Places of numerals by meaning. Places of cardinal numbers. Topic: Numeral

Lecture, abstract. Places of numerals by construction and meaning,
declension of numerals, syntactic role - concept and types. Classification, essence and features. 2018-2019.

The meaning of the numeral name, its morphological features and syntactic function

Numeral - is an independent part of speech that indicates the number and order of objects when counting and answers questions How many? which?

Initial form numeral name- nominative case form.

According to the expressed meaning and grammatical features numerals are divided into two groups: 1) quantitative (two, twelve, twenty two), 2) ordinal (second, twelfth, twenty-second). Quantitative numerals are divided into three grammatical categories: 1) numerals, denoting integers, 2) numerals, denoting fractional numbers, 3) collective.

numerals stand out: 1) simple (five, five, fifteen, twenty), 2) complex (fifty, fiftieth), 3) compound (one hundred fifteen, two hundred fifty-second, two fifths).

Numerals change according to cases, and ordinal ones also according to numbers and genders.

In a sentence names numerals more often they act as the subject, predicate, definition, less often - as the nominal part of the compound predicate and circumstance. For example:

We - two lighted by a thunderstorm trunk,

Two flames midnight boron!

We - two flying in the night meteor,

Same fate, two-pronged arrow!

We - two horses whose bit is holding

One hand, - one sarcastic them spur;

Two eyes we are the only gaze,

One's dreams two reverent wing.

We are a grieving couple of two shadows

Over the marble of the divine tomb,

Where the ancient Beauty rests.

Two-voiced lips of common secrets,

To ourselves we are the only Sphinx both.

We - two hands single cross.

(Vyach. Ivanov)

Quantitative numerals in combination with nouns they are one member of a sentence in the forms I.p. and V.p. In other cases they are different parts of the sentence. Wed: stood on the table three cups. - There were three cups missing on the table. The combination of an ordinal number with a noun is not one member of a sentence. For example: I love the evening light, and the first lights, and the pale sky, where the stars are not yet visible (V. Bryusov).

Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals

Based on their meaning and grammatical features, there are several types of numerals. The numeral system can be represented as a diagram:

Types of numerals by structure

According to the peculiarities of word formation in the composition numerals stand out: 1) simple (seven, seventh, seventeen, twenty), 2) complex (seventy, seventieth), 3) compound (one hundred and twenty, three hundred and fifty-three, six-fifths).

Numerals from “eleven” to “nineteen”, as well as “twenty”, “thirty” in modern Russian are simple: fifteen, fifteen, twenty, twenty.

The components can be quantitative numerals, denoting integers (thirty six, one thousand twenty five), fractional numbers (five sevenths, three eighths), mixed number (five point one two, seven point three eighths) and ordinal numerals (one hundred sixteenth, one thousand twenty-five).

Cardinal numbers

Cardinal numbers denote the number of whole units of counted objects or an abstract number (two, twenty-three, three-sevenths, six).

Cardinal numbers are divided into three grammatical categories: 1) numerals, denoting integers (five, twenty four), 2) numerals denoting fractional numbers, or fractional numerals (one second, three point five), 3) collective numbers (two, three).

Numerals denoting whole numbers

Quantitative numeral denoting whole numbers, the following grammatical features are characteristic.

1. All numerals change by case; This is a common feature of numeral names: five, five, five, (o) five; one hundred twelve, one hundred twelve, one hundred twelve, (o) one hundred twelve.

2. Some numerals (one, two) have genus forms. Numeral one has masculine, feminine and neuter forms: one table, one window, one book. Numeral two has two forms in the nominative case: the form two for masculine and neuter (two houses, two windows) and shape two for feminine (two hands, two candles).

3. Only numerals have singular and plural forms one: one table, one window, one book, one scissors. Moreover, the plural forms of the numeral one do not express the meaning of a set. When combined with nouns that have only a plural form (sleigh, scissors, trousers), conveys the idea of ​​the singularity of objects (one sleigh, one scissors, one trousers), and when combined with nouns having both number forms (table, friend, girl),- the idea of ​​limited objects (same tables, same friends, only girls). Form alone in such combinations is not a numeral, but a restrictive particle: alone = only only.

4. Cardinal numerals do not have an animate-inanimate category, but some numerals (one, two, three, four) when combined with masculine nouns in the accusative case, they take the corresponding endings of the nominative or genitive cases. For example: I see one table- I see one rider, I see four tables- I see four horsemen.

5. Cardinal numbers can be consistent and controllable words. Numeral one agrees with the noun in gender, number and case (one book, one book, one book). All other numerals except numerals thousand, million, billion, in the nominative case controls the genitive case of the noun (two friends, eight tables), and in indirect cases they become a dependent word and agree with the corresponding noun in the case (two friends, eight tables).

6. When combined with numerals two, three, four nouns take the genitive singular form (two tables, three doors), and when combined with numerals five, six and other nouns take the genitive plural form (five tables, six doors).

7. Numerals thousand, million, billion have the grammatical properties of nouns (i.e. they have a gender form, change in number and case) and behave like nouns in phrases: million inhabitants- millions of inhabitants; a million inhabitants, a million inhabitants, a million inhabitants, about a whole million inhabitants.

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

Declension cardinal numbers are characterized by a variety of forms and types.

1. Numeral one inflected as a pronoun this.

2. Numerals two, three, four form a special declension.

3. Numerals from five to twenty and numeral thirtybow down, as third nouns declination type door, night.

4. Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred at declination have only two forms: in the nominative and accusative cases - forty, ninety, one hundred, in other cases - forty, ninety, hundred.

5. For complex numerals from fifty to eighty at declination both parts change according to the model of the nouns of the third declination.

6. For complex numerals from two hundred to nine hundred at declination both parts are also changed, with the first part changing as the corresponding simple numeral, and the second part as a plural noun.

7. Numeral thousand changes as a noun of the first declension, million, billion- as nouns of the 2nd declension.

Wed: thousand\- clouds\a\, thousands\and\- clouds\i\, thousand\e\- cloud\e\ etc.; million\ \ - bow\ \, million\a\- bow\a\And etc.

6. When declension of compound numerals every word changes.

Distinguishing between numerals denoting whole numbers and nouns

Doesn't apply to names numeral words pair, two, three, five, ten, dozen, hundred and the like. They are nouns because they have a gender, change in numbers and cases, and cannot be written in numbers.

The question of which part of speech to classify words in is ambiguously resolved in linguistics. thousand, million, billion, trillion, billion, because they also have signs numerals, and signs of nouns.

Fractional numbers

Fractional numbers are a type of quantitative and serve as a designation for a fractional number, for example: two-fifths of the squad, seven-tenths of the way, one and a half of the group.

In structure fractional numbers the first part (numerator) is a cardinal number (two, three, seven), and the second (denominator) is the form of the genitive case of the ordinal number (fifths, tenths, sevenths).

Fractional numbers can also denote a mixed number, for example: two point one two, three point five eighths.

The declension of a fractional number depends on its structure.

Declension of fractional numbers

With declension, all words that are parts change fractional numbers, in which the numerator is changed as the corresponding integer, and the denominator as a plural adjective:

IN fractional number with the first part one the second part agrees with it in gender and case (one eighth, one eighth, one eighth).

Numeral one and a half in the nominative and accusative cases it has two forms: one and a half- for masculine and neuter gender and one and a half- for the feminine gender. In all other cases this numeral has the form one and a half.

Numeral one and a half hundred, which denotes the whole, not fractional number, but is close in structure, has only two forms: in the nominative and accusative cases - the indicated form, and in all other cases - the form one and a half hundred.

Collective numbers

Collective numbers - this is a semantic type of cardinal numerals, used mainly in colloquial speech.

Included collective numerals includes nine words: two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

Some scientists consider numerals and classify collective words as both And both. About the words both, both There is no consensus in science. Some linguists consider them to be demonstrative pronouns meaning “both”, while others classify them as collective numeral on the grounds that they are close in meaning to the numeral “two”. For example: You and I are the only ones close, we are both going east (3. Gippius).

Feature collective numerals is that they can be combined with a rather limited range of nouns: 1) with nouns denoting the names of male persons (three men, four students, five soldiers); 2) with nouns children, people, as well as with nouns denoting the names of baby animals (four children, seven kids, three hares); 3) with nouns that have only a plural form and denote the names of paired or composite objects (two sleighs, four gates, seven days).

With animate nouns in indirect cases collective numerals can be replaced by numerals denoting an integer, for example: three children- three children, seven soldiers- seven soldiers. Numeral both when combined with nouns in the accusative case, it takes the corresponding endings of the nominative or genitive cases: I see both tables- I see both horsemen, I see both books- I see both sisters.

Nouns that name female persons or animals cannot be combined with collective numerals. In such cases, combinations with numerals denoting integers are used: three sisters, eight sheep, two bears.

Collective numbers often appear in sentences independently, without nouns. For example:

Three standing in front of the crowd,

They called her along.

(V. Bryusov)

Declension of collective numerals

Collective numbers in indirect cases they have the endings of full plural adjectives:

Numeral both has common forms for the masculine and neuter genders and special ones for the feminine gender.

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers indicate the order of objects when counting, for example: seventh day, fifteenth page. They agree with nouns in gender, number and case and have case endings for qualitative and relative adjectives, for example: sixth day, sixth page, sixth place, sixth day.

By structure ordinal numbers can be: 1) simple (first, tenth), 2) complex (fiftieth, two hundredth), 3) compound (twenty-five, two thousand and seven).

Ordinal numbers are formed from the stems of the corresponding cardinal numbers by adding the endings of full adjectives: nine- ninth, fifty- fiftieth, two hundred- two hundred, eighty seven- eighty seven, two hundred seventy five- two hundred and seventy-five.

Numerals first And second in relation to numerals one And two have a suppletive* character (i.e. they receive other bases). In numerals fortieth And thousandth word-forming suffixes of adjectives are highlighted -oe- And -n-.

In the text ordinal number“second” can be replaced by the pronoun “other”, for example:

First exclaimed: “Brothers, Let us destroy palaces and chambers!” Another exclaimed: “Brothers, Let us destroy the entire decrepit city!” (V. Bryusov)

Declension of ordinal numbers

When declension of simple and complex ordinal numbers, the change occurs according to the adjective model:

* Supplemental forms are forms of the same word formed from different roots or stems. Human- People. Take- take. Speak- say. Few- less. Bad- worse. I- me.

At declination compound ordinal numbers Only the last word changes:

Morphological analysis of the numeral name includes the identification of three main constant features (category by value, morphological structure, features of declension) and two non-constant ones (gender, case and number, if any). Compared to other parts of speech, the numeral is rarely offered for morphological analysis at school. This is due to the specifics of the language material (excerpts from artistic, journalistic texts).

According to their meaning, all numerals are divided into quantitative, indefinite-quantitative, ordinal, and collective.

Numerals expressing an abstract quantity (number) are called quantitative.

Cardinal numbers are divided into numerals that name whole numbers or the number of whole objects (two, three, ten), and numerals that call parts of whole numbers or the number of parts of objects - fractional (one and a half, one second, two thirds). Cardinal numbers denote an exact, specific number of objects (two tables, five houses, one hundred roads, etc.).

Indefinite numbers denote an indefinite number of objects (persons) or substance: a lot, a little, little (many tables, debts, roads, etc.).

Ordinal numbers are numbers that indicate the order of objects when counting them: first, second, fifth, hundredth, one hundred and tenth.

Collective numerals are those that name the number of units that form a set of objects: two, three, five, etc.

Cardinal numbers are the main category, since: 1) they make possible the formation and functioning of other semantic categories; 2) they have specific grammatical features, which are not so typical for other numerals.

Structural digits of numerals

By structure, numerals can be non-derivative, or simple, and derivative.

There are few non-derivative (simple) numerals: cardinal numerals of the first ten (one, two, three, ten) and the numerals forty, one hundred, thousand. In modern language, the simple numerals include one and a half (fractional), million, billion (they are not now divided into morphemes).

Derived numerals combine two groups: complex and compound numerals.

Complex ones are single-word numerals formed from simple ones (eleven, twenty, fifty, two hundred, five hundred, eleventh, fiftieth, etc.). Of cardinal numbers, these are the names of units of the second ten, tens, hundreds.

The names of the units of the second ten go back to combinations of the names of the units of the first ten with the preposition na and the numeral ten in the locative (prepositional) case: eleven of one by ten (“one unit over ten”); twelve from two into ten, etc. As a result of phonetic changes, the numeral ten with the preposition na turned into -eleven. Similar transformations occurred in the numerals twenty, thirty, which go back to the combinations of the numerals two, three and the numeral ten in the nominative case of the dual and plural number (ten). Twenty, thirty turned into twenty, thirty.

The numerals fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty are formed from combining the names of units and the numeral ten in the genitive plural. The origin of the numeral ninety is not precisely established.

The numeral two hundred is in origin a merger of the numerals two and one hundred (in the nominative case of the dual number). The numerals three hundred and four hundred go back to the Old Russian combinations of the numerals three, four and the numeral one hundred (nominative plural of one hundred). The numerals five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred came from the combinations five, six, seven, eight, nine and the numeral one hundred in the genitive plural (sot').

Composite are non-single numerals that were formed by juxtaposing (composing) simple and complex numerals (twenty-one, one hundred thirty-seven, one thousand five hundred and eighty-five, twenty-first, one hundred and thirty-seven). Compound numerals are a productive group, while complex numerals in modern language are not replenished with new formations. With a combination of a few simple and complex numerals we are able to denote any large or small quantity (number).

Grammatical features of cardinal numbers

Cardinal numbers are the most unique category in grammatical terms. Morphologically, they are characterized by the absence of a gender category in most words, and syntactically, they are characterized by a special compatibility with nouns.

The category of gender, which is not characteristic of cardinal numerals, has the numerals one (one, one), two (two), thousand, million, billion. For the numerals one, two, the category of gender is changeable (one house, one room, one window; two houses, two rooms, two windows), and for the numerals thousand, million, billion - unchangeable (a thousand is feminine, million, billion is masculine ).

The category of number is inherent in the numerals one, thousand, million, billion (one - one, thousand - thousands, million - millions, billion - billions). However, the plural forms of the numeral one are used only in combination with nouns that do not have singular forms (pluralia tantum): one watch, one scissors, one pliers, etc. Consequently, in the numeral one the plural actually does not mean a plurality, but performs formal role - serves as a means of agreement with a noun.

In combination with nouns, not pluralia tantum, the word one in the plural is not a numeral: It was cold to drive without a fur coat, past villages where there were no houses or people. Where some burnt pipes walked like lizards or camels (Samoilov) (some were a particle, cf.: only, only); He was asking a very simple thing; he asked: why and by what right did some people lock up, torture, exile, flog and kill other people, while they themselves are exactly the same as those whom they torture, flog, kill? (L. Tolstoy) (some - pronoun, cf. some).

If the absence of a meaningful category of number allows us to bring the word one closer to cardinal numerals, then the words thousand, million, billion are morphologically no different from nouns (cf.: thousand - dacha, thousands - dachas; million - broth, millions - broths; billion * - billiards, billions - billiards).

The syntactic functions of cardinal numbers are varied. They can be: 1) subject and predicate: Three and three - six; 2) minor members of the sentence: Subtract two from five (additions); No, I can’t give more than two rubles,” said Chichikov (Gogol) (two is the definition). However, the syntactic features of cardinal numerals are primarily manifested in the different compatibility of numerals with nouns.

The numeral one agrees with the defined noun in number, gender and case: one house - one house - one house; one room - one room - one room, etc.

The numerals two, three, four in the nominative and accusative cases control the singular genitive case of the nouns with which they are associated: two (three, four) houses, windows; two (three, four) rooms.

It should be borne in mind that in form the genitive singular of feminine nouns coincides with the nominative plural (at the room - genitive singular; the bright rooms - nominative plural; at the door - genitive singular; the doors are open - nominative plural case), but in combination with the numerals two, three, four of the nominative and accusative cases, the noun is always in the genitive singular: Three proud palm trees (genitive singular, non-nominative plural!) grew high (Lermontov).

In all other cases, except for the nominative and accusative, the numerals two, three, four agree with the nouns and the noun has a plural form: two oaks, but two oaks, two oaks, two oaks, (about) two oaks.

Compound cardinal numbers are also combined with nouns, the last component of which is two, three or four: four tables - twenty-four tables - one thousand fifty-four tables; four tables - twenty-four tables - one thousand fifty-four tables, etc.

Numerals of five or more (except thousand, million, billion) in them. and wine cases control gender. plural case number of nouns (five houses, five rooms, five windows). In indirect cases, these numerals agree with nouns (five houses, five houses, five houses, about five houses).

The numerals thousand, million, billion in all cases control gender. plural case number of nouns: a thousand books - a thousand books - a thousand books - a thousand books, etc.

Collective numbers

Collective numerals are an unproductive and small group of words. They are formed from cardinal numbers only of the first ten: two, three, four, five six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

A special place is occupied by the numeral both, both. Firstly, it is not the only designation for the totality of two objects (cf. two). Secondly, it does not mean a simple set, but a set of objects already known to the listener or reader (both). The numeral two does not require clarification, but the words both, both always require clarification in the context; cf.: Two in the city and Both in the city (in the latter case, prior knowledge of who or what we are talking about is required). An indication of the previous context brings the words both, both closer to pronouns (cf. he, this, that), and a number of researchers consider both, both to be pronouns.

Collective numbers are used in certain conditions:

Collective numerals are combined with the names of masculine persons (two men, a man, etc.) and are not combined with the names of feminine persons. In this use, they are freely replaced by cardinal numbers (two men, a person, a brother, etc.), which is especially typical for book styles.

Collective numerals are combined with substantivized words that denote persons (“Seven brave”, three adults, etc.).

Collective numerals are used with nouns that do not have a singular number: two days, three sleighs, etc. In indirect cases with these nouns, forms of cardinal numerals are used (about two days, about three sleighs).

Collective numerals in combination with nouns naming paired objects (boots, socks, gloves, shoes, etc.) indicate the number of pairs (three boots - three pairs of boots, two socks - two pairs of socks), and cardinal numerals - the number of individual items (three shoes, two socks).

Collective numerals can be used independently (without nouns), naming a collection of persons: seven do not wait for one (proverb), three came out of the forest, two are in the city. When used independently, cardinal numbers do not receive an objective meaning, but name an abstract quantity: Two plus three equals five.

All collective numerals in the nominative and accusative cases control the genitive plural of nouns: two fighters, etc. (compare the genitive singular with the cardinal numbers two, three, four: two fighters, three boys, etc.) , and in indirect cases they agree with nouns.

Collective numerals do not have a gender category, except for the numeral oba (masculine and neuter), both (feminine), do not change according to numbers. Collective numerals are declined as full adjectives in the plural:

I. two, four

R. two, four

D. two, four

V. two, four

T. two, four

P. (about) two, four

The numeral oba (masculine and neuter) has the vowel o (both, both, both) at the base of the indirect cases, and the numeral oba (feminine) has the vowel e (both, both, both).

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers coincide in some ways with numerals, and in others with adjectives.

They are similar to numerals in their lexical meaning (cf.: fifth house and house 5, sixth apartment and apartment 6) and the generating stem (ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers: five - fifth, fifty - fiftieth, one hundred thirty-eight - one hundred thirty-eighth).

They are combined with adjectives by syntactic, morphological and word-formation features. Ordinal numbers are used as definitions (fifth hour, third bell) or the nominal part of a compound predicate (Yu. Gagarin was the first to see the Earth from space). They change by gender, number and case, like adjectives (sixth - sixth - sixth; sixth - sixth; sixth - sixth - sixth; sixth - sixth - sixth). In compound ordinal numbers, only the last part is declined: thirty-fifth - thirty-fifth - thirty-fifth. In the word formation of ordinal numbers, suffixes are used, which also form adjectives: -/- (third - third); -n- (thousandth), *oe- (fortieth). Complex ordinal numbers are formed according to the model of complex adjectives with a numeral in the first part: fiftieth, two hundredth (cf. pentagonal, two-decker).

The word formation of simple ordinal numbers has some peculiarities. From the numerals one and two, ordinal numbers are formed in a suppletive way: first, second. The numerals third and fourth are derived from the stems third and quarter. The numeral seventh retained in its composition the common Slavic basis seven (cf.: seven of seven). When forming ordinal numbers, the final soft consonant of the generating stem is replaced by a hard one: five - fifth, six - sixth, etc.

The dual nature of ordinal numbers leads to the fact that they can be replaced by cardinal numbers (Olympiad-80, apartment 5), and turn into adjectives losing their ordinal meaning (first love, second wind, third roosters, sixth sense).

Fractional numbers

Fractional numbers name the parts of whole numbers, the number of parts of whole objects or collections of objects. The cardinal number is used as the numerator, and the ordinal number is used as the denominator. If the numerator is the numeral one or a compound numeral with a final component one, then the ordinal number in the denominator has the form of the feminine singular nominative case: one fifth, twenty-one hundredth. In all other fractional numbers, the ordinal number is in the genitive plural form: two fifths, twenty hundredths. In oblique cases, the numerator and denominator agree: one fifth, two fifths, twenty-one hundredths.

Fractional numbers require the noun to be in the genitive case: one-sixth of land, three-tenths of vegetables. Fractional numerals, unlike quantitative ones, can be combined with collective and real nouns (three-fifths of youth, three-fifths of butter), naming the number of parts of any collection of objects (persons) or substance. In combination with nouns denoting objects that can be counted (tree, house, city, etc.), fractional numerals can name either the number of parts of one object, or the number of parts of the entire set of these objects: one second of a tree, one second of trees . In the first case, the noun is in the singular genitive case, and in the second case, in the plural genitive case.

The numerals one and a half (masculine and neuter), one and a half (feminine), and one and a half hundred are also fractional. These numbers have some special features.

Firstly, they use one word to describe the combination of a whole number and a part, while in all other cases, to connect a whole number with a fraction, a conjunction and or the adjective whole are used - seven and two tenths, seven point two tenths.

Secondly, the numeral one and a half, one and a half is combined in the nominative and accusative cases with nouns in the genitive singular one and a half meters, buckets; one and a half notebooks), and the numeral one and a half hundred - with nouns in the genitive plural (one and a half hundred meters, buckets, notebooks). The numeral one and a half does not combine with nouns that have only plural forms, except for the noun day: one and a half days (the stress in the numeral moves to the first syllable). Unlike other fractional numbers, one and a half, one and a half, and one and a half hundred are not used with collective and real nouns.

Thirdly, these numerals have only two case forms: nominative and accusative cases - one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred and indirect cases - one and a half, one and a half hundred (with emphasis on the second syllable).

In indirect cases, nouns are combined with the numerals one and a half, one and a half in the plural form: one and a half meters, but one and a half meters.

In the meaning of fractional numbers, the nouns half, third, quarter (two thirds, two quarters) are used.

Indefinite numbers

Indefinite numbers include a small group of words denoting an indefinite number of objects (persons) or substance - many, few, several: many (few) people, houses, oil. The inclusion of these words in the category of numerals is very conditional, since they are similar to numerals only by their quantitative meaning. However, the uncertainty of the quantitative meaning expressed by these words allows them to be compared with indefinite pronouns (cf.: some and several); according to grammatical features, the words have many, little coincide with adverbs: they do not change in gender, number and case, they are capable of forming a form of comparative degree ( more, less), are used not only in the role of quantitative definition (many houses, little forest), but also in the role of circumstance (said a lot, little). The word several, like indefinite pronouns, changes according to cases:

I. several

R. several

D. several

V. several, several

T. several

P. (about) several

It should be borne in mind that the forms of many, by many are formed not from the word many, but from the initial form many.

Some nouns also acquire an indefinite quantitative meaning (mass, a lot, etc.): a lot of things to do, a lot of troubles (16: 212-221).

1. Cardinal numbers indicate the number of objects when counting ( two tables, one hundred rubles) or abstract number ( two, one hundred) and answer the question how much?

2. Cardinal numbers change according to cases.

Cardinal numbers have no gender or number.

Wed: three people, three windows, three banks.

Exception are made up of the numerals one and two.

The numeral one changes according to gender and number, like an adjective.

One pear, one lemon, one apple, one cream.

The numerals two and one and a half have two generic forms:

• masculine and neuter gender - two, one and a half;

  Two tables, two windows, a day and a half.

  feminine - two, one and a half.

  Two paintings, one and a half baskets.

3. Declension of numerals:

declension of numerals one, two, three, four resembles the declension of adjectives;

numerals from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension (for example, as the noun steppe);

The numerals forty, ninety and one hundred have only two forms when declensed:

nominative case and accusative case - forty, ninety, one hundred,
other cases - forty, ninety, hundred;

when declension of complex cardinal numbers 5-80, 200-900, each part of the word changes, although they are written in one word ( fifty - fifty). Moreover, the second part of the numerals 200-900 has archaic endings that do not coincide with the endings of the independent numeral one hundred;

Wed: one hundred rubles - three hundred rubles; no one hundred rubles - no three hundred□ rubles, one hundred rubles - no three hundred rubles.

in compound cardinal numbers all words and all parts of compound words are declined.

Five hundred forty six - about five hundred forty six.

4. Examples of declension of numerals:

Numeral ONE

Simple and complex numbers

Pay attention!

1) In the nominative and accusative cases, numerals from 5 to 20 and 30 are written with ь at the end of the word.

Five, fifteen, thirty.

Numerals from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900 - with ь in the middle of the word.

Fifty, six hundred, nine hundred.

2) In the middle of numerals: fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen- b is not written.

3) The word eleven is written with a double consonant.

5. When combined with nouns, numerals either control the nouns or agree with the nouns:

if the numeral is in the nominative case (or in a similar accusative case), then the numeral controls the genitive case of the noun ( two tables, five books), and with numerals two, three, four, as well as compound numerals ending in two, three, four, the noun is singular ( two windows, twenty two windows), for all other numerals - in the plural ( five windows, fifty windows, fifty five windows);

if the numeral is in any other case, then the main word is the noun, the numeral agrees with it.

Wed: there are no five windows; to five windows, five windows, about five windows.

Pay attention!

1) Words thousand, million, billion are classified differently by linguists. Some call them numerals, others call them nouns with the meaning of number. In any case, it should be remembered that these words, in their morphological and syntactic characteristics, coincide with nouns.

Thousand - refers to the feminine gender and is declined as a noun of the 1st declension: no thousand, with a thousand.

Million, billion- words are masculine and declined as nouns of the 2nd declension: no million, with a million.

2) Words thousand, million, billion, like nouns, always govern the genitive form of the dependent noun, regardless of its own case.

Compare: a thousand rubles, no thousand rubles, with a thousand rubles, about a thousand rubles.

However, if these words are included in compound numerals, then the general rules for combinability of numerals with nouns apply.

There is no thousand five rubles, to one thousand five rubles, with one thousand five rubles, about one thousand five rubles.

B) Collective numbers

1. Collective numbers designate a certain number of objects as one whole.

Two, three, five.

In modern Russian, collective numerals can denote the number of objects as a whole in the range from two to ten. They are formed from cardinal numbers using the suffixes -оj- ( two → two, three → three) and -er- ( four → four, five → five, six → six, seven → seven, eight → eight, nine → nine, ten → ten).

The word both (both) is characterized differently in different manuals. Some linguists classify them as numeral pronouns; other researchers - to collective numerals.

2. Collective numerals (except for the word both) can be combined with a limited group of words:

with nouns that have only a plural form;

Two forceps, two scissors.

with nouns children, guys, people;

Two children, three boys.

with nouns denoting male persons;

Two friends.

with nouns denoting young animals;

Two kittens.

with personal pronouns.

There were three of us.

3. Collective numerals are declined like plural adjectives:

4. The word both changes according to gender: both are masculine and neuter (there is no form wallpaper!), both are feminine. The declension of this word resembles the declension of plural adjectives, with the masculine/neuter and feminine forms having different stems in oblique cases.

B) Ordinal numbers

1. Ordinal numbers indicate the serial number of objects when counting, that is, ordinal numbers, indicating the serial number of an object, indicate one item.

First day, fifteenth day.

2. Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers, except for such ordinal numbers as first, second.

Five → fifth, thirty → thirty.

3. Ordinal numbers, like full adjectives, change according to number, gender (singular) and case.

First, first, first, first.

Their declension coincides with the declension of adjectives. This is why some linguists include ordinal numbers in adjectives.

Wed: the first is new, the first is new.

4. When declension of compound ordinal numerals, only the last word is changed (unlike the declension of compound cardinal numerals, where each word is changed).

One thousand nine hundred and forty-five - in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; two thousand and three - from two thousand and three.

D) Fractional numbers

1. Fractional numbers They don't call whole numbers.

Two thirds, five tenths.

In meaning, fractional numerals are adjacent to cardinal numerals.

2. In composition, fractional numbers, except for the words one and a half, one and a half hundred, consist of a cardinal number (numerator of the fraction) and an ordinal number in the plural (denominator of the fraction).

Six seventeenths, three fifths.

Fractional numbers can include the nouns zero and integer. This mixed numerals.

Zero point five.

3. The numeral one and a half changes according to gender:

one and a half - masculine and neuter gender;

One and a half days, one and a half apples.

one and a half is feminine.

One and a half bottles.

The numerals one and a half (one and a half), one and a half hundred have only two case forms in declension:

nominative and accusative cases - one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred;
other cases - one and a half, one and a half hundred.

How often do we ask ourselves: how many days are left before the holidays? And one of the most frequently asked questions is: what time is it? We can answer these and many other important questions with the help of numerals. In this lesson, the concept of this part of speech is formed.

Topic: Numeral

Lesson: Numeral noun. Number places

1. The concept of a numeral name.

A numeral is an independent part of speech, which includes words denoting

Numbers (twice two is four),

Number of items (four tables) or

Order of objects when counting (fifth house)

and answering questions How many?, which?

Scheme 1. Numeral as part of speech

2. Number categories.

From the point of view of meaning and grammatical features, numerals are usually divided into groups, or categories.

Discharges are groups of words united by a common meaning and having the same grammatical characteristics.

Numerals are divided into quantitative And ordinal.

TO quantitative Numerals are words denoting quantity ( five houses),

number ( five not divisible by two without remainder), item number (house number five).

TO ordinal Numerals include words denoting the order in which objects appear when counting ( fifth house).

Scheme 2. Places of numerals

3. Cardinal numbers.

Within the group of cardinal numbers, in terms of meaning and grammatical properties, the following subgroups can be distinguished:

Cardinal numbers denoting whole numbers

Cardinal numbers denoting fractional numbers

Collective numbers.

Cardinal numbers denoting whole numbers are numerals that name the amount of something in whole units: two table, five tickets, thirtythree ship. Note that these words are combined with nouns that name objects that can be counted (you cannot say two gold or three youth).

These words change according to cases ( five, five, five) and do not have categories of gender and number (except for numerals one, two). Word one can have masculine, neuter and feminine forms: one, one, one and the plural form: alone.

Numeral two/two changes by gender, maintaining differences by gender in I.p. and V.p.: two shirts, two table.

Fractional cardinal numerals denote fractional numbers and fractional quantities ( two thirds, zero point seven). These numerals are combined both with the names of countable objects and with real and collective nouns: two thirds table, one tenth youth, three fifths gold.

The words of this subgroup change according to cases: three quarters, three quarters etc., but have no gender or number.

The exception is the numeral one and a half, which has two forms: m. and g. r. ( one and a half months, one and a half minutes), as well as fractional numerals, which include the numerals one And two. At the same time, while maintaining the category of gender, these words as part of fractional numerals by gender do not change and are always used only in the form w. r. One seventh of the table, two fifths of the book.

The last subgroup of cardinal numbers is collective numerals. This subgroup includes 10 words: two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, both/both.

All these words change according to cases ( two, two, two etc.).

Word both/both changes by case and gender, where both- masculine and neuter form, both- feminine.

4. Structure (structure) of numerals.

According to their structure, numerals can be simple, compound and complex.

Simple numerals consist of one word ( eight, five, twenty). Composite - of two or more ( eighty two, fifty three, five hundred twenty five).

In terms of the number of roots in a word, complex numerals are also distinguished. These include words containing more than one root. Words fifty, sixty, seventy are complex because have two roots.

Fractional numbers - composite ( three tenths), numeral one and a half- simple, numeral one and a half hundred- complex.

Scheme 3. Structure of numerals

5. Syntactic function of numerals.

In a sentence, cardinal numbers form one part of the sentence with the noun they stand with. So they can be any member of a sentence, which could be a noun.

Three girls under the window

They spun late in the evening (A. Pushkin).

(...) And my choice only blesses three favorite faces. (B. Akhmadulina).

He traded greyhounds for them three dogs!!! (A. Griboyedov).

Ordinal numbers are either modifiers or part of the predicate.

I repeat everything first verse... (M. Tsvetaeva).

One hundred and first I will never! (E. Yevtushenko).

Exercise 1.

Write down the text, determine the digits of numerals.

On August 22, 1880, the first tram appeared in St. Petersburg. But only in 1892 did tram traffic begin in Kyiv. The length of the first branch was 1.6 kilometers. The first metro in our country was opened in Moscow on May 15, 1935. The length of the first line was 11.6 kilometers and it had 13 stations.

Exercise 2.

Determine the ranks of numerals by value.

1. On February 15, 1906, the famous Tatar poet Musa Jalil was born. 2) Musa was not even six years old when he began to ask to go to school. 3) Musa mastered the curriculum of all four classes of a rural school in one year. 4) In 1941, Musa volunteered to go to the front.

2. Preparation for the Russian Language Olympiad ().

Literature

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.

2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.

3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.