss” located above the crystal vault of stars. But the legends themselves were not just superstitious myths. These were the harbingers of scientific theory, their connection with facts was weak, rather fantastic, but they created the basis for the “explanation” of these facts. When Greek civilization arose, its thinkers founded new methods in science: they began to look for are common schemes of explanation that appeal to human curiosity. They were no longer content with simple myths that satisfied the curiosity of the crowd. They set themselves the task of “anticipating the phenomenon,” that is, creating a scheme that could explain the facts. This was much more important than simply collecting facts or creating a description of each new fact of a separate theory. This was intellectual progress, the beginning of the creation of a scientific theory.

The first Greek scientists drew a simple picture of the structure of the Universe, but as data accumulated, they complicated the diagrams to explain the details of certain phenomena: first simple facts about the Earth, then more detailed diagrams explaining the movement of the sky as a whole, as well as the Sun, Moon and planets separately.

At each stage, scientists have tried, on the basis of a few simple assumptions or general principles, to create the most logical and complete “explanation” or description of the observed phenomenon. Such an explanation was supposed to help systematize accumulated facts and obtain further predictions. But, first of all, it was supposed to strengthen faith in the existence of a system that unites various phenomena, in the rational structure of nature. Although the search for a pattern was sometimes dictated by practical needs, such as the need to create a calendar, the satisfaction scientists received from clearly explaining a variety of phenomena went far beyond this. Forced by the need to ask a question Why, Greek philosophers sought and created scientific theories. Although our modern desire to test everything experimentally and the wealth of scientific equipment have led to enormous changes in our ideas, we still share the Greek delight in a theory that “anticipates phenomena.” Let's see how their theories were created.

Assignment for students. While listening to your classmates' speeches, fill in the following columns of the table:

2) facts that did not fit into the previous model of the structure of the universe and were explained (or tried to be explained) by this world system;

3) diagram and brief description of the world model.

600 BC e.	Daily movement of stars, annual and daily movement of the Sun and Moon	The Earth is a flat disk, the stars are attached to a rotating sphere, the plane of the ecliptic is inclined relative to the trajectory of the stars (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)
530 BC e.	Moving planets, the Sun and the Moon against the background of stars at different speeds.	The Earth is a ball surrounded by concentric transparent spheres, each of which contains celestial bodies: the closest to the Earth is the Moon, then Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The outer sphere contained the stars and completed a full revolution per day, the rest rotated more slowly. The general principle is that "spheres" are "perfect" shapes, and uniform rotations are "perfect" movements. (Fig. 3, 4)
	The Sun, Moon, Venus, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn slowly move among the stars from west to east. The stars move from east to west.	The center of the Universe is not the Earth, but the central fire - the “watchtower of the gods”; The Earth revolves around this fire, making a full revolution in a small orbit per day, and its habitable part always faces in the opposite direction from this central fire. This movement of the Earth explained the daily movement of the stars in the sky: the outer crystal sphere could be at rest. (Fig. 5)
Evdoxiy 370 BC e.	The planet does not move unevenly along a loop-like path. The Sun and Moon move along their annual and monthly trajectories at variable speeds.	The system consists of 27 concentric spheres, like the skin of an onion. Each planet corresponded to several spheres, located one inside the other and rotating around different axes: three spheres for the Sun and Moon, four for each planet and one outer sphere for all the stars. Each sphere is fixed on an axis that passes through a hole in the next sphere, and is located outside, and the axes of rotation have different directions. The combined movements with appropriately selected rotation directions are consistent with the observations. (Fig. 6, 7)
Aristotle 340 BC e.	Eudoxia's world system did not agree with more accurate observations of planetary movements	Increasing the number of spheres to 55. Systematized knowledge and provided evidence of the sphericity of the Earth.
Aristarch 240 BC e.	The complexity of Aristotle's system led to an attempt to simplify the scheme	1) The Earth rotates, and this rotation explains the daily movement of the stars; 2) The Earth moves around the Sun, completing a full orbit during the year; other planets move in a similar way - this explains the apparent movements of the Sun and planets relative to the stars.
140 BC e.	Uneven movement of the Sun and Moon, loop-like movement of the planets	The planet moves uniformly along a circle (epicycle), the center of which moves uniformly along another circle (deferent), the center of which is already the Earth (Fig. 8, 9)
Ptolemy 120 BC e.	Determined the exact positions of the planets, the Sun and the Moon in relation to the fixed stars	The starry sky is a sphere rotating around a fixed axis and making a full revolution in 24 hours. The Sun moves around the Earth according to Hipparchus's epicyclic scheme; The moon moves along a more complex epicycloid. To explain the movement of the planets, Ptolemy created a diagram of epicycles in which the Earth is not in the center of the main circle, but would be slightly shifted relative to it, that is, located eccentrically. But this was not enough, and Ptolemy built a scheme in which he not only positioned the Earth eccentrically, but also shifted the center of uniform rotation in the opposite direction. (Fig. 10) It was a complex system of main and auxiliary circles with various radii, speeds, inclinations and eccentricities of various sizes and directions. This system, operating like a complex transmission mechanism, made it possible to accurately predict the positions of the planets year after year and determine these positions in the past. Like a good machine system, it was based on simple principles: circles with constant radii, rotation at constant speed.
Copernicus	The movements of all the planets were in one way or another consistent with the movement of the Sun, for example, the periods of revolution of Venus and Mercury according to deferents and the periods of revolution of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn according to epicycles were exactly equal to one year - the period of revolution of the Sun around the Earth.	All planets move in orbits around the stationary Sun, the Earth goes around the Sun in a year, rotating around its axis and making a full revolution in 24 hours. The "fixed stars" and the Sun are at rest in the sky. The complex motion of the planet along the epicycloid consists of the planet’s own motion in a circle and the motion of the Earth around the Sun. To eliminate discrepancies between the calculated and observed movements of the planets in the sky, Copernicus was forced to introduce epicycles.

The movements of the planets observed in the earth's sky could be described equally well within the framework of each of the models of the Universe: Ptolemy and Copernicus. Let us consider this in more detail using the example of the movement of the inner planets.

1 In the heliocentric model (Fig. 11), corresponding to the real picture, Venus rotates around the Sun in 225 days, and the Earth in a year. Since Venus moves around the Sun faster than the Earth, the relative position of these three bodies changes all the time. There are several characteristic configurations: conjunctions (lower and upper), when all three bodies are on the same line, and elongation (western and eastern), when the angle from the Earth to the Sun and to Venus is maximum, and reaches 48°. Identical configurations (for example, inferior conjunction) are repeated for Venus every 584 days.

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Rice. 11. Heliocentric model: the period of revolution of Venus around the Sun is 225 days; The Earth around the Sun is 1 year.

Rice. 12 Geocentric system of the world of Ptolemy: the period of rotation of Venus according to the deferent is 1 year; epicycle - 584 days; The period of revolution of the Sun around the Earth is 1 year

b) Let us imagine the movement of Venus in Ptolemy’s model (Fig. 12) as the result of movement along an epicycle, coinciding with the orbit of Venus around the Sun, and movement along a deferent, coinciding with the orbit of the Sun around the Earth. If we leave the orbit of the Sun unchanged, but proportionally reduce both the deferent and the epicycle of Venus, then we will move to the Ptolemaic model. An earthly observer will not notice this substitution, since the direction to Venus and the Sun will be the same as in the heliocentric direction.

Thus, both the Ptolemaic model and the Copernican model were completely interchangeable in geometric terms, so attempts to prove the advantages of one of them are obviously doomed to failure. The truth had to be sought in the discrepancies between the models and the real picture of the motion of the planets, the reason for which in fact was that the planets have elliptical rather than circular orbits. Johannes Kepler managed to understand this.

Initially, Kepler focused almost all of his efforts on studying the motion of Mars. He began his research as a convinced Copernican, but in order to reconcile the available high-precision astronomical data with this model, more and more new epicycles had to be introduced into it. Copernicus's model eventually became almost as cumbersome as Ptolemy's, and the calculated motion of Mars across the sky still did not exactly match what was observed.

After many years of hard work, Johannes Kepler found a solution to this problem - he rejected the idea that celestial bodies move in circles and postulated that Mars and other planets (including the Earth) revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbits. It was a real scientific revolution: at one stroke, not only the idea of ​​perfect circular orbits was rejected, but also the model of the Universe with a stationary Earth at the center! Kepler managed to amazingly accurately describe the movements of the planets in the sky and formulate three laws of motion of celestial bodies, which decades later earned him the name “legislator of the sky.” The modern heliocentric system is usually called the Copernican system, although it would be more correct to call it the Kepler system.

Kepler's conclusions were so radically at odds with the traditional worldview that they were simply ignored for some time. But around the same years, another event took place in the Italian city of Pisa, the famous physicist and mechanic Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) used the newly invented “spotting scope” to study the starry sky. Of course, he was not the first to look at the stars through a telescopic telescope, but he was the first to see the phases of Venus, the nature of which could not be explained within the framework of the ancient geocentric model.

In the geocentric model of Claudius Ptolemy, Venus is always between the Earth and the Sun, and therefore faces the Earth with its shadowed side. In this model, only the narrow crescent of Venus should be visible from Earth. In Ptolemy's model, Venus in any of its positions could not be observed in the form of a crescent and more complete phases.

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Model "Rotation of Venus"

Questions for students

1. All statements except one characterize the geocentric system of the world. Please provide an exception.

A) The earth is at or near the center of the world.

B) The planets move around the Earth.

C) The daily movement of the Sun occurs around the Earth.

D) The Moon moves around the Sun.

E) The daily movement of stars occurs around the Earth.

2. According to ancient astronomers, planets differ from stars in that

A) move in circular orbits;

B) are unlike Earth in composition;

C) sometimes move in the direction opposite to the movement of the stars;

D) move around the Sun;

D) are closer to the Earth than the Sun.

3. Which of the observed phenomena can be explained within the framework of geocentric theory? 1) Daily sunrise in the east and sunset in the west.

2) Rotation of the starry sky around the celestial pole.

3) Solar eclipses that sometimes occur.

A) 1 and 2.

B) 2 and 3.

B) 1 and 3.

D) everything.

D) none.

4. The heliocentric system of the world explains the loop-like motion of the planets:

A) the difference in the speed of movement of the Earth and the planet in orbit;

B) daily rotation of the Earth;

C) a combination of the movement of the Sun along the ecliptic and the movement of the planets around the Sun;

D) a change in the speed of the planet’s orbit;

D) mutual attraction of planets.

5. Without which of the following statements is the heliocentric theory inconceivable?

A) The planets revolve around the Sun.

B) The sun has a spherical shape.

B) The earth has a spherical shape.

D) The planets revolve around the Earth.

D) The earth rotates around its axis.

6. Indicate which of the following facts refutes the hypothesis about the immobility of the Earth and the movement of the Sun around it:

A) daily culmination of the Sun.

B) the movement of stars observed during the night.

C) the movement of the Sun against the background of stars, occurring throughout the year.

D) daily sunrise and sunset.

D) none of these facts.

Answers on questions

Tasks 1-6 are taken from the book, “Didactic material on astronomy.” M., Education, 1979

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World systems

• Geocentric
• Heliocentric

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Geocentric

The geocentric system of the world (from ancient Greek (geos) - Earth) is an idea of ​​​​the structure of the universe, according to which the central position in the Universe is occupied by the stationary Earth, around which the Sun, Moon, planets and stars revolve.

Theorists: Thales of Miletus, Pythagoras, Claudius Ptolemy, Anaximenes, Anaximander of Miletus, Aristotle, Pliny the Elder.

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spherical symmetry of the Cosmos (Anaximander);

• “The earth is a heavy body, and the natural place for heavy bodies is the center of the Universe; as experience shows, all heavy bodies fall vertically, and since they move towards the center of the world, the Earth is in the center.” (Aristotle);
• the equality of day and night during the equinoxes and the fact that during the equinox, sunrise and sunset are observed on the same line (Pliny the Elder).

Justification for geocentrism

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The achievements of ancient astronomy were summarized by the ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy. He

developed a geocentric system of the world, created a theory of the apparent movement of the Moon and five known planets

• Claudius Ptolemy
• An idea of ​​the structure of the Universe. Illustration by Camille Flammarion

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Geocentric system of Ptolemy. The planets revolve around the stationary Earth. Their

uneven apparent movement relative to the stars is explained using additional circular movements along epicycles

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Ptolemy's system is set out in his main work "Almagest" ("Great mathematical construction

astronomy in XIII books") - encyclopedia of astronomical knowledge of the ancients

Title page of Almagest

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Refusal of geocentrism 17th century

Events that led to the abandonment of the geocentric system:

• creation of the heliocentric theory of planetary movements by Copernicus;
• telescopic discoveries of Galileo;
• discovery of Kepler's laws;
• the creation of classical mechanics and the discovery of the law of universal gravitation by Newton.

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Heliocentric

• The heliocentric system of the world (from ancient Greek (helios) - Sun) is an idea of ​​​​the structure of the universe, according to which the Sun is the central celestial body around which the Earth and other planets revolve.
• Theorists: Aristarchus of Samos, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno.

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Development of heliocentrism

• III century BC - Aristarchus of Samos proposed a truly heliocentric system.
• 16th century - Nicolaus Copernicus developed the theory of planetary motion around the Sun

XVI-XVII centuries:

Johannes Kepler (using Tycho Brahe's observations) derived his laws;

Galileo Galilei made a number of discoveries using his telescope.

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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), great Polish astronomer, creator of the heliocentric system

peace. He made a revolution in natural science, abandoning the doctrine of the central position of the Earth, which had been accepted for many centuries. Copernicus explained the visible movements of the heavenly bodies by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the revolution of the planets, including the Earth, around the Sun

Slide 12

Heliocentric system of the world of Copernicus

At the center of the world is the Sun. Only the Moon moves around the Earth. Earth is the third planet farthest from the Sun. It revolves around the Sun and rotates on its axis. At a very great distance from the Sun, Copernicus placed the “sphere of fixed stars.”

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Copernicus simply and naturally explained the loop-like motion of the planets by the fact that we observe the planets revolving around the Sun not from a stationary Earth, but from the Earth, which is also moving around the Sun

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Heliocentric system of the world

The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) outlined his system of the world in the book “On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres,” published in the year of his death. In this book, he proved that the Universe is not structured at all as religion has claimed for many centuries.

In all countries, for almost a millennium and a half, the false teaching of Ptolemy, who claimed that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, dominated the minds of people. The followers of Ptolemy, to please the church, came up with more and more “explanations” and “proofs” of the movement of the planets around the Earth in order to preserve the “truth” and “holiness” of his false teaching. But this made Ptolemy’s system become more and more far-fetched and artificial.

Slide 15

Copernicus simply brilliantly explained that we perceive the movement of distant celestial bodies in the same way as the movement of various objects on Earth when we ourselves are in motion.

We are sliding in a boat along a calmly flowing river, and it seems to us that the boat and we are motionless in it, and the banks are “floating” in the opposite direction. In the same way, it only seems to us that the Sun is moving around the Earth. But in fact, the Earth with everything , what is on it moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in its orbit during the year.