Problems and methods of reconstruction of protective plantings of the RPD. Classification of low-value plantings. Forest. Forest fund lands. Forest areas. Forest plantings. Forest resources. Wood

This work is the result of a scientific search, collection and analysis of silvicultural, forest management and forest cultural-technological information about the forests of the North Caucasus, low-value plantings, forest and reconstructive crops over 25 years of theoretical and field research.

The author began scientific work on the problems of rational use and reproduction of forests in the North Caucasus in 1975 at the Department of Forest Taxation and Forest Management of the Voronezh Forestry Engineering Institute under the guidance of Professor V.A. Bugaeva. In 1980, after graduating from graduate school, he defended his candidate's dissertation at the Bryansk Technological Institute on the topic "Taxation structure, growth course and complex productivity of chestnut tree stands on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (RSFSR)."

In 1981-92 the work was continued in the Caucasus branch of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Forestry and Forestry Mechanization (KF VNIILM), and from September 1992 - in the Scientific Research Institute of Mountain Forestry and Forest Ecology (NIIgorlesekol).

The basis of the dissertation is the results of research conducted by the author personally and with his direct participation in the implementation of industry plans for research and development work of the KF VNIILM and NIIgorlesekol for 1981-2000. on topics Ш.5.1, 1Х.5.11, 1.5, 1.5.8, etc. (state registration number: 076361; 076365; 076368; 01.86.0100 360; 01.88. 00700 280). Since 1993, research on the reconstruction of low-value plantings has been carried out under the direction of the author within the framework of the state scientific and technical program "Russian Forest" on topic II.3.4.3 (state registration number 01.9.40 006340; 01.960.0052 03), in 1994 to topic 10.2.3.2. state scientific and technical program "Environmental Safety of Russia", since 1999 - within the framework of the Federal target scientific and technical program "Research and development in priority areas of development of science and technology for civil purposes" under project 003.002.02, in 2000 - according to project 003.002.01 and in 2001 - under subproject 003.02.2.

Relevance of the topic. At the beginning of the 21st century, improving the species composition, improving the quality, sustainability and productivity of forests /295/ remains an urgent problem for many forest powers, including Russia.

In the North Caucasus Economic Region (NCER), forests occupy more than 4.6 million hectares, of which 78% are mountainous. Being a source of scarce wood, oak, beech and other valuable species, they simultaneously perform various environmental and social functions, the overall significance of which exceeds their role as forest raw materials /132/. During the natural historical development of forests, including the change of species under the influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors, as of January 1, 1998, more than 1.1 million hectares of low-value plantings had accumulated in the region. Their share has already exceeded 32% of the forested area. They occupy predominantly highly trophic habitats on gentle and sloping mountain slopes, where plantations of valuable species previously grew.

The presence of such a large area of ​​low-value plantings in the forests of the North Caucasus is unprofitable not only for the forestry industry, but also for the national economy of the region and the country as a whole. The very fact of their existence in the state forest fund contradicts the Forest Code of the Russian Federation /147/, the Concept of Sustainable Forest Management /295/ and the principles of continuous and sustainable forest management /189, 293, 295/. They also do not meet other modern requirements for rational forestry management. Due to the increase in area and the discrepancy between the parameters of low-value plantings and the potential of forest lands, the problem of their reconstruction intensified and became especially urgent by the end of the 20th century.

In the North Caucasus, the experience of reconstructing low-value plantings is not great, the volumes are insignificant, and the efficiency is low. Increasing the volume, improving the quality and efficiency of reconstruction work is hampered by the lack of necessary regional rules, recommendations and scientifically based standards, as well as poor knowledge of the low-value plantings themselves. Many aspects of the problem of reconstruction of various categories of low-value plantings in mountainous conditions have not been sufficiently studied. These include not only the basics of design and environmentally oriented specifics of reconstruction in the mountains, but also the regional characteristics of the low-value plantings themselves and the forest plantations of native and introduced tree species created during their reconstruction.

The urgent need to solve practical problems and a new theoretical understanding of this urgent problem in the changed conditions of forestry management determined the choice of purpose and directions of research.

The goal of the work is to improve the species composition, improve the quality and productivity of forests in the North Caucasus through the development and implementation of an effective System for the reconstruction of low-value plantings and a set of regional standards regulating the design, planning, organization and implementation in practice of methods, sequence and methods of reconstruction in mountain conditions and quality assessment reconstructive cultures. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set and solved:

Study the characteristics, condition and dynamics of low-value plantings;

To substantiate the principles, criteria and standards for their identification during forest management and to develop a silvicultural and economic classification;

To develop the scientific basis for designing methods, sequence and methods for reconstructing low-value plantings in mountainous conditions;

Study the condition, growth and productivity of reconstructive crops of native and introduced breeds;

To substantiate the criteria and develop standards for assessing the quality of non-closed reconstructive crops and when converting them into a forested area, and transformed plantings into economically valuable ones;

Perform an economic assessment of low-value plantings and determine the effectiveness of their reconstruction using silvicultural methods.

The objects of research were low-value plantings growing on mountain slopes of varying steepness, and reconstructive cultures of native and introduced tree species, created using different technologies in different types of growing conditions.

The methodological basis was a systematic approach to organizing and conducting comprehensive research with the establishment of temporary and permanent trial plots in low-value plantings and reconstructive crops, as well as experimental sites for the reconstruction of low-value plantings in different ways. All types of work were carried out according to methods generally accepted in forestry, forest management and forest taxation using classical research methods and in accordance with current OSTs, instructions, manuals and recommendations /99, 105, 115, 116, 212, 301/.

Scientific novelty. The condition, dynamics and characteristics of low-value plantings and reconstructive crops of economically valuable native and introduced species of the North Caucasus were studied. A silvicultural and economic classification of low-value plantings has been developed, and criteria and standards for their identification in forest management have been substantiated. For the first time, the Concept and theoretical foundations of the regional System for the reconstruction of low-value plantings using silvicultural methods were developed /354/. An unparalleled set of scientifically based and interconnected regional standards has been created for the design, implementation and evaluation of the reconstruction of low-value plantings. A method and standards for determining the priority of reconstruction are proposed. Organizational, economic, silvicultural and technological requirements for methods, types and types of reconstruction of plantings in mountain conditions have been determined. The range of valuable native and introduced tree species has been optimized to create reconstructive crops on a zonal-typological basis. Their technological parameters were clarified and differentiated according to reconstruction methods, groups of mountain slope steepness and types of growing conditions. Methodological approaches to taxation and standards for assessing the quality of forest and reconstruction crops when transferring them to lands covered with forest vegetation are proposed.

Practical value. The terminology has been streamlined, a special Dictionary of terms and definitions for the reconstruction of low-value plantings has been compiled /354/. The main elements and structure of the System for the reconstruction of low-value plantings using silvicultural methods are substantiated. Practical recommendations /201, 256, 257, 264/ have been developed, a general procedure for the allocation and recording of low-value plantings has been established, silvicultural requirements have been proposed that regulate forest management design and the implementation of their reconstruction on a zonal-typological basis, and standards for assessing the quality of reconstructive crops.

Approbation of work. The research results were reported and discussed at meetings of the Academic Councils of the KF VNIILM and NIIgorlesekol, scientific conferences and meetings at various levels (Pushkino, 1982, 1983; Babushkin, 1986; Moscow, 1988, 1991,1994; Sochi, 1988; Ivano-Franyuvsk, 1990; Yoshkar -Ola, 1990; Krasnoyarsk, 1991; Krasnodar, 1993; Voronezh, 1995, 1996, 1998-2001; Bryansk, 1999; Maykop, 1999, 2000; Kislovodsk, 2000, etc.).

Separate silvicultural and silvicultural-technological aspects of solving the problem were presented as part of the creative group at the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements in the form of a prospectus /225/ and stands, which were awarded a Diploma and medals. The author is a participant in the industry exhibitions “Results and prospects for the development of the timber, pulp and paper and woodworking industries and forestry” (1987) and “Progressive developments for reforestation and protective afforestation” (1989) at the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements.

The introduction of the main elements of the System for the reconstruction of low-value plantings into production is carried out through forest management design and directly by the forestry enterprises of the region. Separate methodological provisions and standards are included in OST 56-92-87 Forest crops. Quality assessment /215/ and OST 56-99-93 Forest crops. Quality control. Technical requirements /218/. Guidelines for reforestation and afforestation in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus /264/ include a chapter on the reconstruction of low-value plantings prepared by the author.

Some proposals, standards and RTK were used by the Voronezh state forest management enterprise "Voronezhlesproekt" in the preparation of the "Basic provisions for the organization and development of forestry" for the Krasnodar Territory, the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria /210/ and when carrying out forest management in them.

The results of research on the topic of the dissertation were published in 70 works, including the monograph /354/, Guide to reforestation and afforestation. /264/, recommendations for reconstruction /201, 256, 257, 259/, OSTs 56-92-87 and 56-99-93 /215, 218/, VDNKh Avenue of the USSR /225/ etc.

The following main provisions are submitted for defense:

Definitions of terms, forestry and economic classification of low-value plantings and regional standards for their allocation and accounting;

Concept and general model of the System for the reconstruction of low-value plantings in the North Caucasus;

Basics of designing the reconstruction of low-value plantings in mountainous conditions;

Features of taxation of reconstructive crops, methods and standards for assessing their quality;

Silvicultural, economic and economic assessment of low-value plantings and their reconstruction using silvicultural methods.

Basic concepts, terms and abbreviations. By the 21st century, the terminology for many forest sciences and areas of forest management has been standardized or streamlined /24, 61-63, 143, 213, 214, 220, 299/, for some it has not been fully developed and is in its infancy. Reconstruction of low-value plantings, originating at the intersection of forest crops and forestry, is a problem with unsettled terminology. The terms, phrases and concepts used in this area have not yet been systematized. Due to the lack of clear criteria, vagueness of parameters and ambiguity of definitions, they are perceived by different authors and are interpreted differently in periodicals, specialized literature, scientific works and recommendations. This creates confusion about the true meaning of specific terms and their combinations. As a result, the same plantings, methods, methods and techniques of reconstruction are called differently in different sources and, conversely, different objects are called by the same terms.

Moreover, in different historical and time periods, inadequate content was invested in the same terms. All this makes it difficult to compare and analyze results, as well as comparability of assessments of reconstruction work. In order to streamline the terminology and clearly distinguish between both widespread and little-known concepts related to the reconstruction of low-value plantings, we have compiled a special Dictionary of terms and definitions for the reconstruction of low-value plantings /354/.

The key terms in the work are: low-value forest planting (hereinafter referred to as low-value planting), classification of low-value plantings, category of low-value plantings, reconstruction of low-value plantings, system for reconstruction of low-value plantings, reconstruction methods and techniques, reconstructive forest crops (hereinafter referred to as reconstructive crops).

The rationale for these and other terms is given in the relevant sections of the dissertation, and all of them are given in full in the monograph /354/.

Full Russian, Latin and abbreviated names of native and introduced tree species and shrubs are given in Appendix 1.

The abbreviated names of the brands of tractors, forestry machines and implements recommended for the reconstruction of low-value plantings are given in accordance with the current "System of machines and implements for forestry for 1996-2000." /281/. They are deciphered in the text, tables and calculation and technological maps, or directly below them.

All abbreviations found in the dissertation are given in Table 1.

Table 1.

List of main abbreviations

Abbreviation Full meaning Abbreviation Full meaning including including sec. section issue release of rub., pp. river, rivers in/st. tall fig. drawing g., gg. year, years rub. ruble (and, she, yah) ha hectare sb. collection of grp. group (aya, s) SCER North Caucasus other other (aya, oy, ie) economic region g. magazine cm centimeter (s, ov, ah) publishing house publishing house sang. ripe (th, her) ill. illustration spl. solid (th, s) box. corridor (th, s) cf. age middle-aged ktl. basin (th, s) table. chart table clump (aya, s) etc. so on l/c forest crops ter. terraced (s, s, s) m/c low-value (s, s) t. volume m meter (s, s, ah) tv./leaf. hardwood mol. young growth (s) tons m/leaves. soft leaf(s) tr. works (ov, ah) n/st. low-barreled (th) TUM type of conditions place perest. overripe (y. her) growths sex. strip (th, s) thousand hectares thousand (a, i) hectares (s) adj. application thousand pieces thousand (and, and) pieces of accessories. ripening (th, her) xv. conifers (oh, oh, oh)

The author is grateful to all the researchers and technical engineers who took part in field work over the years and contributed to the research. Special thanks for consultations to the Honored Forester of Russia, Doctor of Agriculture. Sciences V.D. Demyanov.

CONCLUSIONS AND OFFERS

Comprehensive research in low-value plantings, forests and reconstructive crops of the North Caucasus is a necessary stage in solving the problem of improving the species composition, increasing the quality, sustainability and productivity of the region’s forests. They are especially important for the forests of the future.

The research results allow us to draw the following general conclusions:

1. There is no other region in Russia that would surpass the North Caucasus in terms of diversity of climate and topography, vertical zonality of soils and vegetation, and abundance of forest formations and plant species. Of particular value are the forests, which occupy 4.6 million hectares. They perform a variety of environmental, raw materials and social functions. In terms of national economic importance, almost all forests (95%) are classified in the first group. About 78% of forests are mountainous. They are unevenly distributed across 10 administrative-territorial units of the SCER, the forest cover of which varies from 1.5 to 39.8%.

2. Despite favorable forest conditions, over 1.1 million hectares of low-value plantings have accumulated in the region. This is more than 1/4 of all forests. Their origin, presence and dynamics are determined by the complex interaction of many different factors in the direction and strength of influence (natural-climatic, environmental, anthropogenic, economic, etc.).

3. Terminology related to low-value plantings and their reconstruction has not yet been established and systematized. To organize it, a Dictionary of terms and definitions for the reconstruction of low-value plantings has been compiled, including more than 200 of the most frequently used, clarified and new terms and their definitions with comments.

4. The term “low-value forest plantations” is complex and collective. The most general, simple and succinct definition at the same time is the following: “a forest plantation, the tree stand of which is characterized by low consumer properties and parameters of the criteria of forestry-production-economic value, which do not correspond to the potential of forest conditions or management goals (functional purpose), is of low value"" As a multi-dimensional and multi-valued concept, low-value plantings characterize a special economic category of forest lands in structure and at the same time reflect different content aspects and factors (regional, local, forestry, environmental, economic, economic, social, etc.).

5. Low-value plantings are a complex and specific forestry object. There is no monitoring or proper accounting of them as a separate category of forested lands. Their exact area and stock, age and species structure, dynamics and distribution by categories of forestry and economic value at all levels (forestry enterprise, region, region, region, etc.) are not known. For scientifically based identification of low-value plantings during forest management, regional forest taxation standards should be applied, differentiated by categories of their silvicultural and economic value, age groups and forest-forming species.

To organize an accurate accounting of the area of ​​low-value plantings, it is necessary to make appropriate additions to the existing Instructions on the procedure for maintaining state records of the forest fund (1997) and the Instructions for carrying out forest management in the forest fund of the Russian Federation (1993).

6. The silvicultural and economic value of forest plantations is characterized by only eight out of twelve characteristics, which are the basis for dividing them into taxation divisions. The method of analyzing hierarchies revealed their relative importance (priority). The main criteria for the value of plantings are: productivity, completeness, marketability and composition, auxiliary criteria are origin, form, condition and degradation. Their priorities are respectively 4.54; 2.53; 1.40; 1.30; 0.84; 0.59; 0.38 and 0.27, and weight (in fractions of 1.0) - 0.38; 0.22; 0.12; 0.11; 0.07; 0.05; 0.03 and 0.02. When assessing young animals, the status of the main criterion, instead of marketability, is origin. A forest plantation may be of low value according to one, two or more criteria.

7. Low-value plantings differ in age, origin, composition, condition, structure, completeness, marketability and productivity. In order to systematize their diversity and streamline accounting, a regional forestry and economic classification has been developed. According to the main and auxiliary criteria of value, the main silvicultural, economic and biological characteristics, 8 categories, 8 classes, 28 subclasses, 13 groups and 12 subgroups of low-value plantings were identified. Based on the structure and hierarchy of taxa, the classification of low-value plantings in the North Caucasus is an open system and is quite acceptable for other regions of Russia.

8. The area of ​​low-value plantings, calculated according to the forest fund records of the SCER as of 01/01/93, exceeds 1.1 million hectares. Low-productivity, depreciated in composition, low-density and low-marketable plantings are widely represented, occupying 47.0, respectively; 18.8; 18.6 and 13.9% of the area. Unproductive tree, shrub and shrub thickets are less significant, and the area of ​​non-viable, degenerative and degraded plantings should be established during the next forest management.

In the Rostov region, among the low-value ones, depreciated in composition and low-productive plantings predominate (40.2 and 33.4%), in the Krasnodar region - low-productive, depreciated in composition and low-marketability (31.5, 26.6 and 25.2%), in the Stavropol region - low-productive and depreciated in composition (43.8 and 32.7%), Adygea - low-quality (45.2%), Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria and Dagestan - low-productive (60.2, 51.1 and 82.0% ), North Ossetia - low-density and low-productivity (41.4 and 36.1%), Ingushetia and Chechnya - low-productivity and low-productivity (41.6 and 29.5%).

9. Low-value plantings occupy predominantly highly trophic types of growing conditions on gentle and sloping mountain slopes in the most developed oak and beech forests. Once formed, they have become stable, self-developing biocenoses and cannot be transformed naturally into valuable plantings within an acceptable time frame.

10. Intraregional differences in low-value plantings predetermine differentiated forestry management, including reconstruction. Due to their insufficient knowledge, the experience and volumes of reconstruction in the North Caucasus are not great, and the efficiency is low. Scientific research and best practical experience indicate that the reconstruction of low-value plantings is one of the effective ways to improve the species composition, improve the quality, sustainability and productivity of forests in the region.

11. Forest management design for reconstruction is the initial and most critical stage of the complex and lengthy process of transforming low-value plantings into economically valuable ones. The duration and silvicultural and economic efficiency of the transformation of a specific category or area of ​​low-value plantings largely depend on the scientific validity of the design methods, sequence and methods of reconstruction.

To design the reconstruction of low-value plantings in mountainous conditions, a set of regional interconnected taxation standards has been created that regulate the purpose of its methods, sequence and methods, as well as the choice of the main species, types of reconstructive crops and technologies for their creation on a zonal-typological basis.

To designate low-value plantings, record and distribute their area and stock into 8 categories of forestry and economic value, accessibility, funds and sub-funds according to methods, sequence and methods of reconstruction, it is necessary to use special symbols. For this purpose, the taxation card and taxation description should additionally indicate a universal formula for low-value plantings, consisting of symbols corresponding to their categories, funds and subfunds, projected methods, sequence, methods (types and types) of reconstruction.

12. The theoretical basis for the successful transformation of low-value plantings into valuable ones is the “Concept for the reconstruction of low-value plantings in the North Caucasus.” It substantiates the goals, objectives and principles, general provisions and priority directions, methods, methods, types and types of reconstruction of low-value plantings in the mountains on a zonal-typological basis.

Based on the existing distribution of SCER forests by steepness groups, and given the current structure of the fund of low-value plantings, the objects of reconstruction can only be plantings accessible to influence, the transformation of which into economically valuable ones is expedient and possible with minimal costs in the shortest possible time.

13. The main condition when designing the reconstruction of low-value plantings using silvicultural methods is the absence of a sufficient amount of viable undergrowth, young growth or subordinate layer of the main and economically valuable tree species that, after reconstructive felling, can ensure the formation of economically valuable plantings in a natural way and within an acceptable time frame. The conditions and scope of application of silvicultural reconstruction methods are wider than silvicultural ones. There is no alternative to them in terms of choosing the main species and target parameters for future plantings. With silvicultural methods, plantings that are economically viable in composition, structure, completeness and quality are created and formed in a relatively short period of time (5-10 years), with full compliance of the bioecological properties of tree species with the type of growing conditions.

14. The priority of reconstruction (first, second or third) should be assigned based on the calculation of the priority index (Io) according to a set of forestry and economic criteria. When Io = 1-1.6 and other equal conditions, the planting is subject to priority reconstruction, at 1.7-2.3 - the second and 2.4-3.0 - the third stage. The plantings planned for the reconstruction of the first, second and third stages form the general reconstruction fund and the corresponding sub-funds in the forest management facility (forestry, forestry, etc.).

15. Reconstruction of low-value plantings is carried out using continuous, strip, corridor, terrace, basin, clump and group methods. Taking into account the specifics, they are classified into 5 types according to their intended purpose (indigenous, restorative, conditional, special and landscape) and 10 types according to: form (full and incomplete), nature (equal and uneven), duration (long, moderate and accelerated) and the number of receptions (1-, 2- and 3-reception). When designing methods, types and types of reconstruction, one should be guided by silvicultural requirements, differentiated by the steepness of mountain slopes. The size of the fund and subfunds for the reconstruction of low-value plantings, identified in forest management objects and recommended by its methods, sequence and methods, must be considered and adopted at the second forest management meeting.

16. The duration of complete reconstruction using silvicultural methods depends on the method, type, form and number of its techniques, determined in accordance with the purpose of transforming low-value plantings, their parameters and the steepness of the slopes. Silvicultural methods are more consistent with the goals of accelerated reconstruction of low-value plantings than silvicultural methods. The duration of one reception of all reconstruction methods (4-10 years) depends on the type of growing conditions, the main breed, the type of crops and other factors. Solid reconstruction lasts 4-8, strip - 4-15, corridor - 5-8, terrace - 5-10, hollow, curtain and group - 5-40 years.

17. Each reconstruction method corresponds to a certain type of reconstructive crops: continuous, strip, corridor, terrace, basin, curtain and group. It is preferable to create them by planting in spring on pre-treated soil. The main ones can be different valuable tree species: native and introduced, coniferous and hard-leaved, fast-, moderate- and slow-growing. They must be selected taking into account the principle of full compliance of the bioecological properties with the forest vegetation conditions of the sites and vertical zoning. In continuous crops, valuable accompanying species can be used as a supplement. Deciduous tree crops should be created with a clean composition; in coniferous trees, fire protection curtains made of deciduous trees should be provided.

18. The initial planting density of reconstructive crops is determined by their type and method of creation, the main species and type of growing conditions, the type and age of planting material. The number of seedlings per 1 hectare of cleared area of ​​the technological site is 2-5 thousand, seedlings - 1.5-3 and large plants - 1.2-2 thousand. The placement of seats in rows and the width of row spacing must be determined based on the principle of uniform distribution of plants, taking into account the properties of the rock (slow, moderate or fast growing), the type of growing conditions and the steepness of the slopes. The width of row spacing on gentle slopes should not exceed 3 m, on sloping slopes - 4 m. The planting step of seedlings is 1-1.5 m, for large seedlings the step increases by 0.5 m.

19. In reconstruction areas, the preliminary seed and subsequent coppice regeneration of low-value tree species and shrubs many times exceeds the number of cultivated species and, as a rule, outstrips them in height growth. Without timely agrotechnical and silvicultural maintenance, it is almost impossible to grow highly productive reconstructive crops of the desired composition and quality. Untimely implementation, poor quality and lack of clarification and cleaning reduces the silvicultural efficiency of all previously performed technological operations. Simplification of technologies for creating and violation of agricultural technology for growing reconstructive crops is unacceptable.

20. The condition and growth of open and closed forest and reconstructive crops are determined by a complex of interrelated silvicultural, environmental, anthropogenic, economic and other factors.

The criteria for the quality of forest and reconstructive crops when transferred to lands covered with forest vegetation are: the number of viable plants of cultivated species per 1 hectare, their average height and crown density, as well as the ratio of the average height of crops and the upper height of the natural admixture of undesirable species.

To assess the quality of all seven types of reconstructive crops, appropriate standards have been developed, differentiated by quality classes, groups of species (slow, moderate or fast growing) and types of growing conditions. The quality of continuous crops can also be assessed according to the standards of OST 56-99-93 "Forest crops. Quality assessment".

21. Due to the standard, uniform age and uniformity of planting material, the relative uniformity of plant distribution over the area of ​​the site and a more leveled agricultural background, the variability of tree diameters at a height of 1.3 m and heights in reconstructive crops is less than in plantings of natural origin. The distribution of trees in crops according to thickness levels is close to normal. Differences in the variation of tree diameters and heights by crop type are not significant. During taxation, they should be characterized by the average values ​​of taxation characteristics.

22. To distinguish reconstructive crops from all other forest crops, record and subsequently distribute their area by type, species, age groups, quality classes, completeness and other characteristics, a special symbol “rlk” and the symbol corresponding to their type “spl” should be indicated during taxation ", "pol", "ktl", "kor", "ter", "krt" or "grp".

The characteristic features of each type of crop are preserved with age. To streamline the forest management design of reconstruction and taxation of reconstructive crops, it is advisable to divide them into three groups: massive-row, linear-row and local.

For massively row (solid) reconstructive cultures it is necessary to use classical methods taxation with determination of average values ​​of characteristics (age, height, diameter, etc.) for the entire unit.

To characterize linear-row types of crops (strips, corridors and terraces), a synthesized taxation for forest elements in separate lines is acceptable: the first for cultivated plants, and the second for remaining growing canopies and elements of low-value plantings.

For local types of crops (hollow, clump and group), a synthesized taxation should be used based on reconstruction techniques in separate lines. In the taxation card, the first, second and third lines indicate the symbol and parameters of the reconstructive crops of the first and subsequent reconstruction methods, and the bottom - the symbols and parameters of the remaining standing elements of low-value plantings until the next reception.

23. Silvicultural and economic efficiency of reconstruction of low-value plantings using silvicultural methods is expressed in improving the species composition, increasing the completeness, quality and productivity of forests. With proper care, reconstructive crops grow one to three quality classes higher than natural plantings in almost all types of growing conditions. The productivity and quality of crops is determined by their type and type of growing conditions, as well as the composition, completeness and placement of trees of the main species, which, in turn, largely depend on the timeliness and quality of first agrotechnical and then silvicultural care. The most productive types of crops are continuous and strip. Obtaining technically valuable, mainly industrial wood of coniferous and hardwood species in quantities

350-400 m/ha with accelerated (25-30-year) and 500-600 m/ha with moderate (40-50-year) cutting rotations allows for more complete and rational use of the potential of the forest growing conditions of the region.

24. Low-value plantings are economically unprofitable. The income received from the sale of firewood and low-grade industrial wood harvested during reconstruction fellings, as well as during final fellings in them, does not always exceed the costs of their implementation. The tax value of liquid standing timber in mature economically valuable and low-value plantings in identical forest conditions depends on their composition, completeness, marketability and productivity. The difference in the tax value of the stock of liquid wood in ripe stands of quality class II, pure in composition, with completeness of 0.3 and 1.0 for the main forest-forming species of the region is: oak - 151.9; chestnut - 257.4; beech - 98.4; fir - 102.3; pine - 48.5; hornbeam - 22.8; alder - 15.4 and aspen - 5.0 thousand rubles. per 1 hectare (in prices as of 01/01/2000).

Annual (per logging turnover) losses in the value of the timber stock from the presence of low-value plantings in the forest fund, equated to “lost profits,” range from 81.7 to 2061.4 rubles/ha (in prices as of 01/01/2000).

25. An economic assessment of seven methods for reconstructing low-value plantings indicates their different profitability, from 15 to 40%.

All other things being equal, the economic efficiency of reconstruction of low-value plantings using silvicultural methods is higher than:

Lower overall costs and shorter duration;

The wood of the introduced main species is more valuable and its reserve per hectare is greater;

Higher density and greater proportion of the main species in the stand;

Higher quality and yield of commercial timber, including large timber;

In short, the turnover of logging for reconstructive crops.

26. Of the seven methods, the continuous method (5-7 years) corresponds most to the goals of accelerated reconstruction. According to the level of mechanization of technological operations, the reconstruction methods used are distributed in the following sequence: continuous, strip, terrace, corridor, basin, curtain and group. In terms of the cost of manual labor per 1 hectare, group, clump and basin reconstruction methods are in the lead, and in terms of the cost of work - terraced. With an increase in slope steepness from 10 to 25°, the share of manual labor increases to 80%>. The largest share of labor costs, from 40 to 65%, falls on agrotechnical and forestry maintenance.

27. The increase in the area of ​​low-value plantings and the practical significance of converting them into economically valuable ones necessitate that reconstruction have the status of an independent economic activity with the appropriate attributes. To increase the efficiency of reconstruction of low-value plantings, streamline accounting and objectively assess the quality of reconstruction work in statistical industry reporting (form 10-lkh, etc.), it is advisable to highlight them as a separate line.

28. The goals of improving the quality and efficiency of converting low-value plantings of SCER into economically valuable ones are: “Recommendations for the reconstruction of low-value plantings on a zonal-typological basis on slopes with a steepness of up to 20° for the conditions of the North Caucasus” (1988), “Guidelines for reforestation and afforestation in mountainous conditions of the North Caucasus" (1996), "The concept of reconstruction of low-value forest plantations of the North Caucasus" (1999) and other developed standards. Their introduction into production is carried out both through forest management design and directly by forestry enterprises in the region.

29. The problem of improving the species composition, increasing the sustainability, quality and productivity of forests in the North Caucasus is and will obviously remain one of the pressing problems of the forestry industry in the coming decades. In this regard, further research on the integration and improvement of the System for the reconstruction of low-value forest plantations in mountainous conditions must be carried out in the following areas:

Environmentally oriented optimization of methods, methods and technologies for the reconstruction of low-value plantings in mountain conditions on a zonal-typological basis;

Detailing and differentiation by categories of protection of forests of the first group of existing ones and the development of missing regional standards regulating the allocation of low-value plantings, design of methods, sequence, methods and technologies for their reconstruction, ongoing planning, organization, implementation and acceptance of work, quality assessment and transfer of converted plantings to economic use valuable;

Development of regional programs for the reconstruction of low-value plantings for the period until 2020 for all administrative units of the SCER.

1. Ablaev S.G. Issues of reconstruction of forest plantations of the Kataga-Kurgan forestry enterprise. /Tr. Tashkent Agricultural Institute, 1964, issue. 16. P. 85.91.

2. Copyright certificate No. 957795 USSR, MKI3 A 01 O 23/06. Working body of a brush cutter / N.P. Gavrilov, V.D. Demyanov, A.A. Goydenko, M.P. Chernyshov (USSR). 2 s. ill. (Application No. 1435200 dated 07/08/88, Bulletin No. 41, 1988).

3. Agroclimatic resources of the Krasnodar region. -L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1975.-276 p.

4. Agroclimatic reference book for the Krasnodar region. -Krasnodar: Krasnodarsk. book publishing house, 1961.-452 p.

5. Alentyev P.N. Restoring oak forests of the North Caucasus and increasing their productivity. -Maykop: Adyghe. separated Krasnodar. book publishing house, 1976.-227 p.

6. Alentyev P.N. Quality of forest crops transferred to forested area. /Forest household, 1980, No. 1. P. 34.39.

7. Alentyev P.N. Promoting natural regeneration in oak forests. /Forest household, 1980, No. 9. P. 69.74.

8. Alentyev P.N. Restoring oak forests of the North Caucasus and increasing their productivity. /Authorref. diss. Dr. Agricultural Sciences Sci. -M.: MLTI, 1984. -38 p.

9. Alentyev P.N. Features of growth and formation of pure and mixed oak crops. /Forest Science, 1987, No. 6. P. 68.76.

10. Alentyev P.N. Problems of restoration and cultivation of oak forests. -Maykop: Adyghe. Krasnodar branch. book publishing house, 1990. -256 p.

11. Alentyev P.N., Sushko M.T. Reconstruction and improvement of walnut plantings in Kuban. /Social and environmental problems of the south of Russia. -Maikop, Maikop GTI, 1998. P. 23.29.

12. Anuchin N.P. Commodity tables of the main tree species. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1978. -856 p.

13. Anuchin N.P. Forest management. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1981.

14. Anuchin N.P. Forest taxation. /Ed. 5th. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1982. -561 p.

15. Asoskov A.I. Soils of forests, silvicultural properties and crops of tree species in the Sochi region. /Tr. and research according to forest household and forestry industrial -L.: TsNIILH, 1931. P. 97.150.

16. Akhunzade D.M. Experience in increasing the productivity of the Kura tugai forests of Azerbaijan. /Tr. AzerbaijanNIILH, 1966, vol. VI. P. 208.219.

17. Baginsky V.F. Increasing forest productivity. -Minsk, 1984. -135 p.

18. Badalov G.A. Natural regeneration of chestnut oak in the forests of Talysh. /Tr. AzerbaijanNIILH, 1966, vol. VI. P. 76.82.

19. Baryshman F.S. Experience in growing nut-bearing crops in forest crops. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1968. -135 p.

20. Batova V.M. Agroclimatic resources of the North Caucasus. -L.: Hydro-meteoizdat, 1966.

21. Belenko G.T. Soil erosion during final gradual felling in beech forests of the North Caucasus. /Sat. tr. SKLOS, 1971, issue. 10. S. 16.30.

22. Belenko G.T. The influence of final felling on the forest environment // Ecological problems mountain forests of the North Caucasus. /Sat. tr. VNIILM-M., 1990. P. 13.22.

23. Belov S.B. Forestry. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1983. -351 p.

24. Biological encyclopedic Dictionary. -M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1989.-863 p.

25. Bityukov N.A. Hydrological role of mountain forests of the North-West Caucasus. /Forest Science, 1996, No. 4. S. 39.50.

26. Bityukov N.A. Hydrological role of mountain forests. /Authorref. diss. Doctor of Biology Sci. -M., Institute of Forestry, 1998. -43 p.

27. Bitsin L.V. Natural regeneration and reconstruction of low-value plantings in oak forests of the North Caucasus. //Issues of forestry development in the North Caucasus. /Tr. SKLOS, vol. 5. Maykop, 1961.

28. Bitsin L.V. Structure and productivity of mountain forests. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1965.-128 p.

29. Bitsin L.V., Ilyin A.I., Maltsev M.P. Forests of the North Caucasus. //Forests of the USSR. T. 3. -M.: Lesn. Prom., 1966. P. 261.313.

30. Boyko I.I., Oniskiv N.I. Forest crops under the canopy of low-density tree stands./Lesn. household, 1972, No. 6. S. 46.50.

31. Bolotov A.T. About cutting, straightening and establishing forests. /Tr. Voln. economical society, part IV. -SPb., 1766. P. 68.149.

32. Large encyclopedic dictionary. /2nd ed., revised. and additional -M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. -SPb.: Norint, 1998. -1456 p.

33. Bugaev V.A. Fundamentals of forest management: Textbook. -Voronezh, VSU Publishing House, 1993.-232 p.

34. Bugaev V.A., Gladysheva H.B. Reconstruction of low-value forests. -Voronezh, VSU Publishing House, 1991. -128 p.

35. Bugaev V.A., Lozovoy A.D., Sokolov V.B., Chernyshov M.P. Chestnut is a seed reserve for increasing the productivity of forests in the Caucasus. /Forest household, 1979, No. 6. S. 27.28.

36. Budyko M.I. Global ecology. -M.: Mysl, 1977. -327 p.

37. Beech forests of the USSR and farming in them. //Kalutsky K.K., Maltsev M.P., Molotkov P.I., Nechaev Yu.A. and others - M.: Lesn. industry, 1972. -198 p.

38. Bush H.A. Botanical and geographical sketch of the Caucasus. -M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1935.-73 p.

39. Bush H.A. Botanical and geographical sketch of the European part of the USSR and the Caucasus. -M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1936.-96 p.

40. Vasilev V.N. Methods and technology used in the reconstruction of low-productive forests in the NRB / IUFRO Symposium. -M., VNIILM, 1980. P. 9.11.

41. Vasiliev P.V. Economics of use and reproduction of forest resources. -M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1963. -484 p.

42. Vasiliev P.V. Forest and timber in the future. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1973.160 p.

43. Verkhunov P.M. Genesis and age structure of modern pine forests. /Silvicultural research in the forests of Siberia. -Krasnoyarsk, 1970, issue. 2. P. 7.58.

44. Verkhunov P.M. Variability and relationships of taxation indicators in pine forests of different ages. -Novosibirsk, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1975. -220 p.

45. Verkhunov P.M. Regularities of the structure of pine forests of different ages. -Novosibirsk, publishing house Nauka SB AN USSR, 1976. -256 p.

46. ​​Veselov I.V. Mixed forests of fir and beech in the North Caucasus and their biological productivity. -Krasnodar, Krasnodarsk. book publishing house, 1973.-210 p.

47. Voychal V.I. Some issues of economics and planning in forestry and seed farming. //Questions of forestry economics. /Materials of interuniversity. Forest Economic Conf. with VLTI. -Voronezh, Central Chernozem region. book publishing house, 1968. P. 65.69.

48. Vorobyov D.V. Methodology of forest typological research. -Kiev, Harvest. 1968. -388 p.

49. Voronin I.V., Bugaev V.A. Economic issues designing measures to increase forest productivity. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1966. -27 p.

50. Voronin I.V., Smorodin V.P. On the valuation of forests. /Sat. tr. VLTI, vol. XXXI11. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1971. P. 18.20.

53. Gvozdetsky N.A. Physical geography of the Caucasus. A common part. Greater Caucasus. -M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1954, issue. 1. -208 p.

54. Gvozdetsky N.A. Physical geography of the Caucasus. Ciscaucasia. Transcaucasia. -M: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1958, issue. 2.-264 s.

55. Gvozdetsky N.A. Caucasus. Essay on nature. -M.: Geographgiz, 1963. -262 p.

56. Gerasimov I.P. Soils of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus in the Ma-Kopse-Anapa area. /Sat. Natural conditions of the North-West Caucasus and ways of rational use of them in agricultural production. -M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, part III., 1952. P. 35.40.

57. Golinevich P.P. Analysis of the change of species and the course of natural regeneration according to statistical data. /Forest household, 1952, No. 2. P. 71.76.

58. Gordienko V.A. Optimization of felling in mountain forests. -Krasnodar, 1996.152 p.

59. Mountain forests. /Under general edited by S.G. Sinitsina. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1979. -200 p.

60. GOST 17559-82. Forest crops. Terms and Definitions. -M.: Standards Publishing House, 1982. -11 p.

61. GOST 17.6.1-01-83. Protection of Nature. Conservation and protection of forests. Terms and Definitions. -M.: Standards Publishing House, 1983. -7 p.

62. GOST 18486-87 Forestry. Terms and Definitions. -M.: Standards Publishing House, 1988. -16 p.

63. Gorcharuk JI.G. Mountain forest soils of the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories. /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. agricultural Sci. -Tbilisi, Gruz. Agricultural Institute, 1988.-21 p.

64. Gorshenin N.M. Increasing the productivity and value of forests through their reconstruction. -Kiev: State Agricultural Publishing House of the Ukrainian SSR, 1958. -112 p.

65. Gradyatskas A.I., Malinauskas A.A. Assessment of the quality and condition of forest crops. /Forest household, 1980, No. 1. P. 30.34.

66. Grinchenko V.V. Improvement of pine plantations by introducing oak under their canopy. /Scient. tr. Ukr. agricultural Academy, 1971/1972, issue. 65. P. 41.47.

67. Grossheim A.A. Vegetation cover of the Caucasus. -M.: Publishing house Moscow. Society of Natural Scientists, 1948. -662 p.

68. Grossheim A.A. Plant wealth of the Caucasus. M.: Publishing house Mosk. Society of Natural Scientists, 1952. -632 p.

69. Grossheim A.A., Sosnovsky D.I. Experience of botanical-geographical zoning of the Caucasus region. -Tiflis: Izv. Tiflissk. polytechnics, institute, 1928, issue. 3. -315 s.

70. Groshev B.I., Sinitsin S.G., Moroz P.I. and others. Forest taxation directory. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1980. -228 p.

71. Grudzinskaya I.A. Broad-leaved forests of the foothills of the North-West Caucasus // Broad-leaved forests of the North-West Caucasus. -M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, Gos-lesbumizdat, 1953. P. 5. 184.

72. Guzyuk M.E. Justification of the criteria for transferring forest crops of pine and spruce to a forested area. /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. agricultural Sci. -L., LTA, 1983. -17 p.

73. Gulisashvili V.Z. Mountain forestry (for the conditions of the Caucasus). -M.-L.: Gos-lesbumizdat, 1956. -353 p.

74. Gulisashvili V.Z. Natural areas and natural-historical regions of the Caucasus. -M.: Nauka, 1964. -328 p.

75. Gulisashvili V.Z., Matakhadze L.B., Prilipko L.I. Vegetation of the Caucasus. -M.: Nauka, 1975. -236 p.

76. Gusev I.I. On the issue of the age structure of spruce forests Arkhangelsk region. /Forest zh-l, 1962, No. 2. S. 20.27.

77. Bicentenary of the establishment of the Forestry Department of Russia. 1798-1998. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1998. -244 p.

78. Demyanov V.D. Experience in reforestation in clear-cut areas. -M.: CBNTI of the State Forestry of the USSR, 1974. -14 p.

79. Demyanov V.D. Forest cultural zoning of the North Caucasus is the basis for increasing the productivity of mountain forests. //Forest zoning and classification of forest types /Tr. Kharkov Agricultural Institute. -Kharkov, 1978, t. 258. P. 28.42.

80. Demyanov V.D. Ecological and technological foundations of afforestation and artificial reforestation in the North Caucasus. /Authorref. diss. Dr. agricultural Sci. -L., LLTA, 1981. -38 p.

81. Demyanov V.D. Ecological principles of artificial restoration of mountain forests. //Problems of reforestation in mountain forests/Sb. scientific tr. VNI-ILM. -M.: VNIILM, 1984. P. 118.123.

82. Demyanov V.D. Efficiency of forest crops in clearings in mountain forests. -M.: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1985, issue. 10. P. 3.7.

83. Demyanov V.D. Silvicultural principles and economic efficiency of reconstruction of low-value plantings. //Ecological problems of mountain forests of the North Caucasus. /Sat. scientific tr. -M: VNIILM, 1990. P. 83.91.

84. Demyanov V.D., Solntsev G.K. Dynamics of the reforestation process in sessile oak fellings. /Forest household, 1989, No. 12. S. 24.26.

85. Demyanov V.D., Chernyshov M.P. Ecological features of the creation of forest crops of economically valuable species and exotics / Sat. scientific tr. Forest recreation and introduction. -M.: VNIILM, 1985, issue 18. S. 29.37.

86. Demyanov V.D., Chernyshov M.P., Kiselev N.N. and others. Justification of the width of corridors during the reconstruction of low-value plantings in the North Caucasus. /Abstract report XXI Sessions of Botanical Sciences gardens of Transcaucasia. -Tbilisi, 1985. P. 114.115.

87. Demyanov V.D., Chernyshov M.P., Perfilyeva G.F. Ecological basis for the reconstruction of low-value plantings in the forests of the North Caucasus. //Problems of mountain forests of the North Caucasus. /Sat. scientific tr. VNIILM. -M., 1983, issue. 17. P. 74.82.

88. Deryabin D.I. On the classification and principles of tree selection during forest maintenance fellings. /Forest household, 1953, No. 5. P. 6.15.

89. Deryabin D.I. Methods for reconstructing young plantings. -M.: Gosles-bumizdat, 1960. -65 p.

90. Deryabin D.I. Ways and means of rational use, increasing productivity and improving the qualitative composition of forests. /Sat. forestry work VNIILM household. M.: Lesn. prom, 1971, issue. 53. P. 170.193.

91. Deryabin D.I. Formation of the structure of plantings with different methods of reconstruction./Lesn. household, 1981, No. 9. S. 24.27.

92. Dzebisashvili G.S. Commodity tables and mathematical models of the commodity-assortment structure of forest stands (normative materials). -Tbilisi, NIIgor-les, 1985. -97 p.

93. Divov P.G. A short guide to preserving and rehabilitating forests in Russian state. -SPb., 1809. -28 p.

94. Dokuchaev V.V. The doctrine of natural zones. -M.: Geographgiz, 1948. -63 p.

95. Dokuchaev V.V. Horizontal and vertical soil zones of the Caucasus. -M.-L.: USSR Academy of Sciences, vol. III, 1949. -622 p.

96. Dospehov B.A. Field experiment methodology. -M.: Kolos, 1973. -336 p.

97. Dudarev A.D., Gladysheva N.V., Lozovoy AD. Methods and techniques for working on trial plots. - Voronezh, 1978. -81 p.

98. Dumitrashko N.V. Main problems of geomorphology of the Caucasus. -M., 1960.

99. Elagin I.N. Oak forests of the extreme western part of the Northern slope of the Caucasus Range. /In the book. Broad-leaved forests of the North-Western Caucasus. -M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953. P. 212.298.

100. Yerusalimsky V.I. The state of the plantings of the Beshtaugorsky forest and measures for their reconstruction. //Issues of forestry development in the North Caucasus. /Tr. SKLOS, vol. 5. -Maykop, 1961.

101. Zagreev V.V. Geographical patterns of growth of pine plantations. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1984. -156 p.

102. Zakutin V.P. Growth patterns and productivity of beech stands. /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. agricultural Sci. M.: VNIILM, 1988. -18 p.

103. Zakharov V.K., Trull O.A., Miroshnikov V.S., Ermakov V.E. Forest taxation directory. /Under general edited by V.K. Zakharova. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional, State Publishing House of the BSSR. -Minsk, 1962. -368 p.

104. Zakharov S.A. Soil resources of the North Caucasus region. -M.-L.: Selkhozgiz, 1932. -173 p.

105. Zakharov S.A. Vertical zonation of soils in the Caucasus. /Soil Science, No. 6, 1936.

106. Zonn S.B. Mountain forest soils of the Northwestern Caucasus. -M.-JL: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1950.-334 p.

107. Zonn S.B. The influence of forests on soils. -M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1954. -160 p.

108. Zubov Yu.P. A corridor method for the reconstruction of low-value deciduous young stands with complete mechanization of the main work processes. /Sat. Art. based on the results of contractual research work for 1967-68. MLH RSFSR. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1971. P. 37.43.

109. Izyumsky P.P. Methods for renewing low-value plantings. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1965. -84 p.

110. Izyumsky P.P. Growing highly productive forest plantations using new technology. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1978. -167 p.

111. Ilyin V.A. Reconstruction of low-value young spruce trees (Leningrad region). /Forest household, 1966, No. 10. P. 83.84.

112. Instructions on the procedure for maintaining state records of forest resources. /Federal Forestry Service of Russia. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1997. -80 p.

113. Instructions for conducting an annual inventory of forest crops, protective forest plantations, nurseries and areas with measures taken to promote natural forest regeneration. -M.: State Forestry of the USSR, Central Bank of Forestry, 1979. -77 p.

114. Instructions for carrying out forest management in the forest fund of Russia (in 2-X parts). //Part 1. Organization of forest management. Field work. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1995. -176 p. /Part 2. Office work. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1995. -112 p.

115. Instructions for carrying out forest management in the forest fund of the USSR (in 2 parts) // Part I. Field work. -M., 1988. -369 p. /Part II. Office work. -M., 1991.-328 p.

116. Instructions for the organization of the state forest fund of the USSR. /Part I. Field work. -M., 1964. -128 p.

117. Instructions for the arrangement and inspection of forests of national importance in the USSR. -M., 1952.

118. Instructions for expeditionary forest pathological examination of forests of the USSR. -M.: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1983.-182 p.

119. Issinsky P.A. Chestnut forests of the Caucasus and the basics of farming in them. /Sat. tr. SochNILOS, vol. 4. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1968. -240 p.

120. Caucasus. Natural conditions and natural resources. /Under general edited by I.P. Gerasimova. Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. -M.: Nauka, 1966. -483 p.

121. Kalgin P.G. Natural growth and prospects for growing edible chestnut in the North Caucasus. /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. agricultural Sci. -Novocherkassk, NIMI, 1961. -19 p.

122. Kalyakin A.B. Regeneration of soft-leaved species and their effect on spruce in cleared crops. //Sat. forestry work VNIILM household. /M.: Lesn. prom, 1970, issue. 51. P.54.68.

123. Catalog of cultivated woody plants in Russia. Sochi-Petro-zavodsk, Council of Botanical Gardens of Russia, 1999. -173 p.

124. Kirichenko K.S. Soils of the Krasnodar region. -Krasnodar, 1953.

125. Kirklees L.A. Reconstruction of low-density pine forests of the Lithuanian SSR. /Forest household, 1965, No. 5. P. 7.10.

126. Kislova T.A. Economic efficiency of reconstruction of low-value plantings. /Forest household, 1960, No. 5. P. 15.

127. Kislova TA. Economic efficiency in forestry production. M.: Lesn. industry, 1970. -128 p.

128. Kislova T.A. Economic issues of silvicultural production. -Lvov. 1974. -222 p.

129. Koval I.P. Assessment of the ecological potential of mountain forests. //Problems of forestry and forest ecology. /Abstract report -M., 1990. P. 31.33.

130. Koval I.P. On the strategy of forest management in mountain forests. //Forestry of the North Caucasus. /Sat. scientific tr. NIIgorlesekol, vol. 22. 1996. P. 6.11.

131. Koval I.P., Bityukov N.A. Ecological functions of mountain forests of the North Caucasus. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 2000. -480 p.

132. Koldanov V.Ya. Change of species and reforestation. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1966.-171 p.

133. Kolesnikov A.I. Decorative dendrology. -M.: Gosstroyizdat, 1960.632 p.

134. Komin G.E. On the question of the types of age structure of plantings. /Forest zh-l, 1963, No. 3. P. 37.42.

135. Krapivko N. M. Reconstruction of gray alder forests. /Agriculture of Belarus, 1969, issue. 7. P. 42.44.

136. Krapivko N.M., Gerasimovich O.V. Quality standard for forest crops. /Agriculture of Belarus, 1979, No. 12. P. 40.

137. Brief instructions on technical design and acceptance of work on reforestation and cultivation of planting material. -M., 1963.

138. Krivosheya A.N. Volobueva E.I. The influence of chemical care in oak crops on the environment. //Ecological problems of mountain forests of the North Caucasus. /Sat. scientific tr. M, VNIILM, 1990. P. 116. 123.

139. Kuznetsov N.H. Principles of dividing the Caucasus into botanical and geographical provinces. /Notes of AN, ser. 8, vol. 24, no. 1. - St. Petersburg, 1909. -174 p.

140. Kusenko G.V. Aerochemical care of young animals. /Forest household, 1964, No. 6. S. 17.19.

141. Forest encyclopedia. -M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. /T. 1, 1985. -563 p. and T. 2, 1986. -621 p.

142. Forestry in the system of planned economy. /Edited by P.V. Vasiliev and T. Molenda. -Warsaw: Gosnauchizdat, 1972. -656 p.

143. Forestry of the Krasnodar Territory and environmental protection. -Krasnodar, Krasnodar Regional Council of Scientific and Technical Organizations, 1987. -28 p.

144. Forestry at the turn of the 21st century. /10th Forestry Congress (Paris). -M.: Ecology. 1991. -189 p.

145. Forest Code of the Russian Federation. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1997. -66 p.

146. Forest fund of the RSFSR / Statistical collection (based on forest fund accounting materials as of January 1, 1961). -M.: Goslesbumizdat, 1962. -628 p.

148. Forest fund of the USSR (registered as of January 1, 1973 in 3 books). -M.: Lesn. prom, book 1, 1976. -600 E.; book 2, 1976. -560 e.; book 3, 1975. -800 p.

149. Forest fund of the USSR (registered as of January 1, 1978 in 2 books). -M., 1980, book. 1. -650 e.; Book 2. -630 s.

150. Forest fund of the USSR (registered as of January 1, 1983 in 2 volumes). -M.: State Forestry of the USSR, CBNTI Forestry, vol. 1, 1986. -892 e.; vol. 2, 1987. -976 p.

151. Forest fund of the USSR / Statistical collection (registration as of January 1, 1988 in 2 volumes). M.: State Committee for Forestry of the USSR, VNIITslesresurs, vol. 1, 1990. -1006 e.; vol. 2, 1991.-1022 p.

152. Forest fund of Russia (registered as of January 1, 1993). /Directory. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1995.-281 p.

153. Forest fund of Russia (according to state forest fund records as of January 1, 1998) / Directory. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1999. -650 p.

154. Ligachev I.N. North Caucasian climatic types of oak. /Sat. Forestry work household in the Krasnodar region. -Maykop, 1979. P. 24.29.

155. Lositsky K.B. Restoration of oak forests. -M.: Selkhozgiz, 1963. -358 p.

156. Lositsky K.B. Scientific basis for determining the optimal composition of plantings and forests./Lesn. household, 1968, No. 11. S. 14.18.

157. Lositsky K.B., Chuenkov V.S. Reference forests. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1980.189 p.

158. Lvov PL. Forests of Dagestan. -Makhachkala, 1964.

159. Maltsev M.P. Temporary types of forest plantations in the foothills and mountain areas of the Krasnodar Territory. -Krasnodar: Soviet Kuban Publishing House, 1955. -29 p.

160. Maltsev M.P. Beech breeding. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1964. -140 p.

161. Maltsev M.P. Artificial reforestation of cleared areas in mountain forests of the North Caucasus. -M.: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1977, issue. 18. -36 s.

162. Maltsev M.P. Beech. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1980. -80 p.

163. Maltsev M.P. Beech and its restoration. -Maykop: Adyghe. Krasnodar branch. book publishing house, 1988. -232 p.

164. Martynov A.N. Density of coniferous crops and its significance. /Overview information CBNTI of the USSR State Forestry. -M., 1974. -60 p.

165. Marukyan S.M. Forests of agrotechnical importance. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1965.-318 p.

166. Maslov E.P. Natural conditions and resources of the North Caucasus. North Caucasus. -M.: Geographgiz, 1957.

167. Maslov E.P. North Caucasus. Economic-geographical sketch. -M.: Uchpedgiz, 1962.

168. Matveev-Motin A.S. A universal method for determining the growing stock during enumerative taxation. -M.-L., 1960. -76 p.

169. Mashaev I.S. Basic principles of reconstruction of the Kura tugai forests. /Tr. AzerbaijanNIILH, 1966, vol. VI. P. 199.207.

170. Medvedev Y.M. Vegetation of the Caucasus. Experience of botanical geography of the Caucasian isthmus. /Tr. Tiflissk. bot. garden, vol. 2, vol. 1. Tiflis, 1915.

171. Melekhov I.S. Problems of modern forestry. -M.:Lesn. prom, 1969. -44 p.

172. Melnikov A.P., Filinkov G.A. Resistance of tree species to herbicides /Materials of scientific and technical sciences. conf., dedicated 25th anniversary of Kazakh. Agricultural Institute. -Alma-Ata, 1973. P. 61.63.

173. Menitsky Yu.L. Oaks of the Caucasus. -M.-L., Nauka, 1971. -196 p.

178. Guidelines for expeditionary forest pathological examination of forests of the USSR. -Bryansk, Bryansk specialized forest management expedition, 1986. -142 p.

179. Methodology for conducting a one-time inventory of plantations and forest crops of nut-bearing species in forests of state significance. -M.: State Committee for Forestry of the USSR, CBNTIleskhoz, 1983. -40 p.

180. Methodology for conducting a one-time inventory of plantations and forest crops of nut-bearing species in the forest fund of the USSR. -M.: State Committee for Forestry of the USSR, VNIITslesresurs, 1991. -43 p.

181. Methodology for economic assessment of forests. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 2000. -36 p.

182. Merzlenko M.D. Types and density of forest crops. -M., 1992. -60 p.

183. Measures to restore chestnut plantations on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. -Sochi, State Committee for Forestry of the USSR, SochNILOS, 1974. -20 p.

184. Milovidov A.N. Ways of reconstruction of low-value young animals. /Forest household, 1956, No. 1. S. 18.22.

185. Miron K.F. Measures for the reconstruction of low-value young forests in the forests of the BSSR. -Minsk, Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, 1972. -28 p.

186. Miron K.F., Kravpivko N.M. Experience in reconstruction of gray alder plantations. /Forest household, 1970, No. 7. P. 73.74.

187. Moiseev N.A. Reproduction of forest resources. (Issues of economics, planning and organization). -M.: Lesn. prom, 1980. -263 p.

188. Moiseev N.A., Kleinhof A.E. Issues of forestry economics abroad. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1968.

189. Moiseev N.A., Polyansky E.V., Turkevich I.V., Tsymek A.A. Economic efficiency in forestry production. -M.: Publishing house NTO forestry. industrial and forestry households, 1972. -41 p.

190. Morozov G.F. General forestry. -SPB, 1909.

191. Morozov G.F. Selected works. -M., 1970. T. 1. -536 p.

192. Mosiyash A.S., Lugovtsov A.M. Agroclimatic characteristics of Greater Sochi. -Rostov-on-Don, 1967. -247 p.

193. Murashov N.L. Increasing the area of ​​hardwood plantations in the Mogilev region. /Forest household, 1953, No. 6. P. 12. 14.

194. Murzov A.I. Silvicultural and economic efficiency of reconstruction of low-value young stands. /Abstract report anniversary scientific conf., dedicated forestry achievements. science and practice VNIILM M.: VNIILM, 1967. P. 71.73.

195. Navozova F.V. Krasnodar region. -Krasnodar, regional publishing house, 1955. -68 p.

196. Manual on thinning in mountain forests of the North Caucasus. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1994. -55 p.

197. Novoseltseva A.I. Inventory and quality of forestry production / Forestry. household, 1979, No. 2. P. 32.37.

198. Novoseltseva A.I. Efficiency and quality of silviculture production/Lesn. household, 1981, No. 10. P. 34.36.

199. Output standards for work in forestry for enterprises of the Krasnodar Territory. /Krasnodar Forestry Department. -Krasnodar, Soviet Kuban, 1974. 475 p.

200. Olisaev V.A., Sabeev A.G. Forest seed zoning of the North Caucasus. //Forest recreation and introduction in the North Caucasus /Sb. scientific tr. KF VNIILM, vol. 18. -M., 1985. P. 91.97.

201. Orlov A.Ya. Dark coniferous forests of the North Caucasus. -M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1951.

202. Orlov M.M. Essays on the organization of forestry experimental work in Russia. -Petrograd, 1917. -271 p.

203. Fundamentals of forestry legislation of the Russian Federation. -M.: Ekos-inform, 1993. -64 p.

204. Ostapenko B.F. Diagnostics and economic grouping of forest types on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus. //Forest typological research. /Tr. Kharkovsk. Agricultural Institute, vol. LXXII. -Kharkov, 1968. P. 111.258.

205. Ostapenko B.F. On the typology of forests of the North Caucasus //Forest typology studies. /Tr. Kharkovsk. Agricultural Institute, vol. LXXII. -Kharkov, 1968. P. 3.45.

206. Ostapenko B.F. Forest typological atlas of the Northern slope of the Greater Caucasus. -Moscow-Kharkov, VO Lesproekt-Kharkovsk. Agricultural Institute, 1970. -139 p.

207. Basic provisions for the organization and development of forestry enterprises in the Krasnodar Territory. -Voronezh, VGSLP Voronezhlesproekt, 1996. -278 p.

208. Basic provisions on reforestation and afforestation in the forest fund of the Russian Federation. //Forest legislation of the Russian Federation. /Sat. regulations. -M.:PAIMS, 1998. P. 400.414.

209. OST 56-69-83. Trial areas for forest management. Bookmark method. -M.: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1984. -60 p.

210. OST 56-73-84. Taxation and forest management. Wood growth in tree stands. Classification and symbolism. Basic calculation formulas, terms and definitions. -M.: Publishing house of standards, 1982. -24 p.

211. OST 56-84-85. Use of forests for recreational purposes. Terms and Definitions. -M.: Standards Publishing House, 1985. -4 p.

212. OST 56-92-87. Forest crops. Quality control. / Comp. Suvorov V.I., Kalyakin A.B., Demyanov V.D., Chernyshov M.P. and others. -M.: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1987. -33 p.

213. OST 56-97-93. Forest maintenance fellings. Quality control. M.: VNIITslesre-surs, 1994. -21 p.

214. OST 56-98-93. Seedlings and saplings of forest trees and shrubs. -M., VNIILM, 1993.-33 p.

215. OST 56-99-93. Forest crops. Quality control. Technical requirements. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1993. -32 p.

216. OST 56-100-95. Methods and units for measuring recreational loads on forests natural complexes. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1995. -13 p.

217. OST 56-108-98. Forestry. Terms and Definitions. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1999. -56 p.

218. Osmakov V. G. Silvicultural and economic efficiency of reconstruction of young forests in the Middle Volga region. //Problems of improving the quality composition and increasing the productivity of plantings. -M.: Lesn. Prom, 1974. P. 106.118.

219. Assessment of the quality of forest crops. Methodological recommendations of LitNI-ILH. /VDNH USSR Avenue. -Kaunas, 1980. -20 p.

220. Transition V.I. Fundamentals of forestry economics. -Kiev, Selkhozgiz, 1958.57 p.

221. List of machines and mechanisms for reforestation and other forestry work. -M.: Ministry of Forestry of the RSFSR, TsBNTIleskhoz, 1986. -104 p.

222. Promising technologies for creating forest crops in cleared mountain forests of the North Caucasus. //Prospekt VDNKh USSR. / Comp. Demyanov V.D., Chernyshov M.P. -M.: Gosleskhoz, TsBNTIleskhoz, 1986. -13 p.

223. Petrov N.F. Some theoretical foundations for classifying tree stands according to their age structure. /Silvicultural research in the forests of Siberia. -Krasnoyarsk, 1970, issue. 2. P.72.81.

224. Pisarenko A.I. Reforestation. M.: Lesn. industry, 1977. -255 p.

225. Pisarenko A.I. Global forest degradation and forestry problems. /Forest x-vo, 1989, No. 10. P. 5. 10.

226. Pisarenko A.I., Merzlenko M.D. On the quality criteria of forest crops. /Forest household, 1980, No. 5. pp. 39-40.

227. Pisarenko A.I., Merzlenko M.D. Creation of artificial forests. -M., 1990.-270 p.

228. Pisarenko A.I., Redko G.I., Merzlenko M.D. Artificial forests. /In 2 parts. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1992. Part 1. -307 e.; Part 2. -240 p.

229. Pobedinsky A.B. Study of reforestation processes. -M.: Nauka, 1966. -64 p.

230. Polyakov A.F. The influence of main cuttings on the soil-protective functions of mountain forests. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1965. -126 p.

231. Popov V.V., Artamonova T.I. Efficiency of reconstruction of low-value plantings. /Forest household, 1977, No. 1. P. 49.

232. Posokhov P.P. Forest vegetation zone in the northwestern part of the Greater Caucasus. //Forest typological research. /Tr. Kharkovsk. Agricultural Institute, vol. LXIII, Kyiv, Urozhay, 1967. P. 150. 163.

233. Resolution of the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnodar Territory of March 24, 1999 No. 95P. "On payment rates for standing timber sold to forest users."

234. Rules for the release of standing timber in the forests of the Russian Federation. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1998. -23 p.

235. Fire safety rules in forests of the Russian Federation. //Forest legislation of the Russian Federation. /Sat. regulations. -M.:PAIMS, 1998. P. 273.283.

236. Fire safety rules in forests of the USSR. -M.: State Forestry of the USSR, 1978.-17 p.

237. Rules for final felling in mountain forests of the North Caucasus. /Approved by order of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia No. 115 dated 05/07/93 - M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1993. -20 p.

238. Prasolov L.I., Sokolov N.I. Mountain forest soils of the Caucasus. /Tr. Pochv, Inta named after V.V. Dokuchaeva. M., 1947, issue. 25. -172 p.

239. Program and methodology of biocenological research. /Ans. ed. N.V. Dylis/. -M.: Nauka, 1974. -402 p.

240. Program of explanatory note to the project of organization and management of forestry. -M., 1997. -22 p.

241. Thinning programs in beech and fir-beech forests of the North Caucasus (Guidelines for pilot production testing). -M.: VNIILM, State Forestry of the USSR, 1988. -24 p.

242. Thinning programs in oak forests of the North Caucasus (Guidelines for pilot production testing). -M.: VNIILM, State Forestry of the USSR, 1985.-39 p.

243. Project GOST 18486 Forestry. Terms and Definitions. /First edition. -M.: VNIILM, 1986. -48 p.

244. Pulinets M.N. Dynamics of overgrowth of corridors of reconstructive forest crops./Tr. DalNIILH, 1984, issue. 26. P. 76.79.

245. Pulinets M.N. Technologies for reconstruction of low-value young stands on mountain slopes. /Booklet of VDNKh USSR. -M.: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1988. -4 p.

246. Pantle R. Methods for systems analysis of the environment. /Trans. from English H.H. Moiseeva. -M.: Mir, 1979. -215 p.

247. Pyatnitsky S.S. Dendrology course. -Kharkov, Publishing house Kharkovsk. state University, 1960. -422 p.

248. Plant resources. Part 1. Forests. Publishing house of the Rostov State. University, 1980. -336 p.

249. Reimers N.F. Nature management. Dictionary-reference book. -M.: Mysl, 1990. -637 p.

250. Redko G.I., Rodin A.R., Treshchevsky I.V. Forest crops. -M.: Lesn. prom, 1980. -368 p.

253. Recommendations for the reconstruction of low-value plantings in the North Caucasus. //Comp. Chernyshov M.P. etc. / Research report Development of scientific foundations for increasing the quality productivity of secondary mountain forests (interim). -Sochi, NIIgorlesekol, 1998. -56 p.

255. Recommendations on the technology of reforestation of shallow sections of mountain slopes in the forests of the North Caucasus (for pilot production testing). / Comp. Chernyshov M.P., Gneev V.N. -M.: VNIILM, State Forestry Committee of the USSR, 1990. -20 p.

256. Reconstruction of forest plantations. / Deryabin D.I., Kulakov K.F., Novoseltseva A.I. and others - M.: Lesn. industry, 1976. -176 p.

257. Rodin A.R. A manual for arborist. M.: Lesn. industry, 1969. -140 p.

258. Rodin A.R., Rodin S.A. Forest crops and forest reclamation. -M.: Agro-promizdat, 1987. -320 p.

259. Rodionov A.B. On methods for reconstructing green zone plantings in Moscow. /Forest household, 1953, No. 5. S. 22.24.

260. Guide to reforestation and afforestation in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus. //Comp. Demyanov V.D. Chernyshov M.P. etc. /Approved. first deputy Head of Rosleskhoz 12/27/95 - M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1996. -64 p.

261. Guide to management and restoration of oak forests in lowland forests of the European part of the Russian Federation. -M.: Federal Forestry Service of Russia, VNIILM, 2000. -136 p.

262. Guide to reforestation in mountain forests of the North Caucasus. -M., Ministry of Forestry of the RSFSR, 1976. -77 p.

263. Rybalko V.I. Economic assessment of the reconstruction of low-value plantings. /Forest household, 1978, No. 12. P. 14.

264. Ryzhilo L.E. Determinant of types of forest area and forest types of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. //Forest typological research. /Tr. Kharkovsk. Agricultural Institute, vol. LXIII. -Kiev: Harvest, 1967. P. 164.174.

265. Saaty T., Kerne K. Analytical planning. Organization of systems. /Trans. from English -M.: Radio and communication, 1991. -225 p.

266. Savin E.H. Reconstruction of low-value plantings on the southern chernozems of the European part of the USSR. -M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962. 89 p.

267. Sanitary rules in forests of the Russian Federation / Approved. by order of the Chairman of the Forestry Committee dated May 18, 1992 No. 90. -M.: Ecology, 1992. -13 p.

268. Sanitary rules in forests of the Russian Federation / Approved. by order of the Federal Forestry Service dated January 15, 1998 No. 10. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1998.- 9 p.

269. Safarov I.S., Olisaev V.A. Forests of the Caucasus: Socio-ecological functions. Vladikavkaz: Ir, 1991.-271 p.

270. Safronov I.N. Geomorphology of the North Caucasus. -Rostov on Don: Rostov State Publishing House. University, 1969.

271. Semechkin I.V. Peculiarities of taxation of forest stands in connection with the types of age structure. //Organization of forestry and forest inventory. /Tr. Institute of Forests and Wood of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, vol. 66. -M., 1963. P. 3.18.

272. Semechkin I.V. The structure of cedar stands of different ages and features of their taxation. //Materials on the study of forests in Siberia and the Far East. /Tr. conf. Krasnoyarsk, 1963. P. 217.224.

273. Semechkin I.V. Dynamics of the age structure of forest stands and methods of studying it. / Issues in forestry, vol. 1. - Krasnoyarsk, 1970. P. 422.445.

274. Sefikhanov Sh.S. Forest growing and forestry areas of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. -Makhachkala, 1970.-104 p.

275. Sinelytsikov R.G. On the issue of the age structure of spruce forests. /Forest zh-l, 1958, No. 5. S. 13.22.

276. Sinitsyn S.G., Sinitsyn I.S. The intensity of breed change and its economic significance. /Forest household, 1986, No. 4. P. 48.51.

277. System of machines for comprehensive mechanization of agricultural production for 1986-1995. /Part 4. Forestry and protective afforestation. -M.: Gosagroprom USSR, 1988. -208 p.

278. Skripko V.I. Increasing the productivity of oak forests in the Krasnodar region through their reconstruction. /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. agricultural Sciences, Novocherkassk, NIMI, 1967. -29 p.

279. Skripko V.I., Bitsin L.V. Silvicultural and economic assessment of the introduction of Scots and Crimean pine into the oak forests of the North Caucasus. /Sat. works MLTI, vol. 17. -M, 1968. P. 41.43.

280. Sokolov V.B. Nature and restoration of chestnut plantations on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. agricultural Sci. -M.: MLTI, 1980. -20 p.

281. Sokolov SL. Forests of the Caucasus and Crimea and the species that form them. -M., 1938.-284 p.

282. Conservation of biological diversity. National report of the Russian Federation. /"Green World". Russian environmental newspaper, No. 7-8. Special issue, 1999. -32 p.

283. Directory of forest taxation standards for the North Caucasus. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1995.-152 p.

284. Spurr S.G., Barnes B.W. Forest ecology / Transl. from English -M.: Lesn. prom, 198. -480 p.

285. Stepanov N.A. Oak forests of the North Caucasus. /Oak forests of the USSR. vol. 4. Issue. 31.-M.: Goslesbumizdat, 1952. P. 73.267.

286. Centenary of the establishment of the Russian Forestry Department. 1798-1898. -SPb., 1898.-252 p.

287. Stoyanov A.I. Reconstruction of low-value young stock (Oryol region). /Forest household, 1967, No. 4. S.11.12.

288. Strakhov V.V. Towards a strategy for sustainable forest management: certification of forests and forest products. /Forest x-vo, 1996, No. 5. S. 6.9.

289. Strakhov V.V. Forest management and reforms. /Forestry. Inform., 1996, No. 6. S. 6.10.

290. Strakhov V.V. Sustainable forest management (Theory and methodology). / Diss. in the form of a scientific report. for the job application scientific degree doctor. agricultural Sci. -Bryansk, BGITA, 1998. -76 p.

291. Strakhov V.V., Pisarenko A.I., Kuznetsov G.G., Sokolov D.M. Sustainable forest management in Russia and the European timber market. /Forest household, 1998, No. 2. S. 6.9.

292. Suprunenko L.E. Forests of the North Caucasus and their industrial development. -M.: Goslesbumizdat, 1963. -132 p.

293. Temnikova I.S. Climate of the North Caucasus and adjacent steppes. -L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1959.

294. Terminological dictionary for the specialty of forest management and forest inventory. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1993. -80 p.

295. Equipment and technology of reforestation. Pushkino, VNIILM, 1979.-US.

296. Standard methodology for determining the economic efficiency of capital investments and new equipment. -M.: Economics, 1969. -59 p.

297. Standard methodology for determining the economic efficiency of capital investments and new technology in the national economy of the USSR. -M.: Gosplanizdat, 1960. -56 p.

298. Tregubov G.A. Correctly assess natural forest regeneration. /Forest household, 1964, No. 6. S. 22.23.

300. Tursky M.K. Forestry. -M., 1891.

301. Tyulpanov N.M. Reconstruction of forests when organizing forest parks. -M.: Goslesbumizdat, 1957. -155 p.

302. Hoopoe V.E. Productivity of pedunculate oak crops using different methods of their creation. //Forestry and afforestation. /Review information -M., 1994, issue. Z.S. 1.32.

303. Sustainable forest management and conservation of biological diversity in the forest fund of the Russian Federation / Abstract. report All-Russian scientific-practical meetings of forestry workers households November 19-21, 1997 - Pushkino, VNIILM, 1997. -141 p.

304. Ushatin I.P. The structure of mixed young forests of the southern taiga subzone and thinning in them./Lesn. household, 1964, No. 11. S. 20.23.

305. Ushatin P.N., Bugaev V.A. Ways to improve low-trunked oak forests in the Central forest-steppe. /Scient. Zap-ki VLTI, vol. 23. -Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 1961. P. 97.106.

306. Federal target program "Forests of Russia".

307. Figurovsky I.V. Division of the Caucasus into physical-geographical regions and regions. /Izv. Caucasian Department. Russian geogr. society -SPb, 1916, t. 24, issue. 2.

308. Filippov V.N. Experience in the reconstruction of low-value plantings. /Sat. scientific works Saratov Agricultural Institute, 1974, issue. 25. P. 17.24.

309. Finn D.J. Introduction to the theory of planning experiments / Transl. from English -M.: Nauka, 1970. -288 p.

310. Khanbekov I.I. Reforestation and protective afforestation in the mountainous regions of the USSR. -M: Forest. industry, 1978. -205 p.

311. Khanbekov I.I. Reforestation and logging in mountain forests. /Ed. 2nd, re-worked. and additional M.: Lesn. prom, 1987. -159 p.

312. Khandzaryan G.S. Reconstruction of unproductive plantings in mountain conditions./Lesn. household, 1967, No. 8. S. 12.21.

313. Kharitonovich F.N. Biology and ecology of tree species. -M: Forest. industry, 1968. -304 p.

314. Khlatin S.A. Urgent issues in the exploitation forest zone. /Forest household, 1953, No. 6. P. 7.10.

315. Kholyavko V.S., Globa-Mikhailenko D.A. Valuable tree species of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. -M.: Lesn. industry, 1976. -296 p.

316. Hut Yu.G. Chestnut forests and prospects for their cultivation in Adygea. -Maykop: Adyghe. book publishing house, 1975. -90 p.

317. Chereshvili A.P. Restoration of beech and spruce plantations with large seedlings. /Forest household, 1953, No. 7. -WITH. 44.46.

318. Chernyshov M.P. Current state and marketability of old-growth chestnut trees on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus /IVUZ, Lesn. zh-l, 1979, No. 6. P.17.20.

319. Chernyshov M.P. Taxation structure, growth course and complex productivity of chestnut forests on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (RSFSR). /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. With. X. Sci. -Bryansk, BTI, 1980. -20 p.

320. Chernyshov M.P. Age structure chestnut stands. //Problems of mountain forests of the North Caucasus. /Sat. scientific tr., vol. 16. -M., VNIILM, 1981. P. 98.103.

321. Chernyshov M.P. Classification and assessment of the quality of forest crops in the North Caucasus. /Materials scientific. conf. VNIILM, Pushkino, 1982. (Manuscript deposited in CBNTI forestry No. 153 lh-D-82.).

322. Chernyshov M.P. Environmental aspects formation of forests of the future in the North Caucasus. //Ecological role of mountain forests. /Abstract report All-Union conf. -Babushkin, 1986. P. 177.179.

323. Chernyshov M.P. Assessment of the quality of forest crops in cleared mountain forests of the North Caucasus. //Express information. /Forestry, afforestation, forest use. -M.: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1987, issue. 5. P. 16.19.

324. Chernyshov M.P. Reconstruction of low-value plantings in the Northwestern Caucasus. //Express information /Forestry, afforestation, forest use. -M.: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1987, issue. 1.S. 1.16.

325. Chernyshov M.P. Highly productive forest crops and the formation of forests of the future in the North Caucasus. //Intensification of forestry production in the North Caucasus. /Abstract report scientific-practical conf. -Krasnodar, 1988. P. 45.46.

326. Chernyshov M.P. Quality of plantings when transferred to forested lands. /Forest household, 1989, No. 5. P. 43.46.

327. Chernyshov M.P. Protection and reproduction of chestnut forests. //Ecological problems of mountain forests of the North Caucasus. /Sat. scientific tr. M., VNIILM. 1990. P. 108.115.

328. Chernyshov M.P. Classification and economic assessment of low-value plantings in forests of group I of the North Caucasus //Forest management in forests of various categories of protection. /Abstract report All-Union scientific-technical meeting, -M., 1991. P. 208.211.

329. Chernyshov M.P. Features of the forest formation process and artificial reforestation in the felling of mountain forests of the North Caucasus //Theory of the forest formation process/Proc. report Krasnoyarsk, 1991.S. 174. 176.

330. Chernyshov M.P. Optimization of reconstruction of low-value plantings in the North Caucasus. //Ecological foundations of farming in mountain forests/Sb. scientific tr. NIIgorlesekol. -Sochi, 1994. P. 107.114.

331. Chernyshov M.P. Problems and prospects for the use of fast-growing exotics in the reconstruction of low-value plantings in the North Caucasus //Sb. Genetics and selection at the service of the forest. /Abstract report International. scientific-practical conf. -Voronezh, NIILGiS, 1996. P.74.

332. Chernyshov M.P. Methods and technologies for the reconstruction of low-value plantings/Sb. scientific tr. NIIgorlesekol. -M.: VNIITslesresurs, 1997. P. 34. .41.

333. Chernyshov M.P. Quality and efficiency of reproduction of eastern beech in the North Caucasus. //Ways to improve the use of beech forest resources. /Abstract report All-Union scientific-technical meetings. M., 1998. P. 49.54.

334. Chernyshov M.P. The concept of reconstruction of low-value plantings of the North Caucasus / Forest management and reforestation in Russia: Proc. report All-Russian. scientific-technical conf. -Voronezh, VGLTA, 1998. P. 123. 124.

335. Chernyshov M.P. Features of forest management design for the reconstruction of low-value plantings. /Materials 3rd scientific-practical. Conf.: Organisms, populations, ecosystems. -Maikop, MGTI, 1999. P. 109.112.

336. Chernyshov M.P. The concept of reconstruction of low-value plantings in the forests of the North Caucasus. /Materials 4th scientific-practical. Conf.: Organisms, populations, ecosystems. -Maikop, MGTI, 2000. P. 109.112.

337. Chernyshov M.P. Basic principles for designing the reconstruction of low-value plantings in mountain forests of the North Caucasus. /Materials 4th scientific-practical. Conf.: Organisms, populations, ecosystems. -Maikop, MGTI, 2000. P. 112.113.

338. Chernyshov M.P. Types of reconstructive forest crops and features of their creation in the mountainous conditions of the North Caucasus. //Materials V scientific and practical. conf.

339. MGTI: Biology, forestry, ecology. -Maikop: MGTI Publishing House, 2001. P. 69.71.

340. Chernyshov M.P. Reconstruction of low-value plantings in the North Caucasus. Concept, terms and definitions. -Sochi, NIIgorlesekol, 2001. -108 p.

341. Chernyshov M.P., Gneev V.N. Artificial reforestation on the slopes of the North Caucasus /Lesn. household, 1995, No. 5. P. 30.32.

342. Chuprov N.P. Taxation and economic assessment of breed replacement. /Forest household, 1968, No. 3. P. 40.

343. Shavnin A. G. Age structure and growth course of spruce forests of different ages in the Middle Urals. /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. agricultural Sci. -Vladivostok, Far Eastern Branch of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962.-15 p.

344. Shanin S.S. Age structure of pine forest stands in Eastern and Western Siberia. //Materials on the study of forests in Siberia and the Far East. /Tr. conf. -Krasnoyarsk, 1963. P. 197.208.

345. Shashko D.I. Agroclimatic zoning of the USSR. -M.: Kolos, 1967.

346. Shevtsov B.P. Dynamics of the structure of plantings of different ages. //Forestry of the North Caucasus. /Sb scientific. tr. NIIgorlesekol. -M., VNIITslesresurs, 1996, issue. 22. P. 42.47.

347. Shevtsov B.P. The influence of the intensity of selective felling on reforestation processes in beech forests. /Tr. VNIILM. -M., VNIILM, 1976, issue. U.C. 53.62.

348. Shiperovich V.A. It is necessary to restore the forests of the North. /Forest household, 1953, No. 5. S. 48.50.

349. Shiryaeva N.V. Arthropods of forest and urban plantations of the North Caucasus and management of their numbers. /Authorref. diss. Doctor of Biology Sci. -Krasnodar, Kuban states, agricultural university, 2001. -33 p.

350. Shiffers E.V. Vegetation of the North Caucasus and its natural feeding grounds. M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953. -400 p.

351. Shlapakov P.N. Reconstruction of low-value plantings in mountainous conditions. /Forest household, 1968, No. 8. S. 49.50.

352. Sholokhov A.G. Modeling the dynamics of the density of beech plantations in the North Caucasus. /Authorref. diss. Ph.D. agricultural Sci. M.: VNIILM, 1990. -18 p.

353. Shubin V.A. The future of Russian forestry. /Forest household, 1992, No. 1. C.2.6.

354. Shubin V.A. Tasks of Russian foresters in the new year. /Forest household, 1997, No. 1 P.2.5.

355. Shutov I.V. Arboricides in the reconstruction of low-value young stands. /Forest household, 1965, No. 4. S. 18.19.

356. Shutov I.V., Belkov V.P. The use of chemicals in forestry practice. /Forest household, 1966, No. 6. P. 9.14.

357. Shutov I.V., Martynov A.N. Arboricides in forestry. M.: Lesn. industry, 1974. -209 p.

358. Yurgenson E.I. Natural regeneration of spruce in concentrated cutting areas in the Molotov region. /Forest household, 1957, No. 1. P. 15. 18.

359. Vasilev V.N., Dimitrov St. Technology and mechanization at Gorskostopan-skiterabota. -Zemizdat, Sofia, 1973. (Bulgarian).

360. Vasilev V.N., Dimitrov St. Modern technologies and machines for comprehensive mechanization at Gorskstopanstkite work. -Zemizdat, Sofia, 1978. (Bulgarian).

361. Vlasev V., Chernev T. Research on the reconstruction of hazel plantations. /Scient. tr. Whist. LTI, Serb, Gorsko Stopanstvo, 1970, No. 18. (Bulgarian).

362. Garelov D., Kostov P., Vasilev V.N. Reconstruction in low-productivity areas. -Publishing house BAN, Sofia, 1969. (Bulgarian).

363. Damyanov A. Features of oak regeneration under the canopy of low-trunk oak-cera forests. /Mountain stopanstvo, 1971, 21, No. 12. (Bulgarian).

364. Denev D. Nasoki on the forest and selection on the forest vista. /Gorek, stop., Gorek, prom., 1987, 43, No. 3. P.8. 11. (Bulgarian).

365. Kostov P., Vasilev V.N. Mechanization at work during reconstruction in low-productivity areas. -ACH, Zemizdat, Sofia, 1974. (Bulgarian).

366. Magnussky K. An attempt to determine the potential productivity of forest plantations based on an assessment of habitat indicators and the planned composition of the plantation. /Tr. Commission for Agriculture and Forestry household, 1968, No. 25. P. 101. 103. (Polish).

367. Petkov P. About the period of reconstruction of low-productivity beech forests. /Mountain stopanstvo, 1969, 6, No. 5. (Bulgarian).

368. Penev N. Stationary studies of the dynamics and reconstruction of two types of forest. /Mountainstop. Science, 1969, 25, No. 1. (Bulgarian).

369. Titianen V. Experiments on planting Weymouth pine and white spruce in low-productivity plantings. /Ref. information Forestry, agroforestry, nature conservation and forestry, 1969, No. 4, p. 46. ​​(English).

370. Drown J.H. On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. //The AmericNatur., 198, vol. 124. P. 255.279. (English).

371. Hengst E., Averhovel W. Niederwald und Holzplantagen. /Soz. Forstwirt., 1984, No. 6. S. 178. .181. (German).

372. Saaty Tomas L. The Analytic Hierarchy Process. -New-York, Mc Graw-Hill.1980.

373. Saaty Tomas L., Luis G. Vagner. The Logic of Priorities. -Boston: Kluwer-Niyhoff, 1982.

374. Saly Rudolf. Soil conditions in directly reconstructed low-stem forests. /"Zb. ved. pr. Lesn. Fak. Vysl. sk. lesn. drevarsk Zvolene", 1970, 12, No. 2. (English).

375. Krahl F., Mayer H., Nather J., Pollanschutz J., Rachoy W. Natural regeneration in mixed forests. On the reconstruction of derivative pine forests. Forstwirtschaft, 1970, 158, no. 90. (German).

376. Kuusela Kullervo. Crops or self-seeding during reforestation. /Skogs aktuellt, 1972, No. 7. (Swedish).

377. Zajac Henryk. Prispevok k clentniu maloproduktivnych lesov z hladiska up-lantnenia vhodnej fytotechniky ich rekonstrukcii. /Lesn. cas., 1987, 33, no. 6. C. 441.447. (Slovakian).

378. Zecher W. The influence of optimal methods for creating reconstructive silvicultural crops by combining silvicultural, technological and economic techniques on a silvicultural area. / Beist Forstwirt., 1972, 6, No. 4. (German).

379. Brown J.H. On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species //The Americ. Natur, 1984, vol. 124. P. 255.279. (English).

380. Walder und Forstwirtschaft im Nordkaukasus //Koval I.P, Solnzev G.K, Ce-jchan S, Schroder G. /Aktualle Probleme der Forstwirtschaft in der Russische Federatoin. -Hamburg, 1998. S. 137. 152.