Social Studies Essay Example: What makes a person a person? What makes a person human? Interesting and brief information Summary of what makes a person a person

Lesson 2 WHAT MAKES A PERSON A HUMAN?

Epigraph for the lesson:

Nature has no other brain than the one she squeezed into man’s head with such difficulty.

Bernard Show

Target:To form in students an idea of ​​the origin of man and his differences from animals.

Students should know that:

1)the most important characteristic of a person is that he is a social being;

2)in the process of communication, the formation of such human qualities as language, the ability to think, etc. occurs;

3)social and biological are fused together in a person;

4)Along with work and social relations, the most important difference between a person and an animal is the ability to think;

5)in play, learning and work activities, diverse human qualities develop.

Students must understand what:

1)Human;

2)man is a biosocial being;

3)thinking;

4)need;

5)communication;

6)play activities;

7)educational activities;

8)work activity;

9)production activities;

10)government activities;

11)political activity;

12)intellectual activity;

13)artistic activity;

14)self-realization;

15)capabilities.

Students should be able to:

1)explain the meaning of concepts;

2)characterize human qualities;

3)trace a person’s ability to creative activity.

Movelesson

I. Learning new material.

PLAN

1.The difference between humans and other living beings.

2.Thinking and speech.

3.How does a person realize himself?

This lesson is a study of new material, but it is not a lecture lesson, since students have information about the difference between humans and animals from the course on the history of the ancient world.

1.Introductory conversation.

-Remember what you know about human origins.

-Why did man stand out from the animal world? What contributed to this?

-How does a person differ from other living beings? (Make upcluster.)

1.Completing tasks.

Exercise1. Analyze the statements. Make your own judgments. Agree or disagree with these points of view.

1)“The essence of man is unchangeable and it will not be possible to create a “new man”, we just need to go to the point - this is the true meaning of progress - so that humanity lives in its own human, and not in its animal essence.”(Alexander Kruglov.)

2)“Man is the sickest and ugliest of animals, he has strayed dangerously from his instincts of life.”(Friedrich Nietzsche.)

3)“A man stood firmly on his feet as long as he had four of them.”(Srba Pavlovic.)

4)“Since man originated from the animal kingdom, it is clear that he will never get rid of animal elements.”(Friedrich Engels.)

5)“Man is the only animal that has the ability to laugh and deserves to be laughed at.”(Paul Valery.)

6)“From the fact that a person is an animal, it does not at all follow that it would be necessary for him to be a beast.”(Nikolai Mikhailovsky.)

-What does it mean: man is a social being? Is man a biological being?(The text of the paragraph will help students answer this question.)

-How do you understand the words of the Russian design scientist and journalist Alexander Loktev: “Of the entire animal world, only man thinks what he thinks.”

After students' statements, it is necessary to draw their attention to the fact thatAlong with work and social relations, the most important difference between humans and animals is the ability to think.

Exercise2. Give examples of the need for mental activity.

Exercise3. Analyze the following statements about the person. Which one is closer to your point of view? Why?

1)“A person becomes a person only through language.”(W. Humboldt.)

2)“Man differs from all other creatures in his ability to laugh.”(D. Addison.)

3)“A man does what he is told. Most animals don't.(E. Bern.)

4)“Man is knowledge that knows itself.”(E. Yevtushenko.)

5)“Man is a being capable of activities of which no other being is capable.”(Eastern philosopher.)

6)“Man is the only animal whose behavior is largely determined by thought.”(J. Cullingwood.)

Students express their thoughts, in this case a discussion is possible.

-But why did philosophers constantly turn to man, analyze and are analyzing various aspects of his material and spiritual existence?

N. Berdyaev said: “Philosophers constantly returned to the consciousness that to unravel the mystery of man means to unravel the mystery of existence. Know yourself and through this you will know the world. All attempts at external knowledge of the world without diving into the depths of man gave only knowledge of the surface of things. If you go from the outside of a person, then you can never reach the meaning of things, because the answer to the meaning is hidden in the person himself.”

A person lives among other people, he develops in the human environment, and is formed as a personality.

-Remember R. Kipling's fairy tale about the brave Indian boy Mowgli.

-What happens to children who live outside human society?

-What did Mowgli lack?

Exercise4. Give examples when a person lived and was raised in a different environment.

A person’s life is aimed at leaving behind a good memory.

Exercise5. Name people whose lives did not pass without a trace. What did they do?

Philosophers have noticed that a person has a natural desire to become famous, to stand out in some way, to earn recognition.

-What helps a person achieve this?

Wilhelm Schwöbel, a German scientist and publicist, wrote: “A person constantly needs something that would help him live, that would prevent him from living, and that he could overcome.”

That is, a person does something in his life thanks to his abilities; in his activities he reveals himself, his talents.

Exercise6. Using the text of the paragraph “How does a person realize himself?”, determine what types of activities are inherent in a person.

Activities contribute to personal self-realization.

-How do you understand what self-realization is? Write down the words that come to mind when you hear the word “self-actualization.”

“A person must certainly expend adaptive energy - a hereditarily determined limited supply of vitality in order to satisfy the innate need for self-expression.”(Hans Selje - Canadian physiologist.)

I. Consolidation.

Questions:

1.How do you understand the words: “Man is a biological being”, “Man is a social being”?

2.Give examples of biological and social in humans.

3.How can a person demonstrate his abilities?

4.What is self-realization?

Homework: § 1.

• How does a person differ from other living beings?
• How are human qualities manifested?

The difference between humans and other living beings. What is a person? How is he different from animals? People have been thinking about these questions for a long time. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato answered them like this: “Man is a two-legged animal without feathers.” Two thousand years later, the famous French physicist and mathematician B. Pascal objected to Plato: “A man without legs still remains a man, but a rooster without feathers does not become a man.”

What distinguishes people from animals? For example, there is a sign that is unique to humans: of all living creatures, only humans have a soft earlobe. But is this fact the main thing that distinguishes humans from animals?

Great thinkers came to the conclusion: the most important characteristic of a person is that he is a social being (the Latin word socialis means “social”). (Remember from your history and biology courses what you know about the origins of man.) So, man is a social being. Only in society, in communication between people, did the formation of such human qualities as language (speech), the ability to think, etc. take place.

Every child born becomes a person only in society. Baby animals from birth have instincts that help them navigate what they can and cannot eat, who they can attack, and who they should be afraid of. After birth, a human child is the most unadapted to life of all living beings. And a person grows out of it only in a family, in a society where they teach him to live, give him knowledge about the world around him, and develop the ability to work.

There have been cases when very young children ended up with animals. Growing up among animals, they did not learn to walk on two legs, talk, or use various objects. They were not able to think like people, and, once among people, they behaved like captured animals.

But, being a public (social) being, man does not cease to be a being of nature. Nature created the human body. Only ghosts in scary fairy tales are incorporeal. The result of nature's long development is the human brain. Man is a wonderful creation of nature. It has many biological needs: to breathe, to eat, to sleep; it needs a certain thermal environment. Our body, blood, brain belong to nature. Consequently, man is a biological being. This is manifested in human anatomy and physiology, in the course of neuro-brain, electrical, chemical and other processes in the human body.

Social and biological are fused together in a person. An upright gait, the structure of the brain, the outline of the face, the shape of the hands - all this is the result of changes that took place over a long time (millions of years). Every child has fingers obedient to his will: he can take a brush and paints and draw. But he can become a painter only in society. Every person born has a brain and a vocal apparatus, but they can learn to think and speak only in society. Every person, like any animal, has an instinct of self-preservation. This means that in a person, the biological and social principles are organically interconnected, and only in such unity does a person exist. This inextricable unity allows us to say: man is a biosocial being.

Thinking and speech. Along with work and social relationships, the most important difference between humans and animals is the ability to think. Mental activity developed along with the development of the brain. Even the most highly organized modern animal - the ape - does not have such a highly developed brain. Attempts to teach a monkey to think like a human through many years of training with it were unsuccessful.

Thanks to thinking, a person does not simply adapt to natural conditions, like an animal, but transforms the world. He creates what nature does not produce. After all, nature does not build cars, houses, or railroads. And man, transforming natural materials, creates new objects with the qualities he needs. To do this, he uses his accumulated knowledge. Without knowledge about the properties of natural objects, a person would not be able to make any technical inventions. But to create technology, transport, and communications, it is necessary not only the ability to accumulate knowledge, but also the ability, with the help of this knowledge, to create mental models of those objects that a person needs and that he wants to make and produce. A person will first think, imagine what goal he wants to achieve, and then work to realize his plans. There are animals that also create something new: a spider weaves a web, a bee builds a honeycomb. But no one teaches them this; their innate instinct is triggered. And none of the named (as well as other) representatives of living nature can do anything more serious or complex. K. Marx wrote that “the worst architect differs from the best bee from the very beginning in that, before building a cell of wax, he has already built it in his head.” Consequently, human activity is creative in nature: he, relying on knowledge about the world, creates something new, first in thoughts, and then through practical actions.

The need of people for communication, thanks to which alone collective work is possible, led to the appearance of the first words (i.e., language). Human speech gradually developed, helping people exchange thoughts. You can, of course, transmit some signals to each other using gestures (for example, we nod our heads in agreement), drawings, drawings and other signs. However, verbal language is the most developed, universal (universal) means of expressing thought. When a person reads a book, he becomes familiar with the highest achievements of human thought, receives deep knowledge, and perceives the author’s feelings expressed in words. When a person thinks something to himself, this is accompanied by an internal “silent conversation” - imperceptible movements of the tongue muscles in the oral cavity. Thus, in addition to written and oral speech, there is also internal speech, silent, not visible and not heard by others.

There is a close connection between thinking and language. It is impossible to separate them from each other without destroying both. Language does not exist without thinking, and thinking cannot be separated from language.

Monkeys that were tried to be taught to speak through special training turned out to be unable to master speech. And not only because the human vocal apparatus has been formed over millions of years, but also because a highly organized brain capable of thinking is also the result of long historical development.

How does a person realize himself? Probably every person would like his life not to be in vain. When a person passes away, they write on the tombstone: born in such and such a year, died in such and such a year. There is a dash between two dates. What's behind this line? Drank, ate, walked on the ground - and that’s all? Or did he leave behind a good memory?

Let us remember A.S. Pushkin: “No, all of me will not die - the soul in the treasured lyre will survive my ashes and escape decay...” What remains for people? Created by the poet’s creativity - his poems, poems, stories. Architects and builders leave cities and villages to people, scientists and writers leave books, gardeners leave parks and gardens. But not everyone can be builders and gardeners, you say. And rightly so. However, philosophers have noticed: a person has a natural desire to stand out in some way, to distinguish himself in something, to become noticed, famous, to earn recognition that would remain even after he passes away. However, this desire sometimes takes an ugly form. Thus, the Greek from the city of Ephesus Herostratus in the 4th century. BC e., in order to immortalize his name, he burned the Temple of Artemis - one of the seven wonders of the world.

Now in our lives more and more attention is paid to the acquisition of material wealth. Possessing things in itself does not characterize a person: someone who has things can be both a worthy and an insignificant person. The German psychologist and sociologist Erich Fromm (1900-1980) wrote: “...Most people find it too difficult to give up their possession orientation: any attempt to do so causes them great anxiety, as if they have lost everything that gave them the feeling safety, as if they, who did not know how to swim, were thrown into the depths of the waves. They do not realize that, having thrown away the crutch that their property serves them, they will begin to rely on their own strength and walk on their own feet.” What does it mean? A person, according to E. Fromm, must be active. And this means “to allow one’s abilities, talent, and the entire wealth of human gifts to manifest themselves, with which - although to varying degrees - every person is endowed.”

A person’s abilities and gifts manifest themselves and develop in the process of activity.

The child is playing. Builds a house out of cubes. Builds a fortress out of sand. Assembles a model from construction kit parts. Plays as a mother, putting a doll to bed, as a pilot, salesman, car driver, astronaut. In the game, he repeats the actions of his elders, acquiring his first experience of human activity. The game teaches the child to plan his actions, outline their goals, and look for suitable means. In gaming activities, diverse human qualities are developed.

The time comes when educational activities develop next to the playground. In it* the experience is mastered step by step. By studying educational texts, reading works of fiction, solving problems, performing various educational tasks, a person acquires the knowledge and skills necessary for life in society, improves thinking and speech, develops his creative abilities, and acquires a profession. Along with studies comes work activity. First, this is work around the house, then, perhaps, in a school workshop, on a personal plot, and then the work of an adult - professional activity in production, in the service sector, and intellectual activity. Work expands a person’s creative capabilities, contributes to the formation of determination, independence, perseverance, sociability and other human qualities.

Work activities can be different. Cultivated fields, tools, residential buildings and temples are all the fruits of industrial activity. “Russian Truth”, Code of Laws of 1497, other legislative acts are the result of state activity. The expansion of borders and the formation of a multinational state are a consequence of political activity. Victories on Lake Peipus, on the Kulikovo Field, in the Northern War or the Patriotic War of 1812 are the result of military activity. The discoveries of M.V. Lomonosov, the inventions of I.P. Kulibin, the works of D.I. Mendeleev are the product of intellectual activity. The famous Russian ballet, the paintings of the Wanderers are the embodiment of artistic activity.

In activity, self-realization of the individual occurs, that is, the embodiment of plans and life goals in reality, which is possible only under the condition of free human activity. What prompts it, first of all, is a person’s internal need, his own desire to fulfill his life goal, to his own free development.

Life goals can be very different: someone wants to devote their life to science, someone to business, another sees himself as a military man or dreams of having a large family and raising children. At the same time, it is important that everyone’s goals do not diverge from the interests of society. Therefore, for example, it is no coincidence that in our time there is great concern everywhere about the activities of hackers - computer scientists who penetrate other people's information systems with the aim of mastering information or introducing false data into them.

The fulfillment of life goals - self-realization - requires the exertion of a person’s strength and can be considered as one of the indicators of his willpower. In the process of self-realization, in the course of his activities, a person overcomes the difficulties that arise, his own laziness, timidity, and lack of faith in his own strength. Thanks to this, results that are significant for society are achieved and individual abilities are developed. It is the socially useful results of a person’s self-realization that bring him respect and recognition from other people, i.e., self-affirmation of the individual occurs.

And we hope that you share the thoughts expressed by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov: “... I want to live independently of future generations, and not only for them. Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully. I want to play a prominent, independent, prudent role, I want to make history so that the same generations do not have the right to say about each of us: he was a nonentity or even worse...”

Summarize. What are the differences between humans and animals? Firstly, a person is able to produce tools and use them. Secondly, he has a complexly organized brain, thinking and articulate speech. Thirdly, a person is capable of purposeful creative activity.

Man is a biosocial being, representing a special link in the development of living organisms on Earth.

Basic Concepts

• Man, self-realization.

Terms

• Social, biological, thinking, speech.

Self-test questions

1. What do the words mean: “Man is a biosocial being”?
2. What human properties are biological?
3. What human qualities are of a social nature (i.e., arise only in society)?
4. What is the creative nature of human activity?
5. What is the relationship between thinking and speech?
6. How are human abilities manifested?
7. What is human self-realization?
8. Why is human self-realization possible only through activity?

Tasks

1. People build dams on rivers, and beavers build dams on rivers. Explain how human activities differ from those of beavers.
2. The spider skillfully weaves a web - a network with the help of which it obtains food. A man catches fish using a fishing net. It uses a net in a sieve, in a tennis and badminton racket. A man-made tulle curtain on a window is also a net. Think about how the production of webs by humans differs from the weaving of webs by spiders.
3. Read the poem and express your attitude to the author’s words.

   For a person, thought is the crown of all living things.
   And purity of the soul is the basis of existence.
   By these signs we find a person:
   He is above all creatures on earth from eternity.
   And if he lives without thinking and without believing,
   Then man is no different from the beast.

   / Anvari /

4. Explain how the two statements differ:
   1. man is a biological and social being;
   2. Man is a biosocial being.
5. Indicate what is inherent in a person by nature, and what by society.
6. Describe what the social (public) essence of a person is.
7. Name which of the considered human qualities you value most.
8. Refer to the above words of A.P. Chekhov and think: can every person play a prominent role in society; noble role? Can any of you make history? If yes, then how?
9. Express your opinion on the statement of the French historian Marc Bloch: “History... has its own aesthetic joys, unlike the joys of any other science. The spectacle of human activity, which constitutes its special subject, is more capable of captivating the human imagination than any other.”

The great Charles Darwin at one time put forward a very interesting theory, which, according to the scientist, could perfectly explain all the unclear questions related to the origin of species, including answering the burning question of the origin of man. Far-sighted materialist scientists, having received at their disposal such a wonderful weapon in the fight against the Christian doctrine of Creation, immediately practically elevated Darwin's theory to the rank of an axiom and an immutable truth.

However, now we will not enter into any disputes about how everything that exists on Earth, including man, came to be. We are more interested in another question: What makes a person a Human...

Man is, in essence, just a highly organized animal with intelligence. But is there something that distinguishes humans from primates? So what is it anyway? What it does Let's look at some opinions on this matter.

The ability to learn is what makes a person human. Indeed, the ability to learn favorably distinguishes humans from highly organized animals - as it seems at first glance. But many dog ​​owners, trainers and handlers will disagree with this statement, confirming the correctness of their words with the numerous achievements of their pets. Moreover, there are computer programs that are capable of self-learning, and this cannot even be called alive.

It is only human nature to think. Maybe. But if you take a closer look at the behavior of many animals, birds and even insects and remember that not a single scientist in the world has yet proven the opposite, we can assume that our smaller brothers can also think...

Perhaps society makes a person? Yes, society is a great force that can influence the thoughts and actions of each individual person. But this also does not always happen. How then do outcasts and hermits come about? After all, if society makes a person, then everyone should be the same?

Another question that worries the minds of many is the question of morality. It is morality, as well as the ability for creativity and Love, that seems to distinguish humans from highly organized animals. In this regard, too, not everything is clear. It is believed that only an educated person can be moral. But does education make a person moral? You can answer this question simply by looking around. Surely in the life of every person there have been brilliantly educated people who have excellent manners, are pleasant to talk to, well dressed, but at the same time capable of betraying and literally walking over the bones of those around them to achieve their goals. Does education make a person moral? - Alas, that would be too easy...

Love and Creativity are what actually makes a person a Human. Only this can be characteristic only of man from all the diversity of Creation. It is these qualities that bring a person closer to the Creator. “And God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female he created them” (Gen. 1:27).

Elsewhere (1 John 4:8) in Scripture we find wonderful words: “God is Love.” So, it is precisely the manifestation of Love that gives a person the right to this high title? Man is the best of all the Creations of the Lord, and the Lord loved us to such an extent that he sacrificed His Son so that we would have a chance to be saved and become His Children. Big, great Love, which each of us is able to recognize, connects us with the Creator, which means it makes a person a Human...

It brings a person closer to the Lord, therefore, it gives the ability to creativity, which only man and none of the animals are endowed with. But here we must keep in mind that God’s Creativity is primary. He creates out of nothing. Human creativity is secondary, because works of art are created only on the basis of what is around or in the heart of a person...

Of course, all reasoning on these topics may seem very controversial, like any philosophical conclusions, but can be regarded as a good attempt to get closer to the answer to one of the most troubling questions for all people: Who am I? Where? For what?

In this lesson we will look at the key concept of the social studies course "Human". The main question of the lesson is what is the difference between humans and animals. People first biological creature, belonging to the species Homo Sapiens (reasonable man). What humans have in common with animals is that they also have instincts and needs for air, food, and sleep. The biological essence of a person is expressed in his anatomy and physiology. The main feature of man, which distinguishes him from the entire biological diversity of animals, is that he social being. Only in society (society) does a person learn to think, speak, work and become a human being. Compare baby animals and a newborn baby. The human child is the most unadapted creature for life. It will not survive without the care of adults, a family in which it is taught the rules of life, given knowledge about the world around it and developed work skills. Surely you have heard about children - Mowgli. This is the name given to children who grew up among animals. They came to animals for a variety of life circumstances. Their fates are tragic. They could not speak, eat from a spoon, moved on all fours, and did not think like people. When they found themselves among people, they behaved like captured animals.
The social and biological are united in man. Every child has a brain and a vocal apparatus, but he learns to think and speak only in society. Each child has fingers that he controls: he can take a brush, paints and draw. But he becomes a painter only in society. Thus, a person is biosocial being.

Thinking and speech

Thinking and speech play a great role in human life. The ability to think allows a person not only to adapt to natural conditions, but to transform them. With the help of knowledge, he creates what nature does not produce: houses, roads, bridges, cars, equipment, communications and much more. Before creating anything, a person thinks about a model of the future object in his head, imagines the goal he wants to achieve, and then begins to implement his plan. Animals also create something necessary for themselves: bees build honeycombs, swallows build nests, spiders weave webs. But no one teaches them this; in bees, swallows and spiders, an innate instinct is triggered. Spiders weave the same webs, swallows’ nests are also all the same, that is, the animals do not create anything unusual. And look at people’s houses, how different they are. This suggests that human activity is creative in nature, because a person creates something new, different from what exists.
Collective work is impossible without communication, so the need for communication led to the emergence of speech, with the help of which he shares his thoughts, feelings, and desires with others. Of course, a lot can be explained with the help of gestures, but a person can only gain deep knowledge with the help of words. Speech can be written and oral. But there is also inner speech, a silent conversation of a person with himself.
Thinking and speech do not exist separately from each other. With the help of special classes, scientists tried to teach monkeys to speak, but these attempts were unsuccessful due to the monkeys’ lack of ability to think. Thus, only a person has a great gift of thinking and speaking, with the help of which he realizes his abilities in any activity.

How does a person realize himself?

A person realizes himself, achieves goals, and develops in activities such as play, study, and work. The first experience of human activity is acquired in the game. In it, the child learns to set goals, plan actions and find suitable means. The time comes when, along with the game, study is carried out, in which a person acquires the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for life in society. Then comes work activity, during which practical results are created. Work activities are very diverse. It can be industrial (building a house), state (publishing laws), political (holding elections), military (victory in the Second World War), intellectual (invention of the steam engine), artistic (ballet).
The creation of socially useful results of activity brings a person respect and recognition from the people around him, his self-affirmation as an individual occurs.
Let's summarize.

Lesson No. 02

Social studies, 8th grade

What makes a person

a person?

D.Z.: § 1, ?? (p. 12), tasks (p. 13-14), “Remember” to § 2, diagram “Differences between humans and animals”

© A.I. Kolmakov

Lesson objectives:

• Reveal the biosocial nature of man.
• Show the inextricable connection between thinking and speech, activity and self-realization of a person in life.
• To promote students’ achievement of personal educational results: determining their place in society, motivation for feasible and creative participation in the life of society, the ability to explain the phenomena and processes of social reality from a scientific point of view.
• To promote the development of the following universal educational activities in students: analysis of objects in order to highlight their essential and non-essential features; social competence and consideration of other people’s positions.

Know and be able to (KUD)

• Reveal differences between humans and animals.
• Explain human qualities.
• Distinguish biological and natural qualities of a person.
• Characterize And specify examples are biological and social in humans.
• Define their attitude to various human qualities.
• Reveal connection between thinking and speech.
• Explain the concept of “self-realization”.
• Define And specify examples of essential characteristics of activity.
• Drive examples of main activities

Concepts, terms

• biosocial nature of man;
• thinking;
• speech;
• activity (play, study, work);
• self-realization;
• human abilities

Learning new material

• Thinking and speech are specific human properties.
• Human activity, its types.

Let's remember. Let's think about it.

• LET'S REMEMBER. How is the origin of man revealed in history?
• LET'S THINK. How did humans differ from other living beings? How are human qualities manifested?

Human Difference from other living beings

Plato

(Aristocles) (ca. 428 – 348 BC), ancient Greek philosopher.

Blaise Pascal ( 1623-1662 ). French mathematician, mechanic, physicist, writer and philosopher. A classic of French literature, one of the founders of mathematical analysis, probability theory and projective geometry, creator of the first examples of computing technology, author of the basic law of hydrostatics.

Human Difference from other living beings

Can speak

Able to make tools

Capable of creativity

Capable of walking upright

Has a well developed brain

Capable of taking action according to plan

Self-aware

Has imagination

Human Difference from other living beings

Social beginning

• activity

communication (a person becomes a person only by entering into social relations, into communication with others)

• thinking
• speech;
• The social essence of a person is manifested through such properties as the ability and readiness for socially useful work, consciousness and reason, freedom and responsibility, etc. other systems

Biological origin - condition, prerequisite for existence:

• instincts;
• biological development program;
• anatomy, physiology ( has circulatory, muscular, nervous and other systems);
• belongs to the higher mammals, forming a special species Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens).

Psychic beginning

• human inner world
• character
• emotional sphere

Human Difference from other living beings

Along with work and social relations, the most important difference between humans and animals is ability to think .

Mental activity evolved along with the development of the brain. Even the most highly organized modern animal - the ape - does not have such a highly developed brain.

Attempts to teach a monkey to think like a human through many years of training with it were unsuccessful.

Thanks to thinking, a person does not simply adapt to natural conditions, like an animal, but transforms the world. He creates what nature does not produce.

Thinking and speech are specific human properties

• A person will first think, imagine what goal he wants to achieve, and then work to realize his plans. Activity person has creative nature : he, relying on knowledge about the world, creates something new, first in thoughts, and then through practical actions.

Without knowledge about the properties of natural objects, a person would not be able to make any technical inventions.

Thinking and speech are specific human properties

communication

People's need for communication, only thanks to which collective work is possible, led to the appearance of the first words (i.e., language). Human speech gradually developed, helping people exchange thoughts. Verbal language - the most developed, universal (universal) means of expressing thoughts.

Speech There is written and oral, and also internal, silent, not visible and not heard by others.

There is a close connection between thinking and language. It is impossible to separate them from each other without destroying both. Language does not exist without thinking, and thinking cannot be separated from language.

Thinking and speech are specific human properties

A.N. Tolstoy (1883-1945). Russian Soviet writer and public figure from the Tolstoy family. Author of socio-psychological, historical and science fiction novels, novellas and short stories, journalistic works.

DI. Pisarev (1840-1868). Russian publicist and literary critic, revolutionary democrat. He is rightfully considered the “third”, after Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, the great Russian critic of the sixties. Plekhanov called him “one of the most outstanding representatives of the sixties.”

How does a person realize himself?

The work created by a poet or writer - his poems, poems, stories. Architects and builders leave cities and villages to people, scientists and writers leave books, gardeners leave parks and gardens.

Philosophers have noticed: a person has a natural desire to stand out in some way, to distinguish himself in something, to become noticed, famous, to earn recognition that would remain even after he passes away.

“Let your abilities, talent, and all the wealth of human talents with which - albeit to varying degrees - each person is endowed, manifest themselves.” (Erich Fromm, German psychologist, sociologist /1900-1980/).

A.S. Pushkin (1799-1837). Russian poet, playwright and prose writer, who laid the foundations of the Russian realistic movement, critic and literary theorist, historian, publicist; one of the most authoritative literary figures of the first third of the 19th century

“No, all of me will not die - the soul in the treasured lyre will survive my ashes and escape decay...”

Human activity, its types

Activity – This a type of activity aimed at understanding and changing the external environment and the person himself

Human activity, its types

military

state

production

political

activity

intellectual

pedagogical

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medicinal

artistic

Human activity, its types

Realization of life goals - self-realization - requires human effort and can be considered as one of the indicators of his willpower. In the process of self-realization, in the course of his activities, a person overcomes the difficulties that arise, his own laziness, timidity, and lack of faith in his own strength. Thanks to this, results that are significant for society are achieved and individual abilities are developed.

Socially useful results of a person’s self-realization bring him respect and recognition from other people, i.e. self-affirmation of personality.

In activity occurs self-realization of personality, i.e., the embodiment in reality of plans, life goals, which is possible only under the condition of free human activity.

What prompts it, first of all, is a person’s internal need, his own desire to fulfill his life goal, to his own free development.

check yourself

1. What do the words mean: “Man is a biosocial being”?

2. What human qualities are of a social nature (that is, they arise only in society)?

3. How is the creative nature of human activity manifested?

4. What is the relationship between thinking and speech?

5. How are human abilities manifested?

6. What is human self-realization?

7. Why is human self-realization possible only through activity?

reflection

• What did you learn?
• How?
• What have you learned?
• What difficulties did you experience?
• Was the lesson interesting?