But few taekwondo athletes know that this is only one side of the coin...

Why, you ask. Yes, because Korean numerals can be divided into two large categories: native Korean numerals and numerals borrowed from Chinese language. Those who are well acquainted with World History are, of course, aware of the enormous influence Korea received from China. This is reflected not only in culture, but also in language.

So, Korean numbers from 1 to 10:

one - 하나 - haná

two - 둘 - tul

three - 셋 - set

four - 넷 - no

five - 다섯 - shuffle

six - 여섯 - yosót

seven - 일곱 - ilgop

eight - 여덟 - yodol

nine - 아홉 - ahop

ten - 열 - yul

The stress is always on the last syllable (a feature of the Korean language)

But these Korean numbers are hardly known to taekwondo fighters - this

numbers from one to ten, which came from the Chinese language:

one - 일 - il

two - 이 - and

three - 삼 - himself

four - 사 - sa

five - 오 - oh

six - 육 - yuk

seven - 칠 - chil

eight - 팔 - phal

nine - 구 - ku

11 is ten and one, 12 is ten and two...

11 – 열하나 (yeol hana)

12 – 열둘 (yeol toul)

It’s exactly the same with Chinese:

11 – 십일 (sybil)

12 – 십이 (sibi)

13 – 십삼 (sipsam)

I suggest we continue until 19.00 ourselves.

Dozens of Korean numerals have their own names:

20 – 스물 (simul)

30 – 서른 (soreun)

40 – 마흔 (maheung)

50 – 쉰 (shuin)

60 – 예순 (yesun)

70 – 일흔 (iryn)

80 – 여든 (yodeun)

90 – 아흔 (ahyn)

Thirty-three is thirty and three: 33 – 서른셋 (soreun set).

Korean calculus ends at 99. All large numbers will be in the Chinese version.

How are tens constructed in the Chinese version?

Twenty - two tens - two and ten. Thirty is three and ten. Forty is four and ten.

20 – 이십 (isip)

30 – 삼십 (samsip)

40 – 사십 (sasip)

22 – 이십이 (isibi)

33 – 삼십삼 (samsipsam)

44 – 사십사 (sasipsa)

55 – 오십오 (osibo)

66 – 육십육 (yuksimnyuk)

77 – 칠십칠 (chhilsipchil)

88 – 팔십팔 (phalsipphal)

99 – 구십구 (kusipku)

Korean numbers from 100 and up

100 –백 (baek)

200 – 이백 (two hundred) (ibak)

1,000 – 천 (cheon)

2,000 – 이천 (two thousand) (ichon)

10,000 – 만 (man)

20,000 – 이만 (two manna) (iman)

100,000 – 십만 (ten mana) (simman)

200,000 – 이십만 (isimman)

1,000,000 – 백만 (one hundred mana) (penman)

2,000,000 – 이백만 (ipenman)

10,000,000 – 천만 (one thousand mana) (cheonman)

20,000,000 – 이천만 (ichonman)

IN Korean There are two series of numerals. The first row is native Korean numerals, (from 1 to 99), the second row is Sino-Korean (that is, borrowed from the Chinese language), from zero to infinity.

Numerals before nouns and counting words Khan, tulle, set, No And simul are reduced to khan, that, se, Not And this time.

The names of tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. are formed according to the scheme: “prime number + 10, 100 1000, etc.,” for example: the vulture itself - 30; oh vulture - 50; ku back - 900, and chhOn - 2000.

Complex numerals are formed in the same way as with Korean numerals: Sibo himself - 35; ku sybil - 91; ibek phalsip sa - 294; yukpek samsip - 630.

Note the difference in ranks. If in Russian the category “thousand” is followed by the category “million”, then in Korean the thousand is followed by the category “ten thousand”, and then immediately “one hundred million”. So "million" in Korean would be penman"one hundred mana."

Ordinals

Korean ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers using the ending chche: tulcche"second"; tasOtchche"fifth"; simulchae"twentieth". The exception is the word "first" - chhOchche. Chinese ordinal numbers are formed using the prefix what: Cheil"first"; chesam"third"; cell"sixth".

Dates

The names of the months in Korean are formed according to the scheme: “Chinese numeral + will"month":

However, if we want to say “one month”, “three months”, etc., we must use a non-Chinese word will, and the original Korean hoist with Korean numeral: khan tal etc.

The entire date is written in Korean in the following sequence: year + month + day. For example, "August 28, 1998" would be chhOngubaek kusipphallyOn pharwol isip pharil:

nyHe- year
or- day

In Korean, days of the week are formed by adding yoil“day of the week” one of the hieroglyphic names of the elements of Korean traditional philosophy.

Temporary complexes

Words are used to indicate time si"hour"; poon"minute"; Cho"second". At the same time, Korean numerals are used to denote hours, and Chinese numerals are used to denote minutes and seconds. For example: TASOS si isibo boon- 5 hours 15 minutes.

The word used to express the meaning of half an hour is pan: Yosos si pan- 6 hours 30 minutes. The first half of the day is called ojOn, afternoon wow. For example: ohu se si- 3 p.m.

To denote an hour as a length of time, the words sigan And tong'an"during": xie sigang sip pun dong'an(for three hours and ten minutes).

Counting complexes

Unlike Russian, in Korean most nouns are uncountable. Therefore, when counting, it is necessary to use so-called counting words. Here are the most used of them:

myOn for people (pol. poon)
Marie for animals and birds
te for cars and aircraft
ki for instruments and mechanisms
kwon for books
chan for flat objects
Charu for thin cylindrical objects
al for round objects
Songyi for flowers
pyOn for bottles
vat for glasses
cap for packs, packaging
Paul for clothes
khyOlle for paired objects When counting many objects, an almost universal word is used ke/ge"thing". Word saram, like other words related to people, can be used without a counting word, that is, it is countable.

The counting complex is formed in the following ways:

1) Noun + numeral + counting word
pan tu ge- two rooms (two rooms)
koyangyi se mari- three cats (cat three pieces)
In this case, the case ending is added to the last word of the counting complex:
Yoonphil tu charu-ryl remember"I see two pencils."

2) Numeral + counting word + particle e+ noun.
tu ge-e pan- two rooms
se mari-e koyanyi- three cats
This method is usually used in written language.

IN interrogative sentences a question word takes the place of a numeral myFrom"How many":
Koyanyi myOt mari-ga pan-e issymnikka? How many cats are there in the room?
Khaksen myOt myOn kyosir-e issymnikka? How many students are there in the class?

In lesson 14 I told you about Chinese numerals. Let me remind you that the Korean language uses two types of numerals - Chinese and native Korean. They have different purposes, and in some cases they can be used simultaneously. In most cases, Korean numbers are used in everyday situations, and Chinese numbers are used in official settings or in documents.

For example:

• When you tell time, you use Korean numerals for hours and Chinese numerals for minutes.
• When you tell your age ordinary life, you use Korean numerals, but when it comes to an exam or police interrogation, you need to use Chinese numerals.

I will tell you more about these features later, now I will talk about Korean numerals.

Numerals

The numbers from 1 to 10 are taken directly from the table.

The numbers 11 to 19 are taken by combining 열 and the least significant digit. 11 - 열하나 [yeol-ha-na], 12 - 열둘 [yeol-dul], 13 - 열셋 [yeol-saet], and so on.

Numbers from 21 to 29, from 31 to 39, etc. are taken by combining the tenth and the least significant digits.

For example:

• 21 - 스물하나 [sy-mul-ha-na]
• 22 - 스물둘 [sy-mul-dul]
• 29 - 스물아홉 [sy-mul-a-hop]
• 30 - 서른 [so-reun]
• 31 - 서른하나 [so-reun-ha-na]
• 32 - 서른둘 [so-reun-dul]
• And so on.

For numbers 100 and above, Korean numerals are not used. In this case, you need to combine Chinese and Korean systems: all digits 100 and older are written in Chinese numerals, and all digits lower are written in Korean numerals. For example:

• 99 - 아흔아홉 [ah-heung-a-hop]
• 100 - 백 [back]
• 101 - 백하나 [baek-ha-na]
• 125 - 백스물쉰 [baek-sy-mul-suin]
• 2512 - 이천오백열둘 [i-jeon-o-baek-yeol-dul]

Korean is the official language of two neighboring countries: South Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It is unusual and original; for many Russian-speaking people it may seem a little strange due to its unusual grammar and alphabet (yes, Korean does not consist of hieroglyphs at all, as you might probably think). What do numbers sound like in Korean? There are two number systems here, which we will now talk about.

How to count in Korean?

Korean numbers can be divided into two completely different categories: numerals of Chinese origin and native Korean numerals. Both categories are used in their certain cases, so it is not enough to know only one of them. Although, of course, for those who practice taekwondo and do not plan to study the Korean language in more depth, it is useful to know only numbers of Korean origin.

Native Korean number system

To begin with, it is worth analyzing the Korean system. There are cases in which only numbers of Korean origin are used, and cases in which numerals that came to Korean from Chinese are used, but we will talk about them a little later. Now let’s count to ten in Korean:

• 1 하나 (hana) - one;
• 2 둘 (tul) - two;
• 3 셋 (set) - three;
• 4 넷 (net) - four;
• 5 다섯 (ta-sot) - five;
• 6 여섯 (yo-sot) - six;
• 7 일곱 (il-kup) - seven;
• 8 여덟 (eo-dol) - eight;
• 9 아홉 (akhup) - nine;
• 10 열 (yule) - ten.

To form numerals after ten and before twenty, you need to take the number 10 (열) and any number before ten:

• 열하나 (yorana) - eleven;
• 열 다섯 (yoltasot) - fifteen.

And for tens, Korean has its own words:

• 스물 (simul) - twenty;
• 서른 (soreun) - thirty;
• 마흔 (makhyn) - forty;
• 쉰 (schvin) - fifty.

It should be remembered that in native Korean notation, numbers are used only up to 60. Numbers after 60 still exist, but are used so rarely that even Koreans themselves sometimes cannot remember the Korean name, for example, the number 70.

The numbers 1,2,3,4 and the numeral 20 change slightly when counting and using various action counters next to them: their last letter is folded back. Look closely at how this happens:

• 하나 (hana) changes to 한 (han);
• 둘 (tul) changes to 두 (tu);
• 셋 (set) changes to 세 (se);
• 넷 (net) changes to 네 (ne);
• 스물 (simul) to 스무 (simu).

In what cases is the Korean system used?

Korean numbers of Korean origin are used in a number of cases and are important to remember.

1. When counting actions (how many times), objects, people.
2. When talking about time, we call hours (only hours).
3. Sometimes used for month names.

Korean numbers with Chinese origin

The Chinese number system, unlike the Korean one, has numbers greater than 60 and is used a little more often than the original Korean one. Now let's count to ten using these Korean numbers:

• 1 일 (il) - one;
• 2 이 (and) - two;
• 3 삼 (self) - three;
• 4 사 (sa) - four;
• 5 오 (уо) - five;
• 6 육 (yuk) - six;
• 7 칠 (chil) - seven;
• 8 팔 (phal) - eight;
• 9 구 (gu) - nine;
• 10 십 (pinch) - ten.

You can use Chinese numerals to indicate any number you need: you just need to put certain numbers next to each other. Notice how this works:

• 이 (and) - two; 십 (pinch) - ten (or, in other words, ten). This means that 십이 is twelve, and 이십 is twenty (or two tens).

There are also special Korean numbers (we will indicate their translations) that you need to pay attention to:

• 백 (baek) - one hundred;
• 천 (tsong) - thousand;
• 만 (man) - ten thousand;
• 백만 (packman) - million;
• 억 (ok) - one hundred million.

When is the Chinese number system used?

Korean numbers of Chinese origin are used in many cases, and unlike native Korean numbers, there are numbers after 60 in this counting. So when are Chinese numbers used? Let's figure it out.

1. When counting money and measuring it.
2. In mathematical operations.
3. When specifying telephone numbers.
4. When talking about time (seconds and minutes, but not hours - that's what Korean numbers are for).
5. In the names of the months.
6. When counting months (sometimes in Korean).

Zero in Korean

There are two words for zero in Korean: 영 and 공. The first word, 영, is used in mathematics to talk about points, or in temperature: zero degrees. The second, 공, is used only in telephone numbers.

Ordinals

When counting in Korean, native Korean numerals are used. All that is required to form the plural in Korean is to substitute the ending -째 for the regular numeral:

• 둘째 (tulche) - second;
• 다섯째 (tasotche) - fifth;
• 마흔째 (mahynche) - fortieth.

There is an exception here: the first one will sound like 첫째 (chotche).

How to count objects in Korean?

In Russian, nouns are countable and uncountable. In Korean, words are most often uncountable, which makes counting much more difficult, especially for Russian-speaking people. That is why there are special counter words that are used to count certain objects, people or times (how many times a particular action was performed).

• 명 (myon) - counter for people;
• 마리 (mari) - counter for animals and birds;
• 대 (te) - for cars and airplanes;
• 기 (ki) - for various devices;
• 병 (pyon) - for bottles;
• 잔 (tsang) - for glasses;
• 갑 (cap) - for packages or packs;
• 벌 (pol) - for any clothing;
• 송이 (sonny) - counter for flowers;
• 켤레 (khelle) - counter for paired items.

There is also a universal word 개 (ke), which is translated as “thing”. This word can be used almost always.

Plural in Korean

Actually in Korean plural used quite rarely. However, there is a special suffix 들 (rear), which emphasizes the plurality of something. In order to form its plural form from any noun, you simply need to substitute a suffix to the word itself:

• 사람 (saram) - person;
• 사람들 (saramdeul) - people.

However, when the exact number of any objects or people is indicated, the plural suffix is ​​usually not used: just a word is used without any plural suffix.

BRIEF GLOSSARY OF TAEKWONDO TERMS (WTF)

1. Basic commands:
Chariot - at attention
kunne - bow
junbi - get ready
si jak - start
bal bako - change of stance
tiro dora - change direction to 1800
mayo - lined up
kalyo - stopped
kesok - continued
kyman, baro - stop, finished
brush - freely
hecho - separated
gyo de - change

2. Main racks:
sogi - stand
naranhi sogi - parallel stance (short)
byeonhee sogi - free stance (short)
chuchum sogi - parallel stance (rider)
ap cubi - front long post
ap sogi - front short stance
dvit kubi - rear long stance
bom sogi - tiger stance
koa sogi - front “crossed” stance

3. Levels and directions of strikes and blocks:
olgul - upper (face, neck)
momtom - middle (chest, stomach)
are - lower (lower abdomen)
ap - forward
yop - to the side
dvit - back
neryo - down
ven - left
orun - right

4. Main blocks:
makki - block, defense
an - outside (inside)
bakat - from the inside (outside)
are makki - lower level block
are hecho makki - lower level double block
momton an makki - mid-level block from outside to inside
momton bakat makki - middle level block outwards
olgul - upper level block
hecho - breeder
gavi makki - scissors block
otgoro - cross
debi - double
khan - with one limb
yang - two limbs
goduro makki - reinforced block
nullo makki - block with the base of the palm from top to bottom
santul makki - block in the shape of a “mountain”

4. Basic Strikes:
jirugi - punch
dun jhumok - strike with the back of your fist from above
chagi - kick
neryo chagi - overhead kick
ap chagi - forward kick
yup chagi - side kick
doglio chagi - a biting blow around the circumference from the side
tok chigi - open palm strike
sonnal mok chigi - a chopping blow with the edge of the palm to the neck area
mejumok - hammer fist
baro - opposite hand
bande - hand of the same name
ap ollig - forward leg swing
huryo chagi - biting reverse blow
miro chagi - kick kick
ti khurigi, momdolyo chagi - a sharp reverse kick in a circle with a 3600 turn
bande doglio chagi - reverse kick with a straight leg in a circle with a turn of 3600
dvit chagi - penetrating back kick
dvidora yop chagi - side roundhouse kick
twio chagi - jumping kick
sewo an chagi - sweeping kick from outside to inside
Tubaldan son dolyo chagi - “two” with legs
songut chirugi - strike with fingertips
tyn jhumok chirugi - inverted fist strike
sonnal chigi - strike with the edge of the palm
ton doglio chaga - a roundhouse kick around the circle

5. Basic steps:
pumpakko - change of stance
padjeta - backward sliding
parin karim - step forward
chucky peta - step back

6. Body Parts:
finger - hand
palkup - elbow
palmok - forearm
murup - knee
chuk - foot
ap chuk - forefoot, cat's foot
dvit chuk - heel, lower part of the foot
ap jhumok - the front part of the fist
tyn jhumok - the back of the fist
sonnal - edge of the palm
sonkut - fingertips
balnal - rib of the foot
balbadan - inner part of the foot
Baldan - instep of the foot
batanson - open palm
pyon jhumok - “flat” fist

7. Basic terms:
anyo hashimnika - hello
hamsamnida - thank you
an - inside
bakat - out
ap - forward
dvit - back
tolio - side
yup - sideways
nerio - from above
to - way
ki - energy
kihap - concentrated war cry
subum - instructor with black belt
saboom nim - instructor with 4th dan and above, master, teacher
kyo sah nim - instructor with colored belt
twio - jump
hecho - wedge, push apart
sul - art
kerugi - duel
Jayu - free
ti - belt
sambon - triple
dubon - double
sambon kerugi - three-step basic sparring
Ibon kerugi - two-step basic sparring
Hanbon kerugi - one-step basic sparring
hosinsul - self-defense
poomsae - a formal set of exercises, a form of movement
kyok pa - testing the power of impact by breaking objects
dobok - taekwondo fighter costume
dojang - taekwondo training hall
kibon - basic technique
donjjak - movements
chase - stands
kisul - technique
hogu - protector (vest)
dodyang - place of study
hanbong - one step
daeguk - “highest limit”, the name of student poomsae
kyongo - warning
gamjom - penalty point
jeon - blue
hon - red
Dan - master's degree
pum - children's workshop degree
gyp - student's degree

8.Numerals:

Quantitative. How many?
1. Hana - one
2. Tul – two
3. Set - three
4. Nat - four
5. Dasot – five
6. Yosot – six
7. Ilgop – seven
8. Yeodol – eight
9. Akhop - nine
10. Yule – ten

Ordinal. Which?
1. Il – the first
2. And – second
3. Himself is the third
4. Sa – fourth
5. O - fifth
6. Yuk – sixth
7. Chil – seventh
8. Phal – eighth
9. Ku – ninth
10. Sip - tenth