Punctuation analysis of a simple sentence. Correct punctuation analysis of a sentence What is punctuation analysis of a sentence examples

Punctuation analysis of a sentence is quite easy to do if you know the scheme and master the basic rules of grammar. Essentially this language analysis is based on searching and explaining the use of certain punctuation marks using knowledge of syntax.

Parsing scheme

There are differences between the analysis of simple and complex sentences, but the algorithm of actions itself remains the same. To understand how to do punctuation analysis, you need to know in what order to carry it out.

Place numbers above all punctuation marks.
Explain the sign (punctuation) that comes at the end. This can be a period, exclamation point or question mark. Ellipses are used less frequently.
Analyze for the presence of commas or dashes. If the sentence is complex, talk about the use of punctograms, which together make up the construction.

How to do proper parsing

When you have all the numbers entered, we proceed directly to the analysis. To properly explain the use of a mark at the end of a sentence, you need to determine the purpose of the statement and its overall emotional tone. A period is added to show a complete thought. Such a sentence is called a narrative sentence. If the goal is to ask a question, there will always be a question mark at the end, and if this is an order or an incentive to action, an exclamation mark is placed after the last word, and the sentence itself is called an incentive. If the thought is not completed or requires a long pause, an ellipsis is added at the end.

We determine the construction of the sentence. To explain the choice of signs in a complex statement, determine how many parts it consists of and how they are related to each other. The connection can be coordinating, subordinating, conjunction or non-conjunction.

In simple sentences we explain the functions that this or that sign performs. Commas or dashes can be used to highlight inserted words or phrases, addresses, separate definitions and applications, as well as clarifying terms designed to attract the reader’s attention.

Commas also separate homogeneous members. The author's direct speech also requires commas and dashes.

At the end of the analysis, it is preferable to draw a diagram that graphically displays the places where certain punctuation marks are placed.

Let's give an example of parsing complex sentence. Based on it, you can analyze the simple one.

Talk about the grammatical functions of signs.

Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from the one (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (6)

6 - a period at the end of a declarative sentence with a complete thought.
2 is a comma between parts of a complex sentence and separates the subordinate clause from the main clause.
1 - comma separates introductory word from the rest of the proposal.
3, 4 - homogeneous members are separated by signs, in in this case subjects that are connected without a union.

As we can see, it is quite easy to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence, but for this you need to be able to analyze the structure of the construction and explain the use of punctuation marks from a grammatical point of view. Therefore, it is worth studying not only the rules of writing, but also being able to divide words in a sentence into members.

Found in the analyzed. Traditionally, they are grouped as emphasizing and separating signs. The first group of signs (emphasizing) serves to indicate the boundaries of a syntactic structure introduced into a sentence to explain its members. It can also be used to semantically highlight any part of a syntactic unit and to limit constructions that are grammatically unrelated to other members (for example, addresses, introductory words). This group includes paired signs: two commas, brackets, quotation marks, two dashes. The second group of signs serves to distinguish independent sentences, or simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, or members. Suggestion marks also belong to this group. The period, question and exclamation marks, colon, dash, ellipsis and dot c form a group of separating characters.

Begin punctuation by explaining the choice of punctuation at the end of a sentence. To do this, determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement. If it contains a complete message, then it is a declarative sentence, a question is interrogative, and a call to action (a request or order) is incentive. Also, consider the emotional nature of the offer. If there is an exclamatory intonation, an exclamation mark is placed at the end; if a break in speech or understatement is indicated, an ellipsis is used.

Determine which syntactic structure is being analyzed, simple or complex. In a complex sentence, “count” the number of parts and determine the type of connection between them: subordinating, coordinating or non-union. Thus explain the choice of secession signs.

Determine what function the signs found inside perform. simple sentence or each syntactic unit in a complex. To do this, find out what structures are used by the author to convey additional semantic shades. Thus, explain the choice of distinguishing signs (for isolated members of a sentence) and separating ones (for example, for series of homogeneous members).

Helpful advice

Do a punctuation analysis of the sentence using the example.

I looked and couldn’t tear myself away; these silent lightnings, these restrained brilliances seemed to respond to those silent and secret impulses that also flared up in me. (I.S. Turgenev).

There is a period at the end of the sentence, because... this sentence contains a complete message and is declarative in terms of the purpose of the statement, and non-exclamatory in terms of intonation.

This is a complex sentence made up of three simple ones. Between the first and second there is a non-union connection, between the second and third there is a subordinating connection. A semicolon is used in a non-union connection, because the second and third sentences represent a single semantic whole. A comma is used to separate the subordinate clause from the main clause.

Inside the second sentence there is a separating sign - a comma, which is used when listing homogeneous subjects. There is also a construction that is grammatically unrelated to other parts of the sentence - an introductory word, distinguished by paired signs - two commas.

Punctuation analysis of sentences ensures better understanding by schoolchildren of punctuation rules. It is based on three sequential actions, ultimately leading to an explanation of the conditions for choosing a particular punctuation mark. For punctuation analysis, you need to know the parts of speech, be able to find the grammatical basis and minor members in a sentence, and also hear the intonation with which it is pronounced. Correct punctuation ensures accuracy and clarity of expression.

The order of punctuation analysis
The main punctuation marks studied in school and used for punctuation analysis are: period (it is from its Latin name “punctum” that the word “punctuation” comes from), comma, semicolon, question and exclamation marks, colon, dash, parentheses, quotation marks and dots.

Punctuation analysis begins with determining the nature of the sentence, which can be either simple or complex. Then one or more punctuation rules are established that operate in the sentence being analyzed. Each of them is subject to separate allocation. The result of punctuation analysis is a graphic diagram of the sentence.

How to perform punctuation analysis of a simple sentence?
A simple sentence in a diagram is indicated by square brackets, followed by one of five punctuation marks: a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an ellipsis, or a combination of a question mark and an exclamation mark.

The inside of the diagram shows a complication of a simple sentence. The grammatical basis is indicated by default.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are depicted in the diagram in the form of circles, inside which a graphic designation of a member of the sentence is placed. All members of a sentence can be homogeneous: subjects (one straight line), predicates (two straight lines), complements (one dotted line), definitions (one wavy line) and circumstances (dashed line with a dot between the lines). Along with them, the diagram indicates the punctuation marks and conjunctions related to them (conjunctive, adversative, comparative).
Homogeneous members can be used in a sentence together with a generalizing word. In the diagram it is indicated by a circle with a bold dot inside.
Introductory words and phrases are depicted in the form of five small crosses, on top of which the inscription “vv.sl.” is placed, where “sl.” denotes both “word” and “phrase”. Above introductory sentences it is written “vv.pr.”
The addresses on the diagram are reproduced in the form of a wavy line with the inscription “o.”
Interjections are written in the diagram with words (“alas”, “ah”, “Hurray!”, etc.).
To explain the placement of a dash between the subject and the predicate above the graphic representation of the grammatical basis, the part of speech and its grammatical form are indicated: “noun, ip.”, “noun. + noun”, “undefined f.gl.”, “number”, “noun. + number.” etc. The indicative words “this”, “here”, “means” are written in full on the diagram.
The absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate should also be explained when analyzing the sentence punctuationally. In this case, it is enough to highlight the grammatical basis and those rules on the basis of which the dash is omitted: the presence between the subject and the predicate negative particle“not” or comparative conjunctions “as”, “as if”, “as if”.
Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted in writing with punctuation marks and are divided into five categories:
- Separate definitions are depicted in the diagram as one wavy line inside two slashes “/ ~~~/”.
  If isolated definition refers to a personal pronoun, then the latter is indicated on the diagram with the sign “x”, above which is written “l.m.” All other parts of speech are indicated on the diagram with a simple “x”.
  Above the definitions expressed by the participial phrase, the inscription “p.o.” is placed.
  Two or more isolated definitions are highlighted in the diagram as homogeneous (a wavy line in a circle). An arrow is drawn from the word being defined to them.
  Above the separate definitions with concessive and causal meanings, “established meaning” is indicated. and “prich.zn” respectively. In the diagram, such definitions are depicted by two lines: the lower one – circumstances, the upper one – definitions.
  Agreed and inconsistent definitions in the diagram are separated from each other and signed as “agree”, “disagree”.
- Detached applications are depicted on the diagram in the same way as stand-alone definitions. They can refer to a personal pronoun (“l.m.”), a common noun (“common”) or a proper name (“proper”). Isolated applications with the conjunction “how” are highlighted in the diagram by the bottom line of the circumstance and the top line of the definition, above which is written “conditional sign.” or “sign.quality.”
- Separate additions are indicated on the diagram in the form of ordinary additions with the words “except”, “instead”, “including”, “besides”, etc. relating to them.
- Isolated circumstances are depicted on the diagram as a single dotted line with dots, enclosed in slashes. Above them it is indicated how they are expressed: by a gerund (“d.”) or participial phrase("before."). An arrow is drawn to isolated circumstances from the word being defined.
  Circumstances expressed by phraseological expressions are signed as “phraseol.”. They are not distinguished by punctuation marks in writing.
  Above the circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions, prepositions and prepositional combinations are written (“despite”, “provided”, etc.).
- Clarifying members of a sentence are indicated on the diagram in the form of certain members of the sentence - definitions, circumstances, additions, etc. Each of them is asked a question to which they answer: “when?”, “what?”, “which?” and so on. In addition, the diagram indicates related conjunctions that explain words and phrases.
Comparative turnovers are highlighted in the diagram in the same way as isolated circumstances. The inscription “compare” is placed above them.

How to perform punctuation analysis of a complex sentence?
A complex sentence in the diagram is indicated in the form of simple sentences, depicted using square and round brackets.

IN compound sentences outside the square brackets denoting simple sentences that are equal in relation to each other, connecting and disjunctive conjunctions are indicated along with punctuation marks. The general minor member or introductory word is also taken out of brackets and underlined either as a circumstance with the inscription “general.”, or as an introductory word.
The placement of a dash between simple sentences is explained by the inscriptions “result”, “res.cm.d.” (sharp change in action), etc.
In complex sentences, the main simple clause is indicated by square brackets, and the dependent (subordinate) clause is indicated by round brackets. During punctuation analysis, conjunctions (“union”), conjunctive (“conjunct.sl.”) and demonstrative words (“ukaz.sl.”) are written and indicated on the diagram. Conjunctive words in subordinate clauses and demonstratives are mainly emphasized as certain members of the sentence.
If there are several subordinate clauses each of them is accompanied by an index arrow from the sentence to which they are subordinated.
IN non-union proposals above punctuation marks connecting simple sentences, conjunctions that suit the situation are placed in parentheses.

How is direct speech formed during punctuation analysis?
In the diagram, direct speech is depicted by the letters “P” (direct speech, standing at the beginning of a sentence or being an independent sentence) and “p” (direct speech, standing at the end of a sentence). The author's words are indicated by the letters "A" and "a".
In writing and during punctuation analysis, accordingly, several options for formatting direct speech are possible:

Direct speech comes before the words of the author:
Direct speech comes after the words of the author:
Direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author:
“P, – a, – p.”
“P, – a. - P".
"P? - A. - P".
"P! - A. - P".

This article examined the basics of punctuation parsing sentences. We recommend supplementing your knowledge on this topic with the help of O. Ushakova’s book of the same name, “Punctuation Analysis of Sentences.” This small collection, written in a clear, accessible form, contains a large number of examples of punctuation analysis of sentences different levels difficulties.

When a sentence is written on the board and all spellings in words are explained, the student usually begins to perform oral punctuation analysis.

How to do it correctly? In what order should we name the conditions for placing punctuation marks? These and many other questions are relevant for middle and high schools.

Punctuation analysis differs significantly from syntactic analysis, which has the usual symbol for schoolchildren under the number 4. It is unacceptable to confuse them! The purpose of syntactic analysis is to characterize the sentence, its structure and meaning.

Why is punctuation analysis needed? It helps to apply punctograms, find the boundaries of semantic segments, and follow the rules of punctuation. Sentences that are already punctuated are suitable for analysis. To complicate the analysis, the teacher offers texts with missing punctuation marks.

When performing punctuation analysis, they pay attention to the structure of the sentence. It is not only the presence of main and minor members, the number of grammatical bases and parts of the sentence that matters; it is also important to determine the ways of expressing the minor members of the sentence and their order, and to find out the intonation features of the sentence.

Here are two proposals, let's analyze them.

1) Seryozha and Petya met one day in the yard, shoveled snow on a bench and sat down. 2) What can be done?

The first declarative sentence uses only two characters: a comma, a separator homogeneous predicates, period. The second has only one question mark because there is a question word at the beginning of the sentence.

When there are no punctuation marks inside a sentence, do you need to pay attention to it? Yes, it is necessary to clarify the conditions for the absence of signs. Let's look at an example.

Aunt Tanya treated the skates as a family heirloom.

In this sentence, except for the period, there is no sign inside. But it was possible to mistakenly place a comma before the conjunction HOW. Why wasn't the sign put up? Because there is a condition that prohibits a comma: the semantic segment AS TO A FAMILY HEIRLIC has the meaning “as a quality.”

The punctuation analysis plan involves only a few points. This analysis is usually performed orally, therefore, for the convenience of a written description, we number all punctuation marks and explain their placement. We took all sentences for examples from the works of Lyudmila Ulitskaya.

SAMPLE PUNCTUATION PROCEDURE

I. Place of punctuation (end of sentence, simple sentence, complex sentence): punctuation marks are numbered.

II. Conditions of punctuation norms (rules for placing/not placing punctuation marks).

III. Punctuation function.

AN EXAMPLE OF PUNCTUATION EXAMPLE

Example 1.

The birch and aspen trees set on fire in the fall brought bright colors into the eyes.1

1 is a completion sign in a simple declarative sentence.

Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous subjects connected by a single conjunction AND, there is no comma after the participial phrase BURNED IN AUTUMN, standing before the attributive word BIRCH AND ASPEN.

Example 2.

Skating was,1 of course,2 the number one event during those holidays.3

1 and 2 - commas highlight the introductory word with the meaning of confidence,

Example 3.

On the ninth of January,1 at the end of the holidays,2 we celebrated Sanya’s birthday.3

1 and 2 - commas highlight a clarifying member of the sentence, expressed by a circumstance of time,

3 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.

Example 4.

Anna Alexandrovna called girls 1 “young ladies” 2,3 boys 4 “young people” 5...6

1, 2 and 4, 5 - the character’s statements are highlighted in quotation marks (a way of formatting someone else’s speech),

3 - a comma separates homogeneous complements,

6 - a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence (the ellipsis indicates the incompleteness of the statement).

Example 5.

Everything around seemed unusually clear and unprecedentedly beautiful: 1 and white birch trunks, 2 and bright leaves, 3 and pale blue, 4 like a faded sky.5

1 - we place a colon in front of a series of homogeneous members, since there is a generalizing word ALL,

2, 3 - commas separate homogeneous subjects connected by repeating conjunctions.

4 - a comma highlights a comparative phrase with the conjunction AS FELL,

5 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.

Example 6.

One morning, 1 going out into the yard, 2 Sergei saw the roof of the barn, white with frost, 3 graying earth, 4 caught by frost, 5 hardened grass, 6 covered with rare snow, 7 like salt.8

1, 2 - commas highlight a separate circumstance, expressed by the adverbial phrase GOING OUT INTO THE YARD,

3, 5 - commas separate homogeneous complements,

4, 5 - a comma identifies a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase PICKED UP BY FROST, after the word being defined, EARTH,

6, 7 - a comma identifies a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase COVERED WITH RARE SNOW, after the word being defined GRASS,

7 - a comma highlights a comparative phrase with the conjunction LIKE,

8 is a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence.

Example 7.

Poetry -1 is the heart of literature,2 the highest concentration of all the best3 that exists in the world and in man.4

1 - a dash separates the subject and predicate, expressed by a noun in the Nominal case,

2 - a comma separates homogeneous predicates,

3 - a comma separates the subordinate part of a complex sentence from the main one,

4 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.

Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous members, connected by a single conjunction I.

Example 8.

The beauty of the land disturbed Sergei’s heart,1 reminded him of past days,2 so vividly imprinted in his memory.3

1 - a comma in the middle of a simple sentence separates homogeneous predicates,

2 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase SO BRIGHTLY IMPRINTED IN THE MEMORY, after the word being defined DAYS,

3 - a period completes a declarative sentence.

Example 9.

The trees ended at the level of the fifth floor,1 from the balcony only the finely curly tops of two ash trees were visible,2 and the ground beneath them was barely visible.3

1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (non-conjunction connection),

2 - a comma separates parts of a complex sentence (coordinating connection),

3 - a period completes a declarative complex sentence.

Example 10.

There was such silence in the forest1 that the chirping of tits2 jumping on the branches3 seemed unusually loud.4

1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (subordinate connection),

2 and 3 - paired commas highlight a separate definition in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, expressed by the participial phrase JUMPING ON THE BRANCHES, after the word being defined, TITS,

4 - a period completes a declarative complex sentence.

Some sentences may contain several punctuation marks, and in this case you need to decide in what sequence to do the punctuation analysis. It is logical to go from the end to those punctuation marks that are inside the sentence. But a sequential approach is also possible - according to the order of the signs.

Literature

1. Bednarskaya L.D. Classification of spelling and punctuation errors made by students in written works/ Russian at school. - 2008. - No. 8.

2. Blinov G.I. Punctuation analysis / Russian at school. - 1985. - No. 3.

3. Nikerov A.I. About complete punctuation analysis in Russian language lessons / Russian language at school. - 1989. - No. 6.

Scheme of punctuation parsing of a sentence:

Sample punctuation analysis of a sentence:

[Having asked, 1 ( which is quieter), 2 Pierre climbed onto the horse, 3 grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his inverted legs to the horse’s belly and, 5 feeling 6 (that his glasses were falling off) 7 and (that he can't take it away hands from the mane and reins), 8 galloped after the general, 9 exciting the smiles of the staff, 10 looking at him from the mound]. (L. Tolstoy)

Explanation of punctuation marks:

1) Period at the end of the sentence.

There is a period at the end of the sentence because it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.

2) Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence.

This complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:

1 and 2 – commas highlight the subordinate clause within the main one;

6 and 8 – commas highlight subordinate clauses within the main clause;

7 – no comma is used, because homogeneous clauses are connected by a single connecting conjunction “and”.

3) Punctuation marks between homogeneous members of a sentence.

Isolation of circumstances and definitions:

3 and 4 – commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without a union;

5 – a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund;