Saltykov Ivan: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Count von der Palen Alexey-Friedrich-Leonid Petrovich

SALTYKOV Ivan Petrovich, Russian statesman and military leader, Field Marshal General (1796), Adjutant General (1784), Count.

He came from an old noble family, which, according to legend, traces its roots to the “honest husband” Mikhail Prushanin, who left Prussia for Novgorod at the beginning of the 13th century; son of Field Marshal Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov. In military service since 1745 as a private in the Life Guards. Semenovsky regiment. In 1748 he was promoted to sergeant, in 1750 to ensign, and in 1756 promoted to second lieutenant. From 1758 he was at the imperial court, and in July 1759 he received the rank of chamber cadet. With the beginning of the Seven Years' War of 1756 - 1763. returned to military service. In the campaign of 1758 he took part in the occupation of Königsberg and the capture of Elbing, then fought at Zorndorf. In battles he showed personal bravery and courage. For distinguished service in battles with the Prussians, he was promoted to brigadier in 1760, and after the conclusion of peace in 1761, he was promoted to major general. In 1766, for distinguished service, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general.

Russian-Turkish War 1768 - 1774 began under the command of Chief General Prince A. M. Golitsyn. During the campaign of 1770, he commanded the heavy cavalry in the 1st Army under Chief General P.A. Rumyantseva. He distinguished himself during the blockade of Khotin, participated in the battles of Larga and Kagul, where he contributed to the complete defeat of the Turkish army. In 1773 he was promoted to general-in-chief. During the campaign of 1774 he distinguished himself in the battle of Turtukai, and then commanded troops during the blockade and participated in the blockade of Rushchuk. At the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty in July 1775, he was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd class. “For the repeated overcoming of the enemy during the Turkish war and the crossing of the Danube.” Since 1780 I.P. Saltykov commanded the troops (26 regiments and significant artillery) covering the southern border of Russia from the Turks, and then a large detachment located in the Polish provinces. During the same period, he made a trip to Europe, where he visited Berlin, Dresden, Brussels, London and spent more than a year in Paris. In 1784, he was promoted to adjutant general and appointed governor-general of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorships.

Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787 - 1791. He commanded a division during the siege and capture of Khotin. During the campaign of 1789 he commanded the Kuban division in the Caucasus. Since 1790, commander-in-chief of the Russian Finnish Army during the Russian-Swedish War of 1788 - 1790. He had to fight with insignificant forces and cover a vast border in such a sparsely populated and mountainous country as Finland, whose inhabitants, moreover, had little sympathy for the Russian troops. Saltykov coordinated his operations with the actions of the Baltic Fleet of Admiral V.Ya. Chichagova. In a short period of time at the head of the Finnish army, he managed to win a number of more or less significant private successes over the Swedes who were trying to break into Russian territory. After the conclusion of the Verel Peace Treaty of 1790 with Sweden, Saltykov was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, awarded a sword with diamonds and diamond insignia for the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. From 1790 he commanded the corps, and in 1795 he retired.

Upon accession to the throne of Emperor Paul I, he was again called up for service, renamed cavalry general, appointed chief of the Cuirassier regiment, Kyiv governor and cavalry inspector. In December 1796, he was promoted to field marshal general and appointed inspector general over all cavalry with the Ukrainian Army subordinate to him. Since November 1797, the first Moscow military governor and commander of the civil sector in the Moscow province, and at the same time, since December, the chief of the Ekaterinoslav Cuirassier Regiment. Retired since 1804. He lived in St. Petersburg, where he soon died. He was buried in the Nikolskoye family estate near Rostov.

Awarded Russian orders: St. Andrew the First-Called and diamond insignia for the order, St. Alexander Nevsky with diamonds, St. Vladimir 1st class, St. Anna 2nd class, St. George 2nd class; twice with golden weapons, one of which with diamonds.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov (1730-1805), Field Marshal General.

He was educated in the house of his parent, Field Marshal General Count Pyotr Semenovich Saltykov. He was enlisted in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment in 1741, served as a soldier from 1745, promoted to ensign in 1753, then served at the Supreme Court with the rank of chamber cadet, and in 1760 was released into the army as a brigadier. He took part in the battles between the Russians and the Prussians; promoted to major general (1761) for his bravery; received the Order of St. Anne from Emperor Peter III (1762), and after several months - on the day of the coronation of Empress Catherine II - the Alexander Ribbon.

Seven years later, a war with Turkey opened: Count Saltykov, who was then a lieutenant general, again drew his sword and assisted Prince Golitsyn in the defeat of Karaman Pasha near Khotyn (1769) and in the capture of this fortress. He later served under the banners of Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky: he led part of the cavalry that followed the infantry in the Battle of Larga (1770); but, to the chagrin of the commander-in-chief, he was late in pursuing the enemy, having not received orders sent in a timely manner; led the heavy cavalry in the Battle of Cahul (the same year), cut into the crowds of Janissaries, killed many on the spot, put the rest to flight and took a retranchement...

In 1772, Count Saltykov was the first to cross the Danube with the corps entrusted to him; promoted (1773) to general-in-chief; established communication with the Danube between Silistria and Rushchuk, expelled the Turks from the Marutinsky retrenchments, captured their camp, took three cannons, forced the enemy to retreat to the Rushchuk fortifications and besieged the city from the Danube itself along the Lom River, but could not take it. General Suvorov, dispatched by him, captured Turtukai. On July 14, 1774, Saltykov was preparing under the walls of the besieged fortress for a decisive battle with Seraskir Hassan Pasha, when a courier arrived from the commander-in-chief with the news of the concluded peace at Kaynardzhi.

The Empress awarded Count Ivan Petrovich for his military exploits with the diamond insignia of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, the Order of St. George 2nd class and a golden sword decorated with diamonds. In 1780, commanding twenty-six regiments and strong artillery, he formed a chain of troops against the Turks and had his main apartment in Nemirov; continued to command the corps in the former Polish provinces until 1784, granted adjutant general and governor general of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorship, awarded two years before the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called (1782).

Count Saltykov corrected the position of governor until 1788: the renewed war with Turkey called him back to the battlefield. He crowned himself with the occupation of the Khotyn fortress (September 8), which, after close negotiations, surrendered to him and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, commander of the allied Austrian troops, on the following conditions: the two thousand Turkish garrison and all residents of the Mohammedan confession, numbering up to sixteen thousand people of both sexes, received permission to leave the fortress; 153 cannons of various calibers, 14 mortars and many other weapons and military supplies went to the winners. For this feat, Count Saltykov received the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree (1789). //In published documents, after the name of the orders of the Russian Empire there is a mention of the degree or class. Correct usage should be: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th degree.//

Until now, Count Ivan Petrovich had defeated the Turks: in 1790, the Empress entrusted him with the Finnish Army. At first, the Swedes had some superiority over our troops, then they were defeated near the village of Taikala (April 22) by the brave Major General Denisov, who captured the convoy and their artillery and drove them beyond Kyumen. The king was in this case. Meanwhile, Lieutenant General Numsen captured fortifications on the right bank of the Kyumen River, took 12 cannons and more than 300 prisoners; Major General Fersen acted just as successfully in the Sveaborg district. The enemy did not dare to disturb our borders, being also defeated at sea by Chichagov. There was a murmur in Stockholm. Gustav III was forced to offer peace to Catherine. On the day of its celebration (September 8), Count Ivan Petrovich was awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, a sword with diamonds and diamond insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called Apostle.

An unexpected event upset the course of Saltykov’s service for some time: he attracted the displeasure of Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, in whose army he was a corps commander, and was forced to resign (1795).

Emperor Paul accepted him back into service (1796): he renamed him cavalry general (November 17), appointed him chief of a cuirassier regiment and the next day - Kiev military governor, cavalry inspector, and on December 15 of the same year - field marshal general, general inspector over all cavalry with the Ukrainian Army subordinate to him until Rumyantsev’s recovery. Finally, at the end of 1797, he transferred him as military governor to Moscow, granted more than six thousand peasants to the Polish provinces and appointed him commander-in-chief of the army, which was to be concentrated in the Vitebsk province (1800). On the occasion of the death of the sovereign, this appointment did not take place.

Emperor Alexander I, on the day of his coronation (1801), sent Count Ivan Petrovich a snuffbox with a portrait sprinkled with diamonds. He remained the military governor in Moscow until May 1, 1804, then receiving dismissal of his own free will due to poor health, and soon died. His body was buried next to his parent - on the Yaroslavl estate.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov never made anyone unhappy in his entire life, was alien to shameful pride and despised only arrogant temporary workers; he was distinguished by an affectionate, good-natured welcome, lived in Moscow extremely luxuriously: every day at lunch and dinner he had sixty devices, every Sunday several hundred people came to his ball. He tried to eradicate covetousness in public places, established order and decorum everywhere, enjoyed general love and respect, loved to do good, engaged in hunting in his free time, having his own huntsmen of up to a hundred people; He left his son sixteen thousand peasants, including one thousand two hundred courtyard people, and two million eight hundred thousand in debt.

The son of Ivan Petrovich - Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov - first served as a full-time chamberlain at the Imperial Court, then was a lieutenant in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, awarded the Order of St. George, 4th class, and was seriously wounded in the Battle of Austerlitz; he formed his own Moscow Hussar Regiment in the memorable year 1812 and soon - in the same year - died at a young age from fever, having contracted this disease in hospitals, where he visited sick soldiers every day.

(Source: Bantysh-Kamensky D.N. Biographies of Russian generalissimos and field marshals: in 4 parts. - Reprint, reproduction of the 1840 edition. Part 1-2. - Pushkino: Culture, 1991. - URL: http:/ /dic.academic.ru/)

Count Saltykov Ivan Petrovich

Grandson of the Moscow Governor-General S.A. Saltykov, son of the Moscow Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal General P.S. Saltykov.

At the age of 15 he entered service in the guard. During the Seven Years' War, he took part in the battles of Zorndorf, Elbag and Koenigsberg, showing courage and bravery. For military services in the Russian-Turkish War (1768–1774) he was awarded the title of general-in-chief and the highest orders of the empire. During the Russian-Turkish War (1787–1791) he commanded a division. For the battle near Khotin in 1789 he received the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree. In January of the following year, he was appointed to the post of commander-in-chief of the Finnish army, which won a number of victories over Swedish troops who were trying to invade Russian territory.

Being in 1784–1787 the governor-general of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorships, and at the end of 1796 - the governor of Kyiv, he acquired the necessary experience in civil administration.

The Moscow period of his activity was marked by many events that formed a special chapter of Russian history. I.P. Saltykov had to experience all the consequences of changes in the management system of the capital during the years of Pavlovsk rule and the coming to power of Emperor Alexander I.

On January 17, 1799, the “Decree of the Capital City of Moscow” was issued, abolishing the Duma and declaring a commission department to supply the capital city of Moscow with supplies by the main city authorities. According to the legislator, the latter had “the subject of his exercises everything that can only relate to the improvement of the city and the well-being of its inhabitants.” The name of the new management body became an integral part of the title of I.P. Saltykov’s position.

Alexander I restored the previous management structures. On April 2, 1801, the Duma resumed its activities, and on February 12, 1802, the deanery administration, which was in charge of the police, resumed its activities. On March 19 of the same year, a committee was created to equalize city duties, designed to regulate and balance the capital's budget and the sources of its formation.

Gradually, the committee, which dealt with issues of improvement, maintenance of pavements, street lighting, and construction of buildings, turned into a complete manager of municipal property. This order was maintained until 1813 - the time of the formation of a commission for buildings in Moscow.

Having been under the command of Field Marshal I.P. Saltykov for about seven years, Moscow residents witnessed many changes that took place in the life of the capital.

At the end of 1797, work began on restoring the Zemlyanoy Wall around the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod, and construction of the main military hospital in Lefortovo was underway.

The planning of the White City carried out in 1798 had a positive impact on the formation of the architectural and urban appearance of Moscow. In 1802, the construction of a water supply channel, interrupted in 1787 by the Russian-Greek War, continued. In the same year, at the suggestion of I.P. Saltykov, the construction of a stone bridge across the Yauza began.

The desire to capture the beauty of the capital's buildings was dictated by the compilation of “facade plans of Moscow” - an atlas of tables depicting in perspective the blocks and streets of the city “with the best buildings on them.” But the work, carried out in 1800–1804 under the leadership of the architect M.F. Kazakov, remained unfinished due to Alexander I’s concerns about excessive financial expenses.

In 1802, the construction of the stone building of the Pavlovsk hospital near the Danilov Monastery began, according to the design of M.F. Kazakov. In 1802–1803, the Catherine Institute of Noble Maidens and the Widow's House opened their doors in Moscow, located in a building on the corner of Lefortovo Street and Proezzhey Lane.

State of health forced Count Saltykov to submit his resignation.

Field Marshal General; genus. in 1730, d. November 14, 1805 Count Ivan Petrovich was the son of Field Marshal Count Pyotr Semenovich Saltykov. From the age of fifteen he served in the guard, from where he soon transferred to the service of the Highest Court and was promoted to chamber cadet. During the Seven Years' War, S. exchanged court service for military service and took part in the campaigns of our troops against the Prussians. Here the young Count S. participated in the occupation of Königsberg and the capture of Elbing in 1758, fought at Zorndorf and showed personal courage and courage in all these battles. Participation in the campaign greatly promoted Count S. in rank. In 1760 he was already a brigadier, in 1761 a major general, and in 1766 a lieutenant general and holder of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, which he received on the day of the coronation of Empress Catherine II. Count S. showed more independent activity as a military commander in the first Turkish war, and this campaign makes it possible to get some idea of ​​the nature of his military talents. In 1769, the main military actions on our part boiled down to the blockade of the Khotyn fortress with the aim of capturing it, and on the part of the Turks - to forcing us to lift the blockade and to increasing the garrison's means of defense. During the battles near Khotin, Count S. most distinguished himself in affairs on July 22 and August 29. On July 22, the Crimean Khan decided to break through the blockade line with his army into the fortress. Our blocking troops stood in two groups: the majority, under the command of the commander-in-chief, Prince. Golitsyn, southwest of the fortress, near the Dniester, and a detachment of Prince. Prozorovsky - on the Bendery road, southeast of the fortress. Between these two groups a significant open gap was formed, occupied by the heavy cavalry of Count S. The Crimean Khan directed his main efforts against the detachment of the prince. Prozorovsky, by knocking him down, he could get into the fortress. Having been repeatedly repulsed by Prozorovsky, the Tatars launched a final attack on him, so swift that they overthrew his advanced troops and burst into the open gap, threatening to cut off the prince. Prozorovsky from the main forces. Seeing the dangerous position of Prozorovsky and the opportunity for the Tatars to break into the fortress, Count S. quickly attacked the prevailing enemy on the flank, overthrew him and pursued him, thereby saving Prozorovsky’s troops and ending the battle in our favor on the decisive section of the battlefield, on August 29 of the same year, the commander-in-chief The Turkish army of Moldavanchi Pasha, having concentrated an army of about 100 thousand near Khotyn, decided to transport them across the Dniester and attack Prince Golitsyn, who was stationed on the opposite bank of the river to monitor the fortress. The main forces of the Turks, having crossed the river, rushed to the center of our position and, despite the heroic resistance of the troops, broke through it, taking advantage of the superiority of their forces. Count S., who had received the task the day before with his detachment to prevent the enemy from foraging in a direction completely opposite to where the battle was taking place, saw the dangerous position of the center and, on his own initiative, moved with his infantry to its aid, struck the Turks in the rear, thereby restored the battle and contributed to complete defeat of the enemy. The military actions of the subsequent 1773 and 1774 give some idea of ​​the strategic abilities of the city. S. In 1773, Empress Catherine ordered our commander-in-chief, Count Rumyantsev, to transfer decisive actions to the right bank of the Danube and attack the vizier. Such a decisive plan did not suit the views of our field marshal: the position of his army, understaffed and scattered over a considerable distance, did not allow him to expect success from crossing the Danube. Not daring, however, to take responsibility for failure to carry out the empress’s orders, Rumyantsev demanded from the main commanders an opinion on the possibility of transferring actions beyond the Danube. A note on this matter by Count S. is of significant interest as a characteristic of his military views. In it, the author shares Rumyantsev’s view about the riskiness of carrying out the empress’s orders and confirms his arguments with a detailed study of the situation, which, indeed, was not conducive to this. For his part, the count proposed a more cautious, but faithful and appropriate plan for the state of affairs, which consisted in keeping the left bank of the Danube in his hands and harassing the Turks on the opposite bank only with raids. In the event of crossing the Danube, Count S. proposed not to go deeper into the country until he had firmly established himself on the river by taking possession of the fortresses of Rushchuk and Silistria. During the campaign of 1773, Count S.'s detachment, with a force of 12 thousand, was entrusted with monitoring the middle course of the Danube and, subsequently, when Count Rumyantsev decided to transfer military operations beyond the Danube and begin the siege of the fortress of Silistria, then S. with his possibly energetic actions had to persistently disturb the Turks and facilitate the operation of the gr. Rumyantseva against Silistria. However, Count S.'s actions during this period of the campaign were characterized by such indecisiveness that they gave the Turks the opportunity to concentrate large forces near Silistria and prevent Count Rumyantsev's enterprise. The commander-in-chief was very dissatisfied with such lethargy and, seeing that S. was not taking decisive action on his own initiative, he ordered him to turn against Tourno and defeat the Turkish troops stationed there. S. also considered this enterprise risky, which resulted in Rumyantsev repeating the order in a harsh form, after which it was carried out by S. quite flawlessly. The military operations of 1773 ended in late autumn with the bold search of the detachments of Ungern and Dolgorukov to Varna. To facilitate this search by diverting the attention of Turkish troops concentrated in Rushchuk and Shumla from Varna, detachment S. on November 3 fought across the Danube near the village of Mavrodin, having an enemy superior in number, took possession of the Mavrodin retranchement and besieged Rushchuk, unable to , however, dare to storm this fortress. At the end of November, when all our troops retreated back to the left bank of the Danube, S. was the last to send his detachment there. In 1774, Count Rumyantsev decided to move the main actions beyond the Danube. To ensure our communications through Moldavia and Wallachia from the unconquered fortresses of Ruschuk, Nikopol and Viddin, on the upper Danube, in Banat, a detachment of S. was left (10 infantry regiments, 5 carabineer regiments, 2 battalions of rangers, 1 hussar and 5 Cossack regiments with 32 guns), promoted to general-in-chief for military merits. S. was entrusted not only with the defense of the upper Danube, but also with all his might to prevent the concentration of Turkish troops on the lower Danube, where our commander-in-chief intended to inflict a decisive blow on them. This time S. contributed more energy to the task assigned to him than in the previous year. When at the beginning of June Count Rumyantsev decided to transport the main army across the Danube, and S. ordered to remain on the left bank of the Danube, in view of the news that the enemy was preparing an attack against him in large forces, he asked permission to also cross the Danube with his detachment at Turtukai, hoping In this way, it is better to contribute to the final defeat of the Turks. The crossing of Detachment S. was accomplished brilliantly on the night of June 6 after unsuccessful attempts by the Turks to prevent it. On June 9, the Turkish seraskier, hoping to take advantage of the weakness of S.’s detachment, attacked it with 15 thousand at Turtukai from the Danube and from land, but after a stubborn battle he was defeated. Soon after this, the Turks, without a fight, ceded to S. the advanced position in front of Rushchuk near the village of Mavrodin, and they themselves locked themselves in the fortress. After this, besieging Rushuk, a strong fortress equipped with a 10,000-strong garrison, S. not daring to storm it, he wanted, constantly disturbing the enemy, to call him into the field where he intended to defeat the Turks. However, this was not achieved, and his detachment remained in front of the fortress until peace was concluded. S.'s military merits in the first Turkish war were rewarded with diamond insignia of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, the rank of general-in-chief, the Order of St. George of the second class and a golden sword decorated with diamonds. No information has been preserved characterizing S.’s activities during the period between the first and second Turkish wars. It is only known that in 1780 he commanded a strong detachment of troops (26 regiments and significant artillery), covering our southern border from the Turks, and then commanded a detachment of troops located in the Polish provinces. In 1782, he was awarded the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called, in 1784 he was granted adjutant general and appointed governor-general of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorates, in which position he remained until 1788. In the second Turkish war that then began, S. took participation, commanding a division. His activities during this campaign did not stand out in any way and can do little to characterize him as a military leader. As is known, Russia fought the Second Turkish War in alliance with Austria. The S. division (with a force of 10 thousand) was appointed in the campaign of 1788 to assist the Austrian detachment of the Prince of Coburg in capturing the Khotyn fortress. On June 21, S. united with the Prince of Coburg and besieged the fortress. Siege work began on July 2. The Allies' actions were extremely slow and there was no hope for a quick capture of the fortress. Finally, in the fall, the Turks made several desperate forays, successfully repulsed by S., and on September 18, tormented by hunger, they surrendered. Although such slowness cannot be entirely attributed to S., since the main command belonged to the Prince of Coburg, it can be assumed that our general, for his part, did not insist on accelerating actions. In the campaign of the next 1789 we already see S. in the Caucasus, commander of the Kuban division. In the same year, for military exploits near Khotin, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree. In January 1790, S. was called to the new post of commander-in-chief of the Finnish army, which was operating against the Swedes at that time. The task of the commander-in-chief in this theater of war was not an easy one: with insignificant forces he had to withstand the fight and cover a vast border in such a sparsely populated, poor and mountainous country as Finland, whose inhabitants also sympathized with the enemy. Indeed, S. received the army from Count Musin-Pushkin in the saddest state: small in number, it was scattered among apartments and needed everything necessary, and two-thirds of the troops were at the forefront and performed the most difficult service. The result of this situation was a severe, almost universal, disease of the troops with scurvy, so that some regiments had no more than 500 people in the ranks. One of S.'s first orders was to take care of improving the food supply of our troops, for which purpose he organized special sutlers in the detachments, and the sanitary condition of the army, as well as to facilitate the movement of reinforcements and personnel coming from the capital to the theater of military operations. S. himself arrived to the army entrusted to him from St. Petersburg only at the end of April. As far as one can judge, the initial assumptions of our commander-in-chief consisted of strictly defensive actions on land in order to retain in our hands the territory that we owned and prevent the spread of Swedish rule over it, to take advantage of this time, strengthen and put our army in order, and then only go to offensive actions. S. coordinated all his operations with the actions of the Baltic Fleet, which was under the command of Admiral Chichagov. During the short period of S.'s stay at the head of the Finnish army, Russian troops won a number of more or less significant private successes over the Swedes, who were trying to break into Russian territory; at the same time, when it was considered timely to go on the offensive, peace negotiations began, which led to the conclusion of a peace treaty. On the day of the celebration of the conclusion of peace, S. was awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel of the guard cavalry regiment, a sword decorated with diamonds and diamond insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. After 1790, S. no longer had to participate in hostilities. From 1790 to 1795 he commanded the corps; this year he was forced to resign due to Count Rumyantsev’s displeasure with him. Upon the accession of Emperor Paul to the throne, S. was immediately re-enlisted, renamed cavalry general, and appointed chief of the Cuirassier regiment, Kyiv governor and cavalry inspector. On December 15, 1796, he was promoted to field marshal general and appointed inspector general over all cavalry, with the Ukrainian army subordinate to him until Count Rumyantsev recovered. A year later, at the end of 1797, Emperor Paul transferred S. governor-general to Moscow, in which position he remained until 1804. , when, at his own request, he was dismissed from his position due to poor health. During this period of activity, S. left a good memory of his efforts to eradicate covetousness in public places, the establishment of universal order and decorum, as well as his kind, affectionate disposition, cordiality and hospitality. He died on November 14, 1805 and was buried on his Yaroslavl estate. As a military leader, S. was a general, gifted with significant military abilities, who had the right view of military affairs, and showed the determination and independence necessary on the battlefield. As the head of the army and a separate detachment in general, S. proved himself to be a good administrator, who saw the key to successful military operations in a well-fed, healthy and well-equipped army. As for his strategic abilities, although he did not have that special gift of creativity that distinguishes great military leaders, nevertheless he should be counted among the talented generals. In all his actions the necessary caution is noticeable, thoroughness in the planned operations, lack of risk, ensuring success by good preparation of the operation; in his actions the correct starting point is noticeable - to count on the worst situation for himself, and the best for the enemy. Therefore, he can only be blamed for some indecision, lack of energy, but this accusation will not be entirely correct, since, as required by circumstances, he acted decisively, as, for example, in 1774, when he transported his detachment across the Danube, which even Count Rumyantsev considered it dangerous. In all operations known to us S., indeed, prudence and calculation prevailed over risk, and therefore in his activities we do not see brilliant feats, but we do not see a single defeat, not a single failure, and, although slowly, in most cases he always coped with tasks assigned to him.

Petrov, “The War of Russia with Turkey and the Polish Confederates 1769-1774.” - Bogdanovich, “The Campaigns of Rumyantsev, Potemkin and Suvorov in Turkey.” - “Description of sea and land battles between the Russian imperial and royal Swedish armies from 1788 to 1790”, Smolensk, 1804 - “Collection of all reports on military operations against the enemies of the Russian Federation included in the reports of both capitals from 1787 to 1791 Empire". - "Reports of the Turkish war during the reign of Emperor Catherine II." - Bantysh-Kamensky, “Biographies of Russian generalissimos and field marshals.” - "Encyclopedia of Military and Naval Sciences", edited by Lieutenant General. Leera.

A. Zaionchkovsky.

(Polovtsov)

Saltykov, Count Ivan Petrovich

33rd Field Marshal General.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov, son of Field Marshal Count Pyotr Semenovich Saltykov, was born in 1730; studied in his parent's home; First he served in the guard (from 1745), then at the Highest Court with the rank of chamber cadet and (1760) was released into the army as a brigadier. He took part in the famous exploits of the Russians against the Prussians; for his bravery he was promoted to major general (1761); received from Emperor Peter III the Order of St. Anne (1762) and, after several months, the Alexander Ribbon on the day of the coronation of Empress Catherine II.

Seven years later, a war with Turkey opened: Count Saltykov, who was then a lieutenant general (since 1766), again drew his sword and assisted Prince Golitsyn [See. biography of Field Marshal Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn] in the defeat of Karaman Pasha near Khotyn (1769), in the capture of this fortress; he later served under the banners of the glorious Transdanubian: he led part of the cavalry that followed the infantry at the Battle of Larga (1770); but, to the chagrin of the commander-in-chief, he was late in pursuing the enemy, having not received the orders sent in due time; At the Battle of Cahul (the same year) he commanded the heavy cavalry located between the squares, cut into the crowds of Janissaries, killed many on the spot, put the rest to flight and took retranchement. Rumyantsev reported to his former boss, Field Marshal Count Saltykov, about the famous victory and called him happy father, mentioning great courage Count Ivan Petrovich. The latter was then awarded the diamond insignia of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.

In 1772, Count Saltykov was the first to cross the Danube with the corps entrusted to him; promoted (1773) to general-in-chief; established communication with the Danube between Silistria and Rushchuk, expelled the Turks from the Marutinsky retrenchments, captured their camp, took three cannons, forced the enemy to retreat to the Rushchuk fortifications and besieged the city from the Danube itself along the Lom River; but could not take it. General Suvorov, dispatched by him, captured Turtukai. On July 14 (1774) Saltykov was preparing under the walls of the besieged fortress for a decisive battle with Seraskir Hassan Pasha, who was later captain-pasha and vizier, when a courier arrived from the commander-in-chief with the news of the conclusion of peace at Kaynardzhi.

The Empress awarded the military exploits of Count Ivan Petrovich (1775) with the Order of St. George, second class, and a golden sword decorated with diamonds. In 1780, commanding twenty-six regiments and strong artillery, he formed a chain of troops against the Turks, and had his main apartment in Nemirov; continued to command the corps in the former Polish provinces until 1784, in which he was granted adjutant general and governor general of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorships, having been awarded two years earlier the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called (1782).

Count Saltykov corrected the position of governor until 1788: the renewed war with Turkey called him back to the battlefield. He crowned himself with the occupation of the fortress of Khotyn (September 8), which, after close conquest, surrendered to him and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, commander of the allied Austrian troops, on the following conditions: a two thousand Turkish garrison and all residents of the Mohammedan confession, numbering up to sixteen thousand people of both sexes , received permission to leave the fortress; 153 cannons of various calibers, 14 mortars and many other weapons and military supplies went to the winners. For this feat, Count Saltykov received the Order of St. Vladimir, first degree (1789).

Until now, Count Ivan Petrovich had defeated the Turks: in 1790, the Empress entrusted him with the Finnish Army. At first the Swedes had some surface over our troops; Then they were defeated, between the Valkiala church and the village of Taikaly (April 22), by the brave Major General Denisov, who captured their convoy and artillery and drove them beyond Kyumen. The king was in this case. Meanwhile, Lieutenant General Numsen captured fortifications on the right bank of the Kyumen River, took 12 cannons and more than 300 prisoners; Major General Fersen acted just as successfully in the Sveaborg district. The enemy did not dare to disturb our borders, being also defeated at sea by Chichagov. There was a murmur in Stockholm. Gustav III was forced to offer peace to Catherine. On the day of its celebration (September 8), Count Ivan Petrovich was awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Guards Cavalry Regiment, a sword with diamonds and diamond insignia of the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called.

An unexpected event upset the course of Saltykov’s service for some time: he attracted the displeasure of Zadunaisky, in whose army he was a corps commander, and was forced to resign (1795). Emperor Paul I accepted him back into service (1796): renamed him cavalry general (November 17), appointed him chief of the Cuirassier regiment and the next day the Kyiv military governor, cavalry inspector; On December 15 of that year, Field Marshal General, Inspector General over all cavalry, with the subordination of the Ukrainian Army until Rumyantsev recovered; finally, at the end of 1797, he transferred him as a military governor to Moscow, subsequently granted him more than six thousand peasants in the Polish provinces [This estate was sold by the son of Count Ivan Petrovich for one million nine hundred thousand rubles] and appointed him commander-in-chief of the army, which was to be concentrated in the Vitebsk province (1800). On the occasion of the death of the Emperor, this appointment did not take place.

Emperor Alexander I, on the day of His coronation (1801), sent a snuffbox with a portrait sprinkled with diamonds to Count Ivan Petrovich. He remained military governor in Moscow until May 1, 1804, having then received dismissal, according to his own request, due to poor health, and soon died, on November 14, 1805, at the age of 76 from birth. His body was buried next to his parent, on the Yaroslavl estate.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov, who had never made anyone unhappy throughout his life, was alien to shameful pride and despised only arrogant temporary workers; was distinguished by an affectionate, good-natured welcome; he lived in Moscow extremely luxuriously: every day at lunch and dinner he had sixty devices; Every Sunday several hundred people [Sometimes up to eight hundred people] came to his ball. He tried to eradicate covetousness in public places, established order and decorum everywhere, enjoyed general love and respect, loved to do good; He was engaged in hunting in his free time, having his own huntsmen of up to a hundred people; He left his son sixteen thousand peasants, including one thousand two hundred courtyard people, and two million eight hundred thousand in debt.

The son of Count Ivan Petrovich, Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, first served as a full-time chamberlain at the Imperial Court, then was a lieutenant in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment; awarded for bravery in various battles against the French, the military Order of St. George, 4th class; seriously wounded at the Battle of Austerlitz; formed his own regiment of hussars ( Moscow) in the memorable year 1812 and soon died (in the same year) at a young age from fever, having contracted this disease in hospitals, where he visited sick soldiers every day. His sisters are married: the 1st with Privy Councilor Pyotr Vasilyevich Myatlev and the 2nd with Count Grigory Vladimirovich Orlov.

Nowadays, the only descendant left from the Counts Saltykovs is Count Lev Grigorievich Saltykov, who holds the position of Jägermeister of the Supreme Court. His great-grandfather, Senator Count Vladimir Semenovich, was the younger brother of the winner at Frankfurt [See. biography of Field Marshal Count Pyotr Semenovich Saltykov].

(Bantysh-Kamensky)

Saltykov, Count Ivan Petrovich

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"Saltykov, Count Ivan Petrovich" in books

Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1693–1766)