Events that took place on December 24. Day of Archival Workers in Ukraine
On December 24, 1653, the army of the Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky defeated Polish troops near the town of Zhvanets, located on the banks of the Dniester.
Two decrees of Peter I fall on December 24. In 1719, in order to avoid extortion, he forbade officials from taking government contracts. For violation - death penalty. And five years earlier, in 1714, he introduced what for “great thieves and robbers”? That's right, the death penalty. For a change - not just any kind, but by hanging by the rib.
On December 24, 1744, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna issued a decree according to which divorces of noble persons “ascended” to the highest consideration, that is, they were subject to permission or prohibition by the empress herself.
On this day in 1760, the Russian Empress Elizabeth gave landowners the right to exile their peasants to Siberia.
On December 24, 1800, an attempt was made on the life of Napoleon Bonaparte, at that time the first consul of the French Republic, in Paris. He himself was not injured; random people were killed and wounded. And the assassination weapon - a keg of gunpowder blown up by Bourbon supporters - was called the “infernal machine”; this term arose precisely then.
On this day in 1801, in the industrial town of Camborne in southwest England, mechanical engineer Richard Trevithick demonstrated the first steam-powered car. Designed for eight passengers, the car was driven by a steam engine with one horizontal cylinder and a high-pressure boiler on the frame between two huge rear wheels. The fireman standing on the back threw coal into the boiler. Having undergone numerous improvements, steam cars until the 1910s provided serious competition to cars with internal combustion engines.
On December 24, 1865, the secret racist terrorist organization Ku Klux Klan was created in the United States. In the USA, in the city of Pulaski, Tennessee, a secret racist terrorist organization, the Ku Klux Klan, was founded, uniting southern veterans Civil War, who sought to intimidate blacks through terror and thus maintain “white supremacy” in the South. The organization's name is taken from the Greek word "kyklos", meaning circle. In 1867, delegates from the states of the former Confederacy, gathered at a convention in Nashville, formed the structure of the "Invisible Empire of the South", headed by the Great Magician, to whom the great dragons, titans and cyclops were subordinate. The first Great Magician is recognized as Confederate cavalry general Nathan Bedford Forrest. The uniform of the Ku Klux Klansmen was white robes with slits for the eyes to intimidate unruly blacks and the impossibility of identifying members of the organization by federal authorities. Formally dissolved in the 70s. In the 19th century, due to the executions of disobedient people carried out with particular cruelty, it did not cease to exist and was revived in 1915 in Atlanta. To the previous hatred directed against blacks was added anti-communism, protests against Catholics, Jews, in general all immigrants and foreigners and organized trade union movement. The number of members of the Ku Klux Klan in the 20s. exceeded 4 million people. They organized marches, parades, and night processions with burning crosses, which became a symbol of the revived organization. During the Great Depression and the war, the Ku Klux Klan virtually ceased to exist. 60s were marked by the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, when civil rights activists were subjected to terror (beatings, armed assassinations, bombings). Currently, the number of Ku Klux Klan members ranges from 4 to 6.5 thousand people.
On December 24, 1871, the long-awaited premiere of Aida took place in Cairo. The ruler of Egypt, Ismail Pasha, commissioned Verdi's opera for November, for the celebrations of the opening of the Suez Canal. The unusual nature of the proposal puzzled the composer so much that he initially refused. However, after reading the libretto by Auguste Mariette, who used a legend read on ancient Egyptian papyrus, Giuseppe became so carried away... that he did not make it by the appointed time. And then the premiere of “Aida” was timed to coincide with another significant event - the opening of the opera house in Cairo. The composer himself was at the conductor's stand that day. The success of Aida was triumphant. The troupe was called to the front stage 32 times. Verdi himself kept an ivory baton with a diamond star as a souvenir of this event. Critics called Aida "one of the most brilliant performances in the entire history of opera." They began to talk about Verdi as a brilliant composer.
On this day in 1900, the first issue of the newspaper Iskra was published in Leipzig, which, according to Lenin’s idea, was designed to unite the fragmented revolutionary movement in Russia on the basis of Marxism. The editorial office worked in Munich. Its members were Lenin, Plekhanov, Martov, Axelrod, Zasulich, Parvus and Potresov. Starting from the second issue, the newspaper was published in a printing house located in Parvus’s apartment. Until 1902, the newspaper was published monthly, then every two weeks. The circulation was about 8 thousand. In April 1902, fleeing foreign agents of the Tsarist secret police, the editorial office moved from Munich to London, and in 1903 to Geneva. On November 1, 1903, Lenin left the editorial office of Iskra, and the newspaper passed into the hands of Plekhanov and his associates. The publication of the newspaper ceased in October 1905 at issue 112.
On December 24, 1906, in the American town of Brant Rock (Massachusetts), Canadian Reginald Fessenden was the first in the world to broadcast a music program on the radio.
On this winter day in 1920, Enrico Caruso made his last performance on the stage of the Metropolitan Opera in Halévy's opera The Cardinal's Daughter. The great singer had less than a year to live. During the concert, only the most sophisticated listeners could have suspected something was wrong. Among them is the famous baritone Titta Ruffo, who sang with Caruso more than once: “I got the impression that Caruso could stop singing at any moment and faint right on stage. I left the theater depressed”... The singer developed purulent pleurisy, and in a very severe form. Numerous operations could only slightly prolong the life of the great artist, which ended on August 2, 1921. Caruso left 48 million lire and the same number of years of glorious and short existence. During his life, he gave away the same, and perhaps a larger amount, to various donations. Caruso's charitable activities are unparalleled in art: suffice it to say that during the First World War, the artist brought $21 million to the Red Cross alone with his performances.
In 1924, on this day, the wedding of Archibald Christie and the future queen of detective Agatha Miller took place. The honeymoon did not work out: her husband, a military pilot, participated in the battles of the First World War, and she worked as a nurse in a hospital. Life apart from Archibald made Agatha a writer. 12 years after the wedding, the husband fell in love with another woman and demanded a divorce, this happened in December 1926, after the publication of the novel “The Murder of Roger Ackroyd,” which brought Christie fame... Agatha found peace and well-being in her second marriage - with Mac Mallowin , who was 15 years younger than her... Family values were instilled in her as a child, and so firmly that decades later, with hundreds of publications, in the “occupation” column, the great Agatha Christie invariably wrote: “wife.”
On December 24, 1942, the first test of the FZG76 V-1 rocket, created under the leadership of Wernher von Braun, was carried out in Peenemünde.
On this day in 1956, Dmitry Shepilov was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to replace Vyacheslav Molotov, who held this post with a short break for 20 years and was removed under the pretext of the need to concentrate on work in the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee and in the Council of Ministers. Less than two months had passed since Andrei Gromyko headed the foreign policy department, and the secretary of the Central Committee, Shepilov, was “transferred” to the “ridiculous” position of deputy director of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz USSR. And in June 1957, Shepilov lost this post as well - after Nikita Khrushchev dealt with the notorious “anti-party group of Malenkov, Kaganovich, Molotov and Shepilov who joined them.”
On the night of December 24-25, 1979, the USSR invades Afghanistan. Nine year old begins Afghan war. Enter Soviet troops in the DRA began in three directions: Kushka-Shindand-Kandahar, Termez-Kunduz-Kabul, Khorog-Fayzabad. The troops landed at the airfields of Kabul, Bagram, and Kandahar. Two days later, during an operation by special forces of the KGB of the USSR and the Soviet Army, the current President H. Amin was killed in his Taj Beg residence in Kabul. A protege of the USSR, Ambassador Extraordinary Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Afghanistan to Czechoslovakia Babrak Karmal, came to power. This conflict involved the armed forces of the DRA government on the one hand and the armed opposition (Mujahideen, or dushmans) on the other. The struggle was for complete political control over the territory of Afghanistan. Was directly drawn into the military conflict and Soviet army, introduced into the country by decision of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee to support the Kabul government. During the conflict, the dushmans were supported by military specialists from the United States, a number of European NATO member countries, China, as well as Pakistani intelligence services.
On December 24, 1982, the world's largest military transport aircraft, the An-124 Ruslan (in NATO terminology, Condor), created at the Kiev Design Bureau of Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov, made its first flight. The height of the aircraft is 21.1 m, wingspan is 73.3 m, maximum take-off weight is 392 tons, payload capacity is 120 tons, flight range is 16,000 km. In 1990, Ruslan flew around the world, covering 50,005 km in 72 hours 16 minutes and setting 7 world aviation records. The prototype aircraft made its first flight on December 24, 1982 in Kyiv. The aircraft entered service with the USSR military transport aviation in January 1987.
On December 24, 1985, instead of 71-year-old Viktor Grishin, 54-year-old Boris Yeltsin, secretary of the Central Committee, was elected to the post of first secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee. Muscovites were touched: he goes to stores, rides on a trolleybus, fights privileges! True, for some reason the fervent struggle resulted in much more privileges... On the same day, the leader of Cuba, Fidel Castro, announced that he was quitting smoking. Previously, a cigar was one of the indispensable attributes of his appearance.
On this day in 1991, the membership of the USSR was terminated as public education at the UN. And the last awarding of the title of Hero took place in Moscow Soviet Union. Submariner officer Leonid Mikhailovich Solodkov was awarded a high rank for the feat accomplished during the Great Patriotic War.
On December 24, 1997, in Paris, a jury unanimously convicted the Venezuelan “terrorist of the century” Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez. This verdict allowed the judge to impose a sentence of life imprisonment for three murders (for 86 others his involvement was not clearly established). At the time of the trial, the eldest son of a wealthy Venezuelan Marxist lawyer was 38 years old. His father named his other two children Lenin and Vladimir. But only Ilyich went down in history. At the age of 15, he already joined the Cuban Communist Party, and in 1968 he went to study at the Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University in Moscow. In 1970, he was expelled from there for riotous behavior. His streak of terrorist attacks began in 1973. Hearing the verdict, the convict smiled, shook his fist over his head and proclaimed: “Long live the revolution!”
NewsMilitary Glory Day in Russia
The Day of Military Glory of Russia was established in honor of the capture by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov of the Turkish fortress Izmail in 1790.
This holiday was established by Federal Law on March 13, 1995.
The capture of Izmail was of major importance during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791. The famous Izmail fortress was built by French and German engineers in full accordance with the requirements of fortification. A huge ditch was dug around the fortress walls of Izmail, the width of which was 12 meters, and the depth in some places reached 10 meters; in addition, the ditch was filled with water to a depth of 2 meters. From the south, the fortress was protected by the Danube River, whose width was about half a kilometer. Inside Izmail there were many different convenient defensive stone buildings.
The fortress garrison consisted of 265 guns and about 35 thousand people.
Russian troops began the siege of the Izmail fortress in November 1790. At first, two attempts to capture the fortress were unsuccessful, then Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin, at that time the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, instructed Suvorov to organize the capture of the impregnable fortress. Intensive preparations began for the assault.
To avoid unnecessary bloodshed, at the beginning of the assault, Suvorov sent his ultimatum to the commandant of Izmail, in which he invited him to surrender the fortress peacefully. However, the commandant did not believe in defeat and replied that “it would be more likely for the sky to fall to the ground and the Danube to flow upward than for Ishmael to surrender.”
On December 22, 1790, Russian troops began an assault on Izmail in nine columns located on different sides. The river flotilla landed troops, coming close to the shore under the cover of artillery fire. The Turks stubbornly defended themselves for 9 hours, but as a result of the skillful actions of Suvorov and his comrades, as well as the courage of soldiers and officers, Izmail was taken.
As a result of the capture of Izmail, 26 thousand people of the Turkish army were killed and 9 thousand people were taken prisoner, 42 ships, 265 guns and 345 banners were captured. The Russian army's losses amounted to 1,815 killed and 2,455 wounded. It is noteworthy that Ishmael took Suvrorv with an army that was actually inferior in number to the garrison of the fortress. This is an extremely rare case in the history of all military art.
Suvorov achieved this success by accurately and clearly setting goals, tactics of careful and covert preparation, as well as surprise actions from all columns simultaneously.
The capture of Izmail marked the beginning of the rapid end of the war with Turkey.
Catherine II for the purpose of rewarding for the exploits that were accomplished during the storming of the city of Izmail, in honor of A.V. Suvorov was awarded a medal for the capture of Izmail, and an officer’s gold cross was established with the inscription “For excellent courage.”
According to the Treaty of Yassy in 1791, Izmail was returned to Turkey.
Day of Archival Workers in Ukraine
Today is a holiday for workers of archival institutions in Ukraine.
On December 24, 1917, the first state body for managing archival affairs was created in Ukraine - the Library and Archive Department, which was headed by Professor O.S. Grushevsky. The Main Archive Department worked under the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR until 1991. After Ukraine gained independence, the name of the Main Archive changed and from December 1999 it became known as State Committee archives of Ukraine.
The professional holiday of employees of archival institutions was established in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine on October 30, 1998.
This holiday is usually celebrated every year on December 24th.
Today, over 3,000 people work in archival institutions; the Ukrderzharkhiv contains more than 58 million different documents from the country’s National Archival Fund.
Church holidays today
CHRISTMAS EVE
Christmas Eve is a holiday on the eve of the Nativity of Christ. The name of this holiday “Christmas Eve” is supposed to come from the word “sochivo” - a special grain porridge with honey and fruit. We ate sochivo porridge on the eve of the holiday after the evening liturgy. Food was not eaten until the first evening star, according to a tradition associated with the memory of the star that announced the birth of Christ.
The Christmas Eve meal is usually led by the father of the entire family. At the beginning of the feast, an excerpt about the Nativity of Christ from the Gospel of St. Luke is read, then a common family prayer is read. During the meal, it is customary to exchange wafers - slices of unleavened bread, symbolizing the body of Christ. The one to whom the wafer is given must break off a piece from it and say a good wish. There is a custom at the Christmas table to leave an unoccupied place as a sign of memory of loved ones who cannot celebrate this holiday with their family. If someone comes to the house on Christmas, he is received like a brother.
NIKON'S DAY
On this day, Orthodox Christians honor the memory of the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, St. Nikon of the Pechersk, who was born into a rich and noble family in the 11th century.
When in 1096 Polovtsian troops attacked the Kyiv lands, Nikon, along with the monks and the Monk Eustratius, was captured, where he spent three years. He patiently endured hunger and all the torments of his master, who cut Nikon’s veins so that he would not escape from captivity. One day Nikon miraculously simply disappeared before the eyes of the guards.
After the end of the war with the Polovtsians, Nikon’s former master, coming to pray at the Pechersk Monastery, was surprised to recognize his captive in one of the monks.
Surprised by this meeting, the Polovtsian was baptized by the monk and began to serve his former prisoner.
On this day, our ancestors prayed to Saint Nikon and asked him to drive away the evil spirits that were circling the earth along with snowstorms. Men in ancient times They believed that Saint Nikon could give peace to any soul. On Nikonov's day they lit lamps and called on the sun to flare up and burn away the evil spirits.
Name day on December 24th: Vincent, Daniel, Emelyan, Ivan, Leonty, Luke, Nicholas, Nikon, Peter, Terenty, Feofan
Unusual holidays
World Optimism Day
World Optimism Day is one of the special and most positive holidays in the whole world. If you want to enjoy a festive event, it is best to think about how to celebrate it with your closest and best acquaintances and friends.
How to celebrate?
World Optimism Day is an event that is recommended to be celebrated among the most faithful, true comrades. Only if you take advantage of the appropriate opportunity can you count on receiving the most pleasant and sincere emotions. It is advisable to celebrate the holiday actively, including numerous stages in the scenario:
A joint walk around the city visiting the best local attractions.
Watching comedies. If you wish, you can choose several films with a focus on general preferences, because every invitee should be interested during the long-awaited holiday.
Holding an incendiary disco with hits.
Feast. The best option is to hold a home feast with interesting conversations and playing the guitar. Such a pastime always leaves only the best impressions.
What to gift?
What can you give for World Optimism Day? The main recommendation is to refuse expensive gifts, because the upcoming event does not imply the presence of an appropriate basis. It is best to choose an original souvenir or a humorous present that will serve as a pleasant memory of festive event. Focusing on personal hobbies and the nuances of your friends’ worldview, you can understand what to give as a gift.
What to wish?
A good mood is one of the best options for wishes. Without positivity and a good mood, it is difficult to imagine further progress in the direction of life you are interested in.
You can wish real luck, which increases the chances of your deepest wishes coming true.
A worthy congratulation is faith in a bright future, regardless of what surprises fate itself has prepared.
On this day you can also celebrate:
- Feast day
— Day of receiving bonus from management
— The day when it’s time to drink cognac with friends
— Day to fight old stereotypes
— Window shopping day
- Day of the scarecrow.
World calendars
Gregorian calendar: December 24, 2013 - Tuesday, 52nd week, 358th day of the year
Julian calendar: December 11, 2013
Jewish calendar: 21 Tevet 5774
Islamic calendar: 20 Safar 1435
Chinese calendar: 22nd day 11th month 30th year 74 cycles (snake, black, water)
National Calendar of India: 3 Pause 1935
Indian lunar calendar: 22 Margashirsha 2070 of the Vikrama era - Purvaphalguni constellation
Persian calendar: 3 Days 1392
Baha'i calendar: 1 Kull-i Shay 9 Vahid 18th year (Abha) 15th month (Masail) 13th day (Qudrat)
May calendar (Long Count): 13 baktun 0 katun 1 tun 0 uinal 8 kin
May calendar (Short count - Haab): 6th day of the month "Kankin"
Calendar "May" (Short count - Tzolkin): 8th day of the month "Hish"
French calendar: 4 day (Quartidi) 1 decade 4 months (Nivosa) 222 years
All holidays on December 24
Constitution Day (Transnistria)
Yule (Sweden)
Yule (Denmark)
Yule (Norway)
Yule (Iceland)
Constitution Day (Yap, Micronesia)
Day of Archival Workers (Ukraine)
Day federal agency government communications and information (Russia)
Day of Glory - Day of the capture of the Turkish fortress by Izmail A.V. Suvorov (Russia)
Christmas Eve (Christians)
Arbaeen - The Sufferings of Imam Hussein (Shiites)
Good Night (Spain)
Independence Day from Italy (Libya)
Good Night (Mexico)
Day of workers of military missions (Ukraine)
Constitution Day of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Bashkortostan, Russia)
Feast of the Seven Fishes (Italy)
Christmas Peace Declaration Day (Finland)
Festival of Saints for Sale (Peru)
Shepherd's Christmas (Peru)
National Eggnog Day (USA)
Historical events of December 24
1653 The army of Bohdan Khmelnytsky defeated the Polish army near Zhvanets
1801 Richard Trevithick demonstrates his first steam car
1865 The Ku Klux Klan, a secret racist terrorist organization, is created in the United States.
1982 The An-124 “Ruslan” aircraft made its first flight in Kyiv.
1990 The RSFSR adopted the Law “On Property in the RSFSR”
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Holidays December 24:
Russia celebrates the Day of Military Glory of Russia - the Day of the Capture of the Turkish Fortress of Izmail Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790). Russia also celebrates FAPSI Day. Ukraine celebrates the Day of Archival Workers. Constitution Day is celebrated in Transnistria.
Events on December 24:
1777 - Captain James Cook and his ships Resolution and Discovery discover the island, which Cook names Christmas Island on January 2.
1865 - Ku Klux Klan founded.
1900 - the first issue of Iskra, the first all-Russian newspaper of the RSDLP, was published abroad.
1918 - the day of the capture of the city of Perm by White Guard troops under the command of A. N. Pepelyaev.
1942 - Order of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR on the mandatory use of the letter "Y".
1982 - first flight of a prototype of the An-124 Ruslan military transport aircraft.
Born on December 24:
1703 - Alexey Ilyich Chirikov (d. 1748), Russian navigator, captain-commander (1747), explorer of the northwestern coast of North America, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and the northeastern coast of Asia.
1798 - Adam Mickiewicz (d. 1855), Polish poet.
1818 - James Prescott Joule (d. 1889), English physicist.
1868 - Emanuel Lasker (d. 1941), German chess player and mathematician, second world chess champion (1894-1921).
1905 – Howard Hughes (d. 1976), American aviator.
1906 - James Hadley Chase (d. 1985) - English writer, author of more than 80 detective novels.
1946 - Leonid Filatov (d. 2003), Russian actor, director, poet.
1957 - Hamid Karzai, 4th President of Afghanistan.
1961 - Ilham Heydarovich Aliyev, 4th President of Azerbaijan.
1971 - Ricky Martin, Puerto Rican singer, multiple Grammy winner.
1973 – Stephenie Meyer, American writer, author of the Twilight series of novels.
1981 - Dima Bilan, singer, first Russian performer - winner of the Eurovision Song Contest (2008).
Died on December 24:
1863 - William Thackeray (b. 1811), English writer (“Vanity Fair”, “Newcomes”, “The Book of Snobs”).
1990 - Yuri Demich (b. 1948), theater and film actor (“Young Russia”, “Regional Emergency”).
1997 - Toshiro Mifune (b. 1920), Japanese actor, main samurai of Japanese cinema.
2008 - Harold Pinter (born 1930), English playwright, poet, director, actor; laureate Nobel Prize on literature 2005.
2011 - Johannes Hesters (born 1903), Dutch-Austrian actor and singer, Guinness Book of Records holder for the oldest active actor.
Day in the history of Kungur:
On December 24, 1958, a collective farm named after Lenin was created in the Kungur region, currently Velikolenskoye LLC, located in the village of Lensk.
On December 24, 1976, the indoor arena of the Kungur Motor Transport College was officially opened.
Folk calendar and signs for December 24:
Day of Danila and Luke.
In the old days, they lit a lamp, as if adding good light to the darkness and asking the sun to descend to the earth, flare up, and drive away evil spirits.
It was believed that while the sun did not descend along the golden stairs to the ground, witches with brooms flew, raising snow whirlwinds.
To learn more
1997 In Paris, a jury unanimously convicted the Venezuelan “terrorist of the century” Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez
In Paris, a jury unanimously convicted the Venezuelan “terrorist of the century” Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez. This verdict allowed the judge to impose a sentence of life imprisonment for three murders (for 86 others his involvement was not clearly established). At the time of the trial, the eldest son of a wealthy Venezuelan Marxist lawyer was 38 years old. His father named his other two children Lenin and Vladimir. But only Ilyich went down in history. At the age of 15, he already joined the Cuban Communist Party, and in 1968 he went to study at the Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University in Moscow. In 1970, he was expelled from there for riotous behavior. His streak of terrorist attacks began in 1973. Hearing the verdict, the convict smiled, shook his fist over his head and proclaimed: “Long live the revolution!”
1982 The first flight was made by the An-124 "Ruslan" aircraft
The world's largest military transport aircraft, the An-124 Ruslan (in NATO terminology, the Condor), created at the Kiev Design Bureau of Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov, made its first flight. The height of the aircraft is 21.1 m, wingspan is 73.3 m, maximum take-off weight is 392 tons, payload capacity is 120 tons, flight range is 16,000 km. In 1990, Ruslan flew around the world, covering 50,005 km in 72 hours 16 minutes and setting 7 world aviation records.
1865 The secret racist terrorist organization Ku Klux Klan was founded in the United States.
In the United States, in the city of Pulaski, Tennessee, a secret racist terrorist organization, the Ku Klux Klan, was founded, uniting southern veterans of the Civil War who sought to intimidate blacks through terror and thus maintain “white supremacy.” on South.
1814 Treaty of Ghent concluded
The Treaty of Ghent was concluded, ending the war that the Americans declared on the British in 1812. The battle began because Great Britain wanted to assert its right to search American ships for deserters from the British Navy. In addition, England created obstacles for America in trade with Europe. Americans also believed that the British in Canada contributed to Indian insurgency in the Northwestern American colonies. While the Americans hoped to expand their possessions at the expense of Canada, which at that time was a colony of Great Britain. But the war did not resolve the controversial issues - neither side had any advantages in it: the terms of the agreement provided for the return of all territories captured during the war to their original owners.
1801 Richard Trevithick demonstrated the first steam car
In the industrial town of Camborne in southwest England, mechanical engineer Richard Trevithick (1771–1833) demonstrated the first steam-powered car. Designed for eight passengers, the car was driven by a steam engine with one horizontal cylinder and a high-pressure boiler on the frame between two huge rear wheels. The fireman standing on the back threw coal into the boiler. Having undergone numerous improvements, steam cars until the 1910s provided serious competition to cars with internal combustion engines.
1800 An attempt was made on Napoleon's life
An attempt was made on the life of Napoleon, the first consul and chairman of the State Council of the French Republic. Bourbon supporters Joseph Pierre Picot de Limoelan and Robineau de Saint-Rejean blew up a keg of gunpowder hidden in a cart on the Rue Saint-Nicaise, along which Bonaparte was traveling in a carriage to the Opera for the premiere of Haydn's oratorio The Creation of the World. According to various sources, from 4 to 13 people were killed, and apparently about fifty were injured. The consul was not injured, but his wife Josephine fainted. The prefect of police, Joseph Fouché, quickly investigated the assassination attempt and learned that the conspiracy was carried out by royalists. However, Napoleon was not too interested in the facts, and he took advantage of the situation to finally get rid of his more dangerous enemies - his former comrades, the left-wing Republicans.
1774 The Senate decree “On precautions against Pugachev’s bandit gang” was promulgated.
The Senate decree “On precautions against Pugachev’s bandit gang” was promulgated. The document read: “In this (Orenburg - editor's note) province there was a strong bandit gang that robs, ruins and tortures the villagers who oppose it... among this bandit gang one Cossack Emelyan Pugachev, fugitive from the Don... ventured even without any similarity and likelihood of taking on the name of Emperor Peter III.” Further, likening the uprising to a recent plague epidemic, the senators demanded that local authorities “resume those precautions that, due to the former pestilence, all villages were prescribed to follow,” namely: digging settlements with ditches, installing gates on the roads, electing responsible for “good order”, posting guards, and so on. The uprising of “Marquis Pugachev,” as the tsarina called him in correspondence, lasted a year and a half.
1653 The army of Bohdan Khmelnitsky defeated the Poles near Zhvanets
The army of Bohdan Khmelnytsky (c. 1595 - 1657) defeated the Poles near Zhvanets. Zhvanets is a place in the former Kamenets district, on the banks of the Dniester, known since the 15th century. The desperate situation of the besieged Poles was aggravated by cold weather and lack of food, and they were forced to conclude a humiliating peace.
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