as a subject of scientific study.

Course structure and sections

At certain stages of the development of society and people (especially during the formation of a nationality and necessarily a nation), literary languages ​​emerge and function. The study of literary languages ​​is an indispensable component of modern linguistic theory.

Modern Russian literary language, being one of the richest languages ​​in the world, also requires serious, thoughtful thought. The high advantages of the Russian language are created by its enormous vocabulary, a wide polysemy of words, a wealth of synonyms, an inexhaustible treasury of word formation, a multiplicity of word forms, peculiarities of sounds, flexibility of stress, clear and harmonious syntax, a variety of stylistic resources.

Russian studies deals with the history and theory of the Russian literary language. Russian studies is the science of the essence, origin and stages of the Russian literary language. As an independent scientific discipline, it was formed in the first half of the twentieth century. Major philologists took part in its creation: , g.o. Vinokur, .

The origins of Russian studies as a science date back to the middle of the 18th century. Before this, separate works appeared devoted to the functional division of the language, the general features of its grammatical structure, and verbal composition (in works, and others). The foundations of scientific knowledge about the Russian language were laid by works (“Russian Grammar”; “Rhetoric”), as well as the first edition of the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (1789-94). These academic works initially determined the main directions of this science: a description of the grammatical structure of the Russian language and its verbal composition. In Lomonosov's "Russian Grammar" in the most general outline the most important aspects of the study of the grammatical structure of the Russian language were formulated: formal, functional and stylistic - in their organic interaction.

In the first decades of the 19th century. a number of works appear, the authors of which focused their attention on an in-depth description of individual aspects of the grammatical structure of the Russian language; Conceptually new and original grammars appear: the grammar of A. Kh. Vostokov, who showed first of all the syntactic potential of words, the rules of their semantic and grammatical compatibility, the studies of other philologists who turned primarily to the system of the Russian verb, to the semantics of its aspectual-temporal relations: (for example , “The Experience of Russian Grammar” Kova In the studies of Russian grammarians of the mid and second half of the 19th century, the main features of future Russian linguistic schools are determined: appeal to large amounts of material and their careful study, reliance on linguistic form and affirmation of the thesis about the impossibility of studying linguistic meanings in isolation from their material shell, close attention to individual, separate facts of language and determination of their place in the system, rejection of schematism, historicism.

Under the influence of various logical, philosophical aspects and psychological concepts, new directions and schools associated with the names of Buslaev, Baudouin de Courtenay, were formed in the 20th century. - , And. Various schools in linguistics appeared - the Kazan linguistic school, the Moscow Fortunat school, the St. Petersburg (Leningrad) school.

By the first decades of the 19th century. include the beginnings of modern dialectology, which originated in the depths of ethnography. Initially, these were amateur recordings of the peculiarities of local dialects, made by teachers and priests and published in the form of dictionaries or brief descriptions in local periodicals. Collecting work was stimulated by the works of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature and the Russian Geographical Society. In 1863-66, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language was published, in which many thousands of words, both regional and general literary, as well as those related to the language of previous eras, were collected, explained and provided with meaningful commentary.

The beginning of historical dialectology was laid by the works of him, who defined dialectology as a special branch of Russian linguistics, closely connected with the history of language, and for the first time wrote a course of Russian dialectology (“Essays on Russian dialectology”). Shakhmatov, having created fundamental historical and dialectological works, mainly on historical phonetics, approached the understanding and description of dialect as an integral language system.

Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. Russian studies is gradually becoming a branched science, combining theoretical research with constant work to replenish its material funds - with the publication of written monuments of the Russian language from the 10th to the 17th centuries. and the creation of dictionaries.

Shakhmatov created his own scientific school for studying the history of the Russian language. He carried out fundamental research and publications of many ancient monuments of Russian literature; he also owns numerous hypothetical constructions and reconstructions both in the field of the history of texts (reconstruction of the history of the text of “The Tale of Bygone Years”, 1916) and on the origin of the Russian people and their language.

The tradition of creating fundamental grammatical studies was strengthened by the works of Potebnya, Buslaev, and later Shakhmatov, Vinogradov. The name is associated with the emergence of the Russian theory. spelling and implementation of spelling reform.

At the turn of the century, scientific schools and directions were formed that determined the formation of multidirectional scientific views and stimulated the emergence of important theoretical works. These schools, which addressed different aspects of the language system in its historical and current state, who, on various theoretical grounds, developed their own methods and techniques of analysis, often associated with various sociological, philosophical and psychological concepts, formed Russian studies as a widely branched, multidisciplinary science, concentrating various concepts and theories, various research methods.

In its modern state, Russian studies appears as a science that combines several independent areas. Studying the history of the Russian language in the twentieth century. largely relied on the traditions laid down by Sobolevsky and - to an even greater extent - Shakhmatov, whose ideas and methods had a strong influence on the works of Vinogradov,. Nowadays, Russian studies offers general courses on the history of the Russian language, research on historical phonetics, morphology, accentology, lexicology, word formation, and syntax.

From ser. XX century In Russian studies, an independent science is being formed - the history of the Russian literary language, which was embodied in the works of Vinogradov, primarily in his book “Essays on the History of the Russian Literary Language”, in the works of Kin, and other linguists. This science is directly related to the entire field of knowledge related to the study of the language of fiction, the language of writers, and stylistics. Different directions of relevant research were determined in the works of Vinogradov, Larin, and later, M. N. Kozhina and others.

By the middle of the twentieth century. An independent science emerged - lexicology. Its formation, prepared by the works of Russian scientists of previous generations, is closely connected with the development of lexicography. In the second half of the twentieth century, the following were published: “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” (edited by Ushakov), the seventeen-volume academic “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, “Dictionary of the Russian Language” and some other dictionaries that stimulated the development of many theoretical issues of lexicology and lexical semantics. Works appear on the typology of lexical meanings, the semantic structure of words, consistency in vocabulary, the internal structure of the lexical composition of a language, the history of individual words, groups of words and entire lexical classes. Dictionary work is activated, dictionaries are created different types: explanatory, grammatical, word-formative, synonymous, phraseological, associative, etc. Fundamental historical and etymological dictionaries are also published, which reflect the vocabulary and grammar of past centuries.

The result of a large joint lexicological and lexicographical work can be considered the statement of the thesis about the systemic organization of vocabulary, about the existence of different types of its classes and subclasses, about the presence in a word of different character and multidirectional potentials, about the different nature of those laws by which the development of the vocabulary of a language moves. Great value for historical lexicology and theory of words has the posthumous publication of Vinogradov’s monograph “The History of Words”. In close connection with lexicography and lexicology is the science of Russian idioms - phraseology. The works of Vinogradov, Shcherba, Ozhegov, and many other researchers played an important role in the development of all these areas. Lexicographic embodiment is given to the results of research on language norms and speech culture: many different normative dictionaries have been published - spelling, spelling, accentological, dictionaries of Russian language difficulties, various educational dictionaries.

From the middle of the twentieth century. receives further development study of the grammatical structure of the Russian language. Various areas related to the study of the grammatical structure and laws of Russian word formation are being actively developed. These searches were stimulated by Vinogradov’s monographic research, as well as the sequential publication of three academic grammars. The emergence of an independent science of Russian word formation is largely associated with the appearance in 1946 of Vinokur’s article “Notes on Russian word formation.” Many monographic works, dissertations, and articles are being created on Russian morphology, syntax and word formation. Along with the works of linguists of the Vinogradov school (Shvedova, etc.), Russian grammar and word formation receive new interpretations in works on general linguistics, as well as in the works of linguists who address the semasiological, logical, psychological and pragmatic aspects of the description of language (works by Arutyunova, Teliya , Karaulova, etc.). Fundamental descriptions of the aspectual system of the Russian verb also belong to scientists of his school.

From different sides and from different theoretical positions, the syntactic structure of the Russian language is studied - the syntax itself and its connections with vocabulary and lexical semantics, the syntax of the text. Special areas of syntactic and lexical-syntactic research aimed at an in-depth analysis of the contextual conditions of the functioning of a word.

Interest in the problem of functional grammar, in the description of the grammatical structure, coming not from “form”, but from “meanings”, linguistic meanings, has intensified. Many grammatical, as well as lexico-grammatical studies are carried out by scientists in the sociolinguistic aspect; active processes in language are studied in connection with modern history society, with the social and cultural transformations taking place in it.

Development of research in the field of phonetics and phonology in the twentieth century. associated with the names of Avanesov, Sky, Shcherba. In recent decades, the system of Russian intonation and accentuation has been studied in depth.

The structure of the course “Modern Russian Language” consists of the following sections: phonetics, graphics, spelling, spelling, grammar (morphology and syntax), word formation, punctuation, lexicology, phraseology, stylistics.

Let's look at each of them.

Phonetics(Greek phone - sound) is the study of the sounds of the Russian language. The phonetics section covers the following issues: vowels and consonants; deaf and voiced, hard and soft consonants; syllable, stress.

Graphics ( grapho - writing) is a section of the language in which the letter designation of speech sounds is studied. Graphics are also called the designs of the letters themselves, their image on the letter.

Spelling(Greek orphos - correct, direct, grapho - writing) - a section of the science of language in which the rules of writing words are studied.

Orthoepy(Greek orphoepeia, from orphos - correct and epos - speech) - this is a section of linguistics that studies the set of literary language norms associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences and develops pronunciation recommendations - orthoepic rules.

Morphology(Greek morphe - form and logos - word) - this is a section of grammar as a science that studies: variable words from the perspective of their structure ( morphemic composition), forms of words and rules for the formation of these forms; systems of forms of inflected words with all grammatical meanings; parts of speech with their grammatical categories, as well as lexical and grammatical categories of words.

Syntax(Greek syntaxis - construction, order) - a section of grammar that studies the system of types of combinations of words in a sentence existing in the language and the system of sentences of different types.

Word formation- a branch of linguistics that studies the formation of a word on the basis of another word with the same root by which it is motivated (that is, it is derived from it in meaning and form), using special means inherent in the language (affixes, prefixes).

Punctuation- a branch of linguistics that studies the system of non-alphabetic graphic means, mainly punctuation marks, which form, together with graphics and spelling, the main means of written (printed) language.

Lexicology(Greek lexikos - related to the word and logos - teaching) - a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language, its vocabulary.

Phraseology(from the Greek phrases, genus from phraseos - expression, logos word) - a branch of linguistics that studies the phraseological composition of the language in its modern state and historical development.

Stylistics– a branch of linguistics that studies the patterns of language use in the process of speech communication, the functioning of linguistic units (and categories) within the literary language in accordance with its functional stratification in different conditions speech communication, as well as the functional-style system, or “system of styles,” of the literary language, you know its current state and diachrony.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED:

1. Golub language and culture of speech. – M., 2002.

2. Kovalevskaya of the Russian literary language. M., 1978.

3. Misiri language. – M., 1979.

4. Russian language. Encyclopedia / Ed. . – M., 1998.

Russian language as a subject of study. The main functions of the modern Russian language. Magazines covering issues of studying and teaching the Russian language, issues of speech. The importance of the course of modern Russian literary language in the education of a journalist

The Russian language has only its inherent status among school subjects: it is not only a subject of study, but also a means of learning the foundations of other sciences. The Russian language as a subject of study and teaching in Russian and non-Russian schools is based on the priority of those that were formed at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. paradigms of linguistic knowledge, including: conceptual-semantic, covering the main conceptual spheres of the Russian language and the individual author’s vision of the world; functional-communicative, designed for intralingual and interlingual, intracultural and intercultural communications; comparative, studying general linguistic universal and specific categories characteristic of the Russian language, as well as the interaction of Russian and Tatar literatures. The results of comparative studies will enrich both Russian and Turkic literature and strengthen the integrating function of the Russian language as a language of science and culture. Studying the Russian language in a comparative manner will contribute to more effective mastery of both Russian and the native language; culturological, in which the “person-forming” function of language is realized, its spiritual content, sociologization of the individual, accumulating the cultural and historical memory of the people, traditions, customs, stereotypes of behavior and thinking. Functions of language: Communicative - the language of communication, connects people; Informative - obtaining written and oral information in various fields of science, culture, literature, politics, etc.; Expressive - transmission using Russian vocabulary emotional state; Social features Russian language in the Russian Federation; Cognitive: communicative, thought-forming, expressive and aesthetic. Magazine "Russian Language Abroad", "Russian Language and Literature", "Russian Language in the Center of Europe", "RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN SCIENTIFIC COVERAGE", "RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN SCHOOL", "World of Russian Word", "Russian Speech", newspaper "RUSSIAN LANGUAGE".

“INTRODUCTION Modern Russian language as a subject of scientific study. The scope of the concept “modern Russian literary language”. The Russian language as the language of the Russian people, the state language..."

INTRODUCTION

Modern Russian language as a subject of scientific study. The scope of the concept “modern”

Russian literary language". Russian language as the language of the Russian people, the state language

Russian Federation, the language of interethnic communication and one of the authoritative languages

international communication.

PHONETICS

1. Definition of the subject of phonetics; sections and aspects of the study of phonetics. The concept of a system as applied to phonetic side language.

2. The concept of the articulatory base. Specifics of the Russian articulatory base.

Articulatory classification of vowels and consonants.

3. Acoustic classification of sounds of the Russian language. The relationship between articulatory and acoustic parameters of sound.

4. Supersegmental units of the phonetic structure of the Russian language and principles of their description.

5. The syllable as a supersegmental unit. A syllable as a wave of sonority (according to the acoustic theory of A.A. Potebnya). Place of syllable division according to this theory. Types of syllables. Structure of syllables in Russian.

6. Tact, time-forming function of stress. Phonetic nature of bar stress.

Formula of A.A. Potebnya for determining the boundaries of cycles. Enclitics, proclitics, weakly stressed words. Features of Russian verbal (bar) stress.

Functional characteristics of word stress.

7. Phrase. Intonation as a supersegmental means of forming phrases. Phonetic nature of intonation. Components of intonation. Parts of a phrase, its boundaries. Basic types of IR.

8. Phoneme as a functional unit of language. Positional alternations of sounds are a key concept in phonology. Alternations are positional and non-positional. Strong and weak positions phonemes.

9. Basic phonological schools. Phonological views of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, N.S.

Trubetskoy, L.V. Shcherba. Controversial issues of determining the composition of phonemes in the concept of MPS and LPS.

10. Positional alternations of consonants and the system of consonant phonemes in the Russian language.

11. Positional alternations of vowels and the system of vowel phonemes in the Russian language.

12. Principles of Russian spelling.

13. Orthoepy. Orthoepic norms and pronunciation variants in modern Russian. Historical variability of the norm. Spelling dictionaries and reference books.

LITERATURE

Main Panov M.V. Modern Russian language: Phonetics. – M., 1979.

Russian grammar. – M.: Nauka, 1998. vol.1. Section "Phonetics and Phonology".

Modern Russian language / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. 2nd ed. – M.: 1989.

Modern Russian language. Collection of exercises / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. M.: " graduate School", 1990.

Modern Russian language: Analysis of sound units / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. Part 1. – M.:

"Enlightenment", 1995.

Additional Avanesov R.I. Russian literary and dialect phonetics. – M., 1974.

Bondarko L.V. Sound structure of Russian speech. – M., 1977.

Bryzgunova E.A. Sounds and intonation of Russian speech. – M.: 1977.

Reformatsky A.A. From the history of Russian phonology. - M., 1970.

Encyclopedia "Russian Language" / Moscow Publishing House, BRE, Publishing house. 2nd revised and expanded. – M., 1997.

Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of Russian accents: Ok. 76,000 vocabulary units. – M.:

Rus. lang., 1993. – 927 p.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R.I.Avanesova. 9th ed., stereotype. – M.: Rus. Yaz., 2001. – 688 p.

LEXICOLOGY AND LEXICOGRAPHY

1. Vocabulary as a system. Units and categories of the lexical system. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in vocabulary. Dictionaries as the most important source for learning vocabulary. Review of explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.

2. The semantic structure of the word. The problem of establishing types of lexical meaning.

3. Polysemy as an intraword paradigm. Systemic factors contributing to the development of polysemy. Interrelation of LSV, hierarchy of values.

4. Homonymy as a manifestation of formal identity. Types of lexical homonyms by origin and structure. Stylistic use of homonyms. “Dictionary of Homonyms” O.S. Akhmanova.

Broad (identity and proximity of meanings) and narrow (identity of meanings) concept of synonymy. LZ proximity criteria synonymous words. Types of synonyms and synonymous series. Dictionaries of synonyms.

6. Antonymy as an expression of the semantic opposition of words. Complete and incomplete antonyms, quasi-antonyms. Polysemy and antonymy. Structural and semantic types of antonyms. Semantic and stylistic functions of antonyms. Dictionaries of antonyms.

7. Phraseology and its place in the language system. Broad and narrow understanding of phraseology.

Relevant features of phraseological units. Principles of classification of phraseological units. Paradigmatic connections in the field of phraseology. Techniques stylistic use phraseological units. Phraseological dictionaries and reference books.

8. Composition of the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language by origin. Original Russian vocabulary and borrowed vocabulary. Characteristic signs borrowings. Mastering foreign language vocabulary. Etymological, historical dictionaries and dictionaries of foreign words.

9. Differentiation of the vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its distribution:

vocabulary in common use and vocabulary of limited use (territorially and socially limited). Lexicographic fixation of vocabulary of limited use.

10. Active and passive vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language. Historicisms, archaisms, neologisms as facts of the historical development of language and society. Historical dictionaries and dictionaries of new words.

LITERATURE

Basic Modern Russian language / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. – M., 1989.

Modern Russian language: Analysis of linguistic units / ed. E.I. Dibrova. – M., 1995.

Modern Russian language. Collection of exercises. / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova - M., 1993.

Kuznetsova E.V. Lexicology of the Russian language. 2nd ed. M.: Higher School, 1988.

Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language: Lexicology. – M., 1983 (and subsequent editions).

Shmelev D.N. Modern Russian language: Lexicon. – M., 1973.

Additional Apresyan Yu.D. Selected works. T. 1. M., 1995.

Vinogradov V.V. Selected works: Lexicology and lexicography. – M., 1977.

Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 2nd ed. – M., 1971.

Novikov L.A. Semantics of the Russian language. – M., 1982.

Shansky N.M. Vocabulary of modern Russian language. Ed. 2nd, correct. – M., 1972.

Encyclopedia "Russian language". Ed. 2nd, correct. and additional Scientific publishing house BRE. M., 1997.

Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Russian. language; Ed. A.P.Evgenieva. – M.:

Russian language, 1981.

Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 72,500 words and 7,500 phrases.

expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian language; Russian Cultural Foundation. – M.: Az Ltd., 1992. – 960 p.

Lexical basis of the Russian language. Ed. V.V. Morkovkina. – M., 1984.

New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. - M.: School “Languages ​​of Russian Culture”, 1997.

MORPHOLOGY

1. Grammatical form, grammatical meaning of the word, grammeme, morphological category. Principles of classification of morphological categories.

2. Principles of distinguishing parts of speech in the Russian language.

3. Noun as a part of speech. Grammatical specificity of pronominal nouns.

4. Lexico-grammatical categories and non-inflectional categories of a noun (in comparison with categories of the same name of other parts of speech).

5. The number of a noun as a morphological category (in comparison with categories of the same name of other parts of speech). Understanding plural forms as independent words and as forms of words. Groups of nouns in relation to the category of number. The absence of oppositions in number as a consequence of the meaning of some lexemes. Transposition within the category of number.

6. Noun case (in comparison with categories of the same name of other parts of speech). Question about invariant meaning and number of cases. The main meanings of cases (subjective, objective, attributive: proper-characterizing, adverbial-characterizing), formal expression of the case. Case as a polysemantic unit. Diffusion of meanings in the case form. Declension as a type of inflection of nouns.

7. The grammatical nature of Russian adjectives. Boundaries of the grammatical class of adjectives. Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives and criteria for their determination. Qualitative adjectives and their grammatical features.

Adjectives short and full: lexical, morphological and syntactic differences. Degrees of comparison qualitative adjectives: meaning, methods of formation, morphological differences between synthetic and analytical forms.

Relative adjectives: scope of the concept, semantic and formal features.

8. Numeral name, its grammatical meaning, morphological categories and their features, syntactic function. Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals (quantitative, collective). Structural types of numerals (one-word, compound). Features of the declension of cardinal and collective numerals.

9. Pronoun in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language. Pronoun-noun, its grammatical meaning, morphological categories and their features;

syntactic functions. Lexico-grammatical categories of pronouns (nouns), features of inflection and use.

10. Verb as part of speech; grammatical meaning, morphological categories, syntactic functions. The volume of the verbal lexeme. Features of inflection and verb formation. Traditional teaching about productive and unproductive classes of the Russian verb and the connection of productive classes with conjugation.

Groups of verbs in relation to the category of aspect. Species pair. Perfectification, imperfectification and their main means: affixation, suppletivism, stress.

Bi-aspect verbs like special case species pair. One-type verbs.

Bi-vocal and mono-vocal verbs; transitive, indirectly transitive, intransitive verbs and their relationship to the category of voice. Reflexive verbs, their main semantic groups; homonymy of reflexive verbs and voice forms.

15. Person as a grammatical category of a verb, its meaning and means of expression. Connection with the categories of tense and mood. Transposition of facial shapes. “Insufficient” and “excessive” verbs, their use in speech. Impersonal verbs, their semantic and grammatical features. The concept of verb conjugation as a type of inflection and as a set of personal endings. Ways to determine verb conjugation;

heterogeneously conjugated verbs.

16. Grammatical specificity of the infinitive, participles and gerunds. Types of participles and gerunds, methods of their formation and restrictions in the field of education.

17. Adverb as a part of speech, its meaning, grammatical features, syntactic function. Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs. Degrees of comparison of adverbs.

The concept of comparative.

18. Category of state (impersonal-predicative adverbs, predicates) as a result of applying the “syntactic function” criterion to the classification of parts of speech. Semantic categories, grammatical features of words in state categories.

19. Modal words, their position in the system of parts of speech. Groups of modal words by meaning, relation to the sentence.

20. System service units speeches in Russian.

LITERATURE

Basic Modern Russian language: Textbook. for philol. specialist. un-tov / V.A. Beloshapkova, E.A.

Bryzgunova, E.A. Zemskaya, I.G. Miloslavsky, L.A. Novikov, M.V. Panov; Ed. V.A.

Beloshapkova. – M.: Higher. school, 1989. – 800 p.

Modern Russian language: Textbook. for pedagogical students inst. spec. No. 2101 “Russian language and literature”: In 3 hours. Part 2.: Word formation. Morphology / N.M. Shansky, A.N. Tikhonov.

– M.:

Education, 1987. – 256 p.

Additional Bondarko A.V. Type and tense of the Russian verb / A.V. Bondarko. – M., 1971.

Bondarko A.V., Bulanin L.L. Russian verb / A.V. Bondarko, L.L. Bulanin. – M., 1967.

Bulanin L.L. Difficult questions of morphology / L.L. Bulanin. – M.: Education, 1976. – 208 p.

Vinogradov V.V. Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of words). – M.: Higher. school, 1986. – 640 p.

Zaliznyak A.A. Russian nominal inflection / A.A. Zaliznyak. – M., 1967.

Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V.N. Yartseva. – M.: Sov.

encyclopedia, 1990.

Miloslavsky I.G. Morphological categories of the modern Russian language / I.G.

Miloslavsky. – M.: Education, 1981.

Russian grammar: In 2 volumes / Ed. N.Yu. Shvedova and others - M., 1982. - T.1. – P. 453 – 736.

Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms / D.E.

Rosenthal, M.A. Telenkova. – M.: Publishing house AST, 2001. – 624 p.

Russian language: Encyclopedia / Ed. Yu.N. Karaulova. – M.: Bustard, 1997.

Dictionaries Graudin L.K. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Stylistic dictionary of variants / L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Katlinskaya. – M.: Nauka, 2001. – 557 p.

Efremova T.F., Kostomarov V.G. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language / T.F.

Efremova, V.G. Kostomarov. – M.: Rus. lang., 1997. – 347 p.

Zaliznyak A.A. Grammar dictionary of the Russian language. Inflection / A.A. Zaliznyak. – M.:

Rus. lang., 1977. – 880 p.

MORPHEMICS AND MORPHONOLOGY

1. Morpheme as the main object of morphemics. The iconic nature of the morpheme. Features of the plan of expression and the plan of content of the morpheme. Basic parameters of morpheme classification.

2. Inflection as an inflectional morpheme.

3. Formative affixes and principles of their isolation.

4. Word-forming affixes and principles of their isolation.

5. Articulation of the word. Problems of delimiting the degrees of articulation of foundations.

6. Morphonology and its connections with phonology, morphemics, word formation and morphology. Broad and narrow understanding of morphonology and the question of its place in the system of Russian grammar.

7. Regular variation of the phonemic composition of a morpheme as one of the features of the Russian language. Factors causing morphonological variation. The question of the interaction of morphonological and accent differences in the formation of words and grammatical forms of words.

8. The main ways of adapting morphemes in words and word forms: morphonological alternations, truncation of morphemes, superposition of neighboring morphemes, accretion. Controversy around the concept of submorph.

WORD FORMATION

1. Nominative human activity and the role of word formation in the nomination process.

The word formation act as an act of nomination aimed at the formation of derivative words with specific onomasiological structures of propositional nature.

Features of the derivative word as a central unit and the main object of word formation.

2. Word-formation pair (derivative - generating) and the concept of word-formation derivation. Criteria for determining a generating word. Types of word-formation derivation: complete and partial derivation, standard and complicated (metaphorical and metonymic, or peripheral), singular and plural.

3. The problem of distinguishing methods of synchronous word formation. The Russian language is a language with an extensive system of ways and means of forming derivative words.

4. Complex units of the word-formation system: word-formation pair, word-formation chain, word-formation paradigm, word-formation nest.

5. Word-formation type as a special unit of the word-formation system.

Classification of word-formation types according to the grammatical relationship between the generative and the derivative (transpositional and non-transpositional types), the nature of derivation (types of lexical, syntactic and compressive derivation) and the type of word-formation meaning (modification and mutation types; the question of word-formation types characterized by relations of semantic equivalence between the generative and the derivative ).

6. Derivative meaning as the meaning of a derivational type.

Derivative meaning in the circle of other linguistic meanings.

7. Functions of word formation in language and speech and types of derivational relations. Lexical and syntactic derivation according to E. Kurilovich. Distinction between nominative, expressive, stylistic, constructive and compressive derivation in the studies of E.A. Zemskaya. The activity aspect of Russian word formation.

Word formation and text generation. Nominalizations and their role in text organization.

8. Modification and mutation word-formation meanings. The difference in the roles of prefixes and suffixes in the formation of derived words; word-formation meanings of suffixes and the problem of linguistic categorization of reality. Transposition as opposed to interparticular and intraparticular derivation.

9. Trends in the development of the Russian word-formation system. Features of analyticism in modern Russian word formation.

10. Word-formation dictionaries of the Russian language.

LITERATURE

Main Zemskaya E.A. Modern Russian language. Word formation. M., 1973.

Russian grammar / Ed. N.Yu.Shvedova and others. T.1. M., 1980.

Modern Russian language / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. Ed. 2. M., 1980 (section “Word Formation”).

Modern Russian language: Collection of exercises. Textbook manual for philol. fak. univ. – M.:

Higher school, 1990. – 320 p.

Additional Vinogradov V.V. Questions of modern Russian word formation // Vinogradov V.V.

Selected works. Research on Russian grammar. M., 1975.

Vinokur G.O. Notes on Russian word formation // Vinokur G.O. Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1959.

Grammatical studies: functional-stylistic aspect. Morphology.

Word formation. Syntax /Ans. Ed. D.N. Shmelev. M., 1991 (section “Word Formation”.

Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech: linguistic analysis and learning problems. M., 1979 (Chapter 4: “Word formation in colloquial speech”).

Zemskaya E.A. Word formation as an activity. M., 1992.

Zemskaya E.A., Kitaigorodskaya M.V., Shiryaev E.N. Russian colloquial speech: General questions.

Word formation. Syntax. M., 1981 (Part 2 “Word Formation”).

Kubryakova E.S. Fundamentals of morphological analysis. M., 1974 (chapters 1-5).

Kubryakova E.S. Types of linguistic meanings. Semantics of a derived word. M., 1981.

Lopatin V.V. Russian word-formation morphemics. Problems and principles of description.

Lopatin V.V., Ulukhanov I.S. Word formation // Russian grammar. T. 1. M., 1980.

Miloslavsky I.G. Questions of word-formation synthesis. M., 1980.

Russian language and Soviet society. Word formation in the modern Russian language // Ed. M.V.Panova. M., 1968.

Russian language of the late twentieth century (1985-1995) / Ed. E.A.Zemskoy. M., 1996 (section “Active processes of modern word production”).

Tikhonov A.N. Russian morphemics // Tikhonov A.N. Morphemic-spelling dictionary. M., 1996.

Trubetskoy N.S. morphonological system of the Russian language // Trubetskoy N.S. Selected works on philology. M., 1987.

Ulukhanov I.S. Word-formation semantics in the Russian language and principles of its description. M., 1977.

Ulukhanov I.S. Units of the word-formation system of the Russian language and their lexical implementation. M., 1996.

Churganova V.G. Essay on Russian morphonology. M., 1973.

Dictionaries Efremov T.F. Explanatory dictionary of word-formation units of the Russian language. M., 1996.

Kuznetsova A.I., Efremova T.F. Dictionary of morphemes of the Russian language. M., 1986.

Tikhonov A.N. Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language in 2 volumes. M., 1985.

Tikhonov A.N. Morphemic-spelling dictionary. Russian morphemics. M., 1996.

SYNTAX

1. Syntax as a system. Syntactic units in language and speech. Word and word form as syntactic objects.

2. The connection between the meaning of a word and its compatibility. The concept of valence.

3. Syntactic connections and syntactic relations.

4. Collocation as a non-predicative syntactic unit. Teachings of V.V. Vinogradov about the phrase. Different understandings of the phrase in the works of modern scientists.

Formal and semantic organization of a phrase.

5. Sentence as a unit of language. Aspects of studying the organization of a simple sentence.

6. Formal organization of a simple sentence. Structural diagram of the proposal. The concept of minimal and extended block diagram. Paradigmatics of a simple sentence.

7. Principles of studying the semantic organization of a simple sentence. Propositional content of a sentence. The relationship between the formal and semantic organization of a simple sentence.

8. Communicative organization of the statement. Linguistic means of actual division.

9. Complex sentence as a combination of syntactically related predicative units (PU).

Three aspects of the structure of a complex sentence: formal organization, semantic organization, communicative organization.

10. Formal organization of a complex sentence. Complex sentences of minimal (MC) and complex (CC) construction. Syntactic connections in a complex sentence:

undifferentiated (non-union) connection, differentiated (coordinating or subordinating) connection. Other means of expressing syntactic relationships between PUs in a complex sentence.

11. Semantic organization of a complex sentence. Polypropositivity as a typical property of a complex sentence.

12. Communicative organization of a complex sentence. Question about the actual division of a complex sentence. The order of PE in complex sentences that allow its variants.

13. Principles of classification of complex sentences in the syntactic tradition and in modern science.

LITERATURE

Main Vinogradov V.V. Basic principles of Russian syntax in the “Grammar of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1954) // Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. Research on Russian grammar. M., 1975.

Russian grammar: in 2 volumes / Ed. N.Yu. Shvedova. M., 1989. T. 2.

Modern Russian language / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. M., 1989 (or 1981). Section "Syntax".

Additional Arutyunova N.D. The sentence and its meaning. M., 1976.

Zolotova G.A. Communicative aspects of Russian syntax. M., 1982.

Kovtunova I.I. Modern Russian language: Word order and actual division of sentences. M., 1976.

Kurilovich E. Basic structures of language: phrases and sentences // Kurilovich E.

Essays on linguistics. M., 1962.

Lomtev T.P. Sentence and its grammatical categories. M., 1972.

Mathesius V. On the so-called actual division of a sentence; Language and style // Prague Linguistic Circle. M., 1967.

Paducheva E.V. The proposal and its correlation with reality. M., 1985.

Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. M., 1956. Ch. 7.

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The Russian language is also a subject of scientific study both in Russia and abroad. In our country, the center of its study is the Russian Language Institute named after Academician V.V. Vinogradov RAS, which publishes academic grammars of the Russian language and various academic dictionaries (explanatory, spelling, spelling, etc.). This Institute carried out all editions (since 1949) of the one-volume explanatory dictionary Russian language professor S.I. Ozhegova (since 1992, S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Shvedova).

In 1979, this academic Institute also published a one-volume encyclopedia “Russian Language”. The second edition of this encyclopedia was published in 1998, and the third edition in 2003.

Since 1967, the Russian Language Institute has published the popular science magazine “Russian Speech,” which has a special section “Culture of Speech.”

The Russian language is studied scientifically in a number of foreign countries - in China, England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Finland, the USA and other countries. Foreign Russian scholars take an active part in various international symposia dedicated to the Russian language and give scientific reports.

In a number of foreign countries, Russian is studied as a foreign language. There is even a special abbreviation - RKI. The whole big one educational and methodological work The International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL), created in 1968, directs the study of the Russian language abroad. The first president of MAPRYAL was academician V.V. Vinogradov.

The international educational and methodological Institute of the Russian Language named after. A.S. Pushkin, who publishes many educational and methodological literature Russian language help foreign citizens, who study this language, conducts refresher courses. Since 1967, this Institute has also published the scientific and methodological journal “Russian Language Abroad”.

Many outstanding domestic Russian scholars (see Appendix 2) have been involved in the study of the Russian language.

2.5 2007 – Year of the Russian language

President of Russia V.V. By his decree, Putin declared 2007 the Year of the Russian Language. This action has two goals:

To protect the Russian language, first of all, the Russian literary language, first of all, within one’s own country, from unnecessary words and expressions of Anglo-American origin that clog it, and also to cleanse the Russian literary language (including the language of modern media) from slang , vulgar and obscene language;

Raise the prestige of the Russian language both in countries near and far abroad.

If before perestroika, before the collapse of the USSR, in each union republic the Russian language was considered the second native language and a large number of hours were devoted to its study, then after the collapse of the USSR the picture radically changed for the worse. Now in almost every former Soviet republic the Russian language is studied as one of the foreign languages. Moreover, it occupies, at best, third place - after English and German, and very few hours are devoted to its study.

In non-CIS countries, the authority of the Russian language also noticeably weakened after the collapse of the USSR, and the number of people studying it as a foreign language has noticeably decreased. If previously over half a billion people in the world studied Russian (as a native language and as a foreign language in total), now, according to the latest data, 394 million people study it, i.e. much less.

At the same time, it should be noted as a positive thing that the Year of the Russian Language, declared in Russia, is celebrated in 76 countries around the world.

The largest event held in Russia within the framework of the Year of the Russian Language was the International Congress dedicated to the theme: “Russian language: historical destinies and modernity,” held in March of this year at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. This congress was organized by Moscow State University together with MAPRYAL. Over 700 Russian scholars from 50 countries took part in its work. At plenary and sectional sessions, more than 500 reports on various topical issues of the modern Russian language and its history were heard and discussed.

The course of modern Russian literary language is directly related to the professional training of future teachers of Russian language and literature. Its content forms a generalized description of the system of the modern Russian literary language. At the same time, it is structured in such a way as to simultaneously help students master the norms of literary speech and the skills of linguistic analysis.
Unlike other linguistic disciplines, which cover the history of the Russian language, its stylistic varieties and dialects, Russian artistic speech, the course of the modern Russian literary language provides only a synchronous description of it in modern stage.
The course consists of the following sections: 1) lexicology, covering vocabulary and phraseology, 2) phonetics and orthoepy, giving an idea of ​​the sound system of the language, 3) graphics and spelling, introducing the Russian alphabet and spelling system, 4) word formation, which describes morphemics and methods of word formation, and 5) grammar - the study of morphology and syntax.
The title of the course requires clarification due to different interpretations of the words that form it. This course studies the language, and not the various speech forms of its manifestation. It studies the literary language, i.e. highest form national language, which is distinguished from various dialects, argot and vernacular by its normativity and processing. It studies the Russian literary language, which is not only the language of the great Russian people, but also a means of interethnic communication of all peoples Soviet Union. Finally, it studies the modern Russian literary language, that is, the language spoken by Russians and non-Russians now, at the moment, at the present time.
The latter must be emphasized because the concept of “modern” often includes the Russian literary language of quite broad chronological framework- from Pushkin to the present day. It is obvious that the Russian language of Pushkin’s era, as well as previous and subsequent ones, has largely entered into the modern one, but at the same time, the language we speak and write in at the present time cannot be identified either with Pushkin’s or even with the language of the early 20th century . The most common phrases for those who know the modern Russian literary language would be, for example, incomprehensible to Pushkin (compare, for example, newspaper headlines: “In the Central Committee of the CPSU”, “Loyalty to proletarian internationalism”, “Scientific potential of universities”, “Communists and the Five-Year Plan” and etc.).
Consequently, the modern Russian literary language should be understood as a truly modern language, the Russian language of our era (naturally, including all the best and necessary for it from its linguistic past, including, of course, the wonderful language of Pushkin).
The language of Russian fiction should be distinguished from the Russian literary language, which absorbs all the richness of Russian speech (both literary, dialectal and argotic) and performs not only communicative, but also aesthetic functions. That is why the latter does not belong to the system of functional styles of the Russian literary language (bookish, including scientific, official business, journalistic, and colloquial), but constitutes a special linguistic essence that arose as a creative alloy of functional styles in the individual figurative and expressive refraction of one or another writer.
Literary language exists in two forms: written and oral. In the latter, the literary norm is presented as a dynamic phenomenon to a greater extent: in it, deviations from the established language standard are often observed, and new words and phrases that have not yet been accepted by all native speakers often appear.
Thanks to fiction and especially the media, many of the non-standardized facts of oral speech become literary, normative, and correct.