Causes and beginning of the English revolution of the 17th century. Bourgeois revolution in England England in the era of revolutionary upheavals presentation

English revolution of the 17th century. Parliamentary stage 1640-1642. Review work (15 min.) Write:

Option I: 1) The bourgeois revolution is...; 2) Explain what a “political equilibrium” system is; 3) Write the causes and results of the Dutch Revolution
Option II: 1) Tasks of the bourgeois revolution 2) Features of international relations 3) The course of the Dutch revolution
Option III: 1) Causes and results of the Thirty Years' War 2) Explain the concepts of “diplomacy” and 3) international law
All options: remember and write what political system was typical for England during the Tudor era. Describe how this affected other areas of life in the country

Parliament against the king. Revolution in England:

1. England on the eve of the revolution. Stuarts on the throne.
2. Puritan ethics and way of life of English society.
3. Causes of the revolution.
4. The struggle of Charles I with parliament.

England in the 17th century

In economics:

English market

agricultural

England in the 17th century In the social sphere:

nobility

new – gentry

Turning into the bourgeoisie

(increase income,

rebuild the economy on a capitalist basis)

peasantry

Freeholders

Wealthy peasants with the right to freely own land

Copyholders

(land based on contract)

Leaseholders

(ownership of land with the right to lease it)

Ruined peasants

Hired agricultural workers

Beggars, vagabonds

Political structure

Absolute monarch - king

(since 1603 the Tudor dynasty was replaced by the Stuart dynasty)

Parliament

(convened and dissolved by the king)

House of Commons

(elected, consisted of gentry)

House of Lords

(appointed by the king, consisted of the old nobility)

The Stuarts wanted to weaken the role of parliament, or even completely destroy it.

1629 – dissolution of parliament

Religious question Puritanism is a type of Protestant teaching Presbyterians Independents Key points:

“cleansing” of the Anglican Church from pompous rituals and idolatry
abolition of the church's subordination to the king
hard work and thrift
entertainment is sinful
special appearance, more modest

Replacing bishops with elders (presbyters), relied on gentry and merchants

Full self-government of the church community, based on the people, the petty and middle bourgeoisie, the insolvent part of the gentry

Exacerbation of social contradictions Causes of the English Revolution

Absolute power of the king.
Conflict between king and parliament.
Violation of the rights of subjects (illegal arrests and executions).
Embezzlement and bribery at court and among officials.
Economic policy king: high taxes, support for the guild system, monopolies on production and trade in goods, feudal payments in favor of the crown.
Foreign policy: rapprochement with Spain and France.
Defense of the Church of England and persecution of the Puritans.

Parliamentary stage of the revolution

1628 – The “Petition of Right” was submitted by Parliament to the King. Demand to respect the rights of parliament
1630s Complicating Anglo-Scottish relations due to Scotland's desire for independence. Attempt in 1637 Introduce Anglican rites into the Scottish Church
April-May 1640 – convening a “short parliament” to introduce a tax. Parliament repeated the request of 1628. In response - dissolution => unrest in the country
November 1640 Convening a “long” parliament (12 years)
1642 The king rejected the Great Remonstrance and tried to arrest the opposition
The king fled from the capital and began to gather associates (cavaliers)

1629 – the king’s answer: dissolution of parliament
Discontent of the Scots => the Scottish army occupied the north of England => 1639. Signing of the peace treaty (preservation union, granting freedom in ecclesiastical and secular matters)
Having learned about the attempt to violate the peace treaties, the defeat of the British at the Battle of Newburn in 1640
Parliament repeated the demands, the King's closest associates (Laud and Stafford) were arrested; dissolution of the Star Chamber and the High Commission; 1641 The Great Remonstrance was adopted - a set of accusations and complaints about abuses of royal power
The people and the police came to the defense of the opposition

Need to know

Cavaliers
Roundheads
Puritanism
Opposition
Great Remonstration
Petition of Right
Presbyterians
Independents
Stuarts

Homework

§ 11 – retelling
Learn notes in notebooks
h. 3 page 11 (p)
V. 2.4 (y)
learn terms

Europe at the beginning of modern times. The first bourgeois revolutionsGOU VPO "Moscow State University instrument making and
computer science"
Department of KB and SP 4
Europe at the beginning of a new one
time.
The first bourgeois
revolution
Completed by first-year student Yuri Martynov
Teacher – Danoyan Valery
Levovich

Presentation plan:

1. Prerequisites for great geographical discoveries
2. Features of the social structure of Western European
society at the beginning of modern times.
3. The first bourgeois revolutions.

Prerequisites for great geographical discoveries:

The cause of the Great Geographical Discoveries (GDO) was the search by Europeans for new sea routes to
China and India, which were famous as countries of untold wealth, but trade
by land was difficult due to the Arab, Mongol-Tatar and Turkish conquests. VGO steel
possible thanks to advances in navigation and shipbuilding. - The Portuguese discovered the cape in 1487
Good Hope; - Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in 1492 (called
later America after the name of Amerigo Vespucci who described it); - Portuguese Vasco da Gama paved the way
journey to India in 1498; - The Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan made the first circumnavigation of the world (1480-1521)
journey; - In the 17th century. Europeans discovered Australia and New Zealand. As a result, VGOs begin
colonial empires take shape, wealth flows into Europe, which entails a “revolution
prices”, facilitating the initial accumulation of capital. Trade routes have moved.
A capitalist class emerges. The most important idea of the West is taking shape: an active attitude to life,
desire to know the world, the desire to transform it in the interests of man.

Columbus sets foot on new lands for the first time.

Features of the social structure of Western European society at the beginning of modern times.

During the New Age period Western Europe happened
processes that led to the approval of new socio-economic relations and the formation of new political
institutions. The needs of various social groups in
organizational association to express their interests
and struggles for political influence and power led to
formation of prototypes of modern political parties.

The first bourgeois revolutions

In states where capitalism developed rapidly, the bourgeoisie
began to be burdened by the noble state and strive for its
destruction. This situation caused the bourgeois revolution.
The Reformation and the Peasants' War in Germany were the first of
battles of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.

Bourgeois revolution in Germany

The second major uprising of the bourgeoisie against the existing
order appeared in the Dutch Revolution of 1566-1609,
which bore a national liberation overtones of the struggle against
Spanish rule.

The English bourgeois revolution occupies a special place in history
Western Europe. Parliament, which existed since 1265, secured
by the end of the 16th century, legislative functions. The king was forced
take his position into account. Attempts to limit the powers of the chamber
communities undertaken by the Stuarts - James I and Charles I,
were perceived as a violation of “ancient rights and freedoms”, new
the nobility saw them as an attempt to reduce their own political influence in the country. Increase in taxes, renewal of old ones
taxes that had not been collected for centuries were painfully perceived
merchants. The deterioration of the situation of various groups of the population was expressed in dissatisfaction with the royal authority and the Anglican Church. The hostility of the English towards the Scots was added (Jacob Stuart was
Scotsman).

Bourgeois revolution in England

In thirteen years (1640-1653) there were two civil wars in England.
wars, execution of King Charles I, Proclamation of the Republic, establishment of the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. The protectorate has changed
the restoration of the Stuarts (1660-1689) and the accession to the throne of William of Orange. In 1689, Parliament approved the Bill of Rights, which vested all legislative power in Parliament. Formally
The prime minister was appointed by the king, but he became the leader of the party that won the elections (Whigs or Tories). He formed the cabinet of ministers. When the executive branch loses confidence
parliament either the resignation of the old and the appointment of a new one took place
head of government, or dissolution of parliament with mandatory
immediate calling of new elections.

Presentation on the topic "Bourgeois Revolution in England" on history in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren tells about the hysterical events of the mid-seventeenth century that took place in England.

Fragments from the presentation

Causes of the revolution in England

The conflict between the Stuart royal dynasty and the English Parliament and the Puritan Church;
King's support for guild restrictions;
Embezzlement and bribery of officials (including the king);
Sale of monopolies;
Foreign policy of James I.

The beginning of the revolution

1640 - convening of parliament - the beginning of the revolution.
Reforms of the Long Parliament:
Abolition of emergency courts;
Freedom of the press;
Bringing the king's ministers to trial;

Main:

A law that the House of Commons could not be dissolved by the will of the king without its own consent.

1642 - the beginning of the war between the king and parliament.

Restoration of the monarchy

In 1660, the restoration (restoration) of the Stuart dynasty took place in England. The king signed a document in which he recognized all the privileges of the new nobility and bourgeoisie that they received during the revolution.
In the fall of 1688, a palace coup called the “Glorious Revolution” took place, which put an end to the struggle between parliament and kings.
Parliament presented the new king, William III (of Orange), with a “Declaration of Rights”, which set out the rights and duties of parliament (the legislative branch) and the king and his ministers (the executive branch).
In England, a parliamentary monarchy was established - a system of government in which the government is responsible to parliament, and not to the king.

Results and historical significance of the English bourgeois revolution

The English bourgeois revolution destroyed absolutism.
In England, the capitalist system began to develop rapidly in agriculture, a revolution in industrial production began.
A rule-of-law state and civil society began to take shape in the country.
The English Revolution, its ideas of republicanism
In the 18th century, a system arose when the king appointed ministers from the party that had a majority in parliament. There were two such parties: the Tories and the Whigs.

How were they different?

The Tories (conservatives) defended the inviolability of royal rights and the existing order.
Whigs (liberals) actively defended the rights of parliament and advocated reforms in the economic and political life countries.

A party that lost the support of the majority lost its right to power, and the government resigned. The new government was formed from members of the party that won the majority of seats in parliament in the elections.

In 1707, Parliament legalized the union between England and Scotland. The state became known as Great Britain.

The presentation is used in lessons on new history in 7th grade when studying the relevant section. It can be used in two lessons, as well as for testing knowledge, adapted to interactive whiteboard(if available).

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English bourgeois revolution History teacher Bobeyko T.S.

James I of England (1603 - 1625) (James I (VI) Charles I (1625 - 1649) (Charles I)

Using the information from the textbook (pp. 140-143), write down the reasons for the English Revolution. The absolute power of the king. Conflict between king and parliament. Violation of the rights of subjects (illegal arrests and executions). Embezzlement and bribery at court and among officials. Economic policy of the king: high taxes, support for the guild system, monopolies on the production and trade of goods, feudal payments in favor of the crown. Foreign policy: rapprochement with Spain and France. Defense of the Church of England and persecution of the Puritans.

1660 1688 1689 1707 Using the textbook material, mark the events of the revolution associated with the dates:

The reason for the revolution: The dissolution of the “Short Parliament” by King Charles I (April-May 1640), which he convened after an 11-year break in order to obtain money for the war with Scotland. Why did the convening of the “Long Parliament” and its first decisions become the beginning of the revolution in England ?Use paragraph 4 p.143 The king's power was limited by law: the House of Commons could be dissolved only with its consent.

Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 Think about why the king's army was victorious at first? Army of the “new model” parliament: regiments were recruited from volunteer soldiers; they were appointed to officer positions based on merit, not origin; unified command and strict discipline were introduced; cavalry was created; taxes were introduced to support the parliament's army. First Civil War 1642-1646

Determine the territory that was under the king's rule. Draw conclusions. First Civil War 1642-1646

Parliament passes new laws abolishing feudal payments from landowners to the king; the lands of the king, his supporters and the church were sold in large sections; merchants did not have to buy permission to trade; the church was subordinate to parliament. What segments of society benefit from the new laws?

Conflict between parliament and army The army demanded a trial of the king, the dissolution of parliament and voting rights for all adult men. Parliament wanted a compromise with the king on the terms of recognition of the reforms. 1648 – “Pride’s Purge” the army expelled moderate Puritans from parliament who were inclined to compromise with the king (the operation was led by Colonel Pride)

The trial of King Charles I (January 1649) Charles I: “England has never been an elective monarchy, but for nearly a thousand years it has been a hereditary monarchy. I am not in the capacity of a court of authority... I do not see the House of Lords, which (together with the commons) constitutes Parliament... Show me the legal grounds (of the court), based on the words of God, Scripture or... the constitution of the kingdom, and I will answer ". From the court verdict: “... Karl Stuart - as a tyrant, traitor, murderer and as an enemy good people this nation - must be put to death by cutting off the head from the body."

"The king alone has the right to convene or dissolve parliament, and it is therefore absurd to accuse him of treason against parliament, over which he towered as the highest legal authority in the country." Earl of Manchester, Member of the House of Lords “It is unlikely that even one person in 20 would agree with the statement that the king, and not parliament, started the war. Without preliminary clarification of this circumstance, it is impossible to accuse the king of high treason.” Earl of Northemberland, Member of the House of Lords Opinions on the Court

Execution of the English King on January 30, 1649 From Macaulay's Milton "We mourn the violence that accompanies revolutions. But the fury of these violence will always be in proportion to the ferocity and ignorance of the people; and the ferocity and ignorance of the people will be in proportion to the oppression and humiliation under which they are accustomed to carry out their lives... The rulers of the Church and the state reaped only what they sowed... If the people attacked them with blind rage, it was only because they demanded from them equally blind obedience. Do you think it was necessary for victory revolution execution of the king?

Levellers John Lilburne Diggers Gerard Winstanley equal suffrage for men a republic with a unicameral parliament (House of Commons) responsibility of the House of Commons to the people toleration and separation of church and state a people's republic equality political equality property (land is a public domain) abolition of large land holdings of the lords

Problems of England Parliament has lost influence, a strong government is needed Discontent among the lower classes: they did not receive land; fencing continued; mass unemployment; high cost Ireland separated from England Royalist uprisings 1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell's protectorate (military dictatorship) conquest of Scotland conquest of Ireland Struggle with Holland for supremacy at sea 1651-1654 Struggle with Spain for colonies “The keys to the continent hang on his belt”

Restoration (restoration) of the Stuart dynasty 1660 Parliament called Charles II, the son of the executed king, to the throne. The revolution is over. The Republic ceased to exist. Charles II did not keep his promise to parliament: to declare an amnesty (forgiveness) to all participants in the revolution, and not to encroach on property acquired during the civil wars. He dealt with some members of the tribunal that tried the king. He began to persecute the Puritans and pander to the Catholics. Philippe de Champaigne. Charles II of England. 1653

Glorious Revolution 1688 King James II Stuart A coup d'etat overthrew King James II Stuart, who sought to restore absolutism and Catholicism. The ruler of the Netherlands, William of Orange, became the new king of England under the name William III. The coup received widespread support among various sectors of English society. William III of Orange

Parliament approved all laws. The king was deprived of the right to: suspend laws or their execution; establish and collect taxes for the needs of the crown; to form and maintain a standing army in peacetime. “Bill of Rights” 1689 A constitutional monarchy was established in England. Bill of Rights 1689.

Great Britain 1707 Treaty of Union of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland The two kingdoms had previously been in a state of personal union, beginning with King James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England in 1603. England and Scotland had different parliaments and governments. After the Act of Union was approved by both parliaments, the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and the country was governed by a single parliament and government.

Houses of Parliament (Palace of Westminster) Parliamentary monarchy Parliament is the highest legislative body House of Lords House of Commons Cabinet of Ministers is the executive body of government

Results English revolution Absolutism was destroyed. A constitutional monarchy was established. Large landowners and entrepreneurs came to power. Favorable conditions were created for the development of capitalism. The creation of a colonial empire began. Freedom of religion was established.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/LongParliament.jpg/200px-LongParliament.jpg - meeting of the Long Parliament http://libcom.org/files/images/history/digrhil2.jpg - diggers http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Charles_I_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg/480px-King_Charles_I_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg - Charles I http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ 6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/280px-JamesIEngland.jpg -James I http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ru/f/fb/Stuart_Arms_1.png -coat of arms of the Stuart dynasty http://upload.wikimedia.org /wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cooper%2C_Oliver_Cromwell.jpg/220px-Cooper%2C_Oliver_Cromwell.jpg – Oliver Cromwell http://planetolog.ru/maps/history/003.gif - map of England in the 17th century http: //russkoedelo.org/novosti/2011/images/june/ExecutionOfCharlesI.630.jpg - execution of Charles I Sources used

http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/4308/e675xa.55/0_3d997_d2c6933c_L.jpg - Charles II http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg/ 297px-English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg -Bill of Rights http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/William_III_of_England.jpg/471px-William_III_of_England.jpg -William of Orange (William III) http://upload .wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/James_II_1633-1701.jpg/220px-James_II_1633-1701.jpg - James II http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Treaty_of_Union .jpg - Treaty of Union http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/799px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp. jpg -Houses of Parliament (Palace of Westminster) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Levellers"_Manifest.jpg/390px-Levellers"_Manifest.jpg - title page of the Levellers' manifesto http:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/John_Lilburne.jpg/220px-John_Lilburne.jpg -John Lilburne

Revolutions of the 17th – 18th centuries. usually called bourgeois. They occurred in Holland, England and France - the leading countries in global manufacturing and trade. These revolutions were crucial for the development of modernization processes in European countries. They destroyed the foundations traditional way of life and class system. Power passed to entrepreneurs interested in innovation and production development. Bourgeois revolutions ultimately provided entrepreneurs with influence on the socio-political life of their countries.

Main milestones: popular Iconoclastic uprising of 1566, general uprising of 1572 in the northern provinces, uprising of 1576 in the southern provinces, creation of the Union of Utrecht (1579).

Ended with the liberation of the northern provinces from Spanish rule (territory modern state Netherlands) and the formation of the bourgeois Republic of the United Provinces (the southern provinces were conquered by Spain by 1585). The first successful bourgeois revolution in history.

English Revolution of the 17th century(also known as English Civil War) - the process of transition in England from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, in which the power of the king is limited by the power of parliament, and civil liberties are also guaranteed. The revolution opened the way to the industrial revolution in England and the capitalist development of the country.

The revolution took the form of conflict And authorities (parliament against ), which resulted in a civil war, as well as a form of religious war between And . In the English Revolution, although it played a secondary role, there was also an element of national struggle (between, And ).

Causes of the bourgeois revolution in England:

contradictions between the emerging capitalist and old feudal structures; dissatisfaction with Stuart policies; contradictions between the Anglican Church and the ideology of Puritanism. Main driving forces revolution: the urban lower classes and the peasantry, led by the new bourgeois nobility - the gentry. The reason for the revolution: the dissolution of the “Short Parliament” by Charles I.

The prerequisites for the English bourgeois revolution were the economic and political crisis in England in the 17th century. Economic crisis:

Fencing.

The introduction of new duties by the king without the permission of parliament.

The king's monopoly on the production and sale of certain goods within the country.

Illegal extortions.

Trading monopolies.

Rising prices.

Disorder of trade and industry.

Increased emigration.

Political crisis:

Change of the ruling dynasty.

Confrontation between the king and parliament.

Embezzlement.

Short-sighted foreign policy.

Marriage of Charles I to a Catholic.

Charles I dissolves parliament.

Persecution of the Puritans.

Tightening censorship.

During the revolution (1640-1649), two civil wars took place in England: in 1642-1646 and in 1648. between supporters of the Long Parliament and royalists - supporters of the king. Parliament was supported by merchants, entrepreneurs, the new nobility, farmers, craftsmen and apprentices of London and the south-eastern counties. The old order was defended by the royalists - large landowners with peasants dependent on them, court officials, and the English church.

Created Oliver Cromwell(1599-1658) the parliamentary army inflicted a decisive defeat royal army in the battles of Neizvi (1645) and Peston (1648). Under popular pressure, the king was executed in 1649, and England was proclaimed a republic. Rich merchants, entrepreneurs and the new nobility were in power. Parliament became unicameral - all legislative power belonged to the House of Commons. Executive power was formally entrusted to a council, which was led by the military elite led by Cromwell. The revolutionary camp was not united either socially or religiously. During the revolution, three main trends were finally determined in the Puritan camp:

Presbyterians (right wing of the revolution, big bourgeoisie and upper gentry); independents (middle and petty nobility, middle strata of the urban bourgeoisie); Levellers.

The tithe was not abolished either. The Republic has done nothing about unemployment and high prices. The new nobles and bourgeoisie, who needed to protect their property, supported the establishment of sole and unlimited power, and in 1653 a military dictatorship was established in England - Cromwell’s protectorate. The protector's power was much greater than that of the king before the revolution. Cromwell confirmed all the laws of the Long Parliament protecting the interests of the new nobility and bourgeoisie

The foreign policy of the Lord Protector was beneficial for the English bourgeoisie. In 1654, Cromwell victoriously ended the war with Holland, England's main rival in world maritime trade. He then defeated Spain. After the death of Cromwell (1658), the new nobility and bourgeoisie sought to restore the monarchy, which would protect the new order established during the revolution. In 1660, the restoration of the Stuart dynasty was carried out, agreeing to recognize the main gains of the revolution. The new king Charles II (1630-1685) signed a document confirming all the privileges of the new nobility and bourgeoisie received during the revolution.

Thus, England became not an absolute monarchy, but power obtained as a result of compromise and respect for the interests of the new nobility and bourgeoisie. However, the monarchs violated their obligations, increasingly dissolved parliament and showed a penchant for Catholicism. In 1688-1689 a coup d'état was carried out, which historians call the “glorious revolution”. The English crown was transferred to the ruler of Holland, the Protestant William III of Orange, who was married to the daughter of James II, Mary.

So, we can highlight the main stages of the bourgeois revolution in England:

Civil wars. Change of forms of government (1640-1649).

Republican rule (1640 – 1653).

Military dictatorship - Cromwell's protectorate (1653 -1658).

Restoration of the monarchy (1659 – 1660).