Coordinating conjunctions. But - conjunction Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
UNION
Union- This service part speech, which serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, as well as individual sentences in the text. Conjunctions do not change and are not members of the sentence.
Of Education unions are:
1) non-derivative (primitive), that is, those that are not related in origin to other parts of speech: a, but, or, yes and;
2) derivatives (non-derivatives), formed by:
Connecting non-derivative conjunctions: as if,
By combining the demonstrative word from the main part and a simple conjunction: in order to,
By connecting a conjunction with a word with a generalized meaning: as long as, while
Historically from other parts of speech: for now, though, to.
By structure unions are distinguished:
1) simple, consisting of one word: ah, because, to;
2) composite, consisting of several components: since, while.
By use unions are divided into:
1) single (non-repeating): but, however, on the other hand;
2) repeating, which consist of identical parts ( neither...nor, then...that, or...or, either...or).
3) double (two-component) conjunctions, the parts of which are located distantly with an obligatory or optional second part: not so much...as, not only...but also; if...then, once...then, barely...how.
According to the nature of syntactic relations, conjunctions expressed by them are divided into: 1) coordinating: and, but, even, but, however;
2) subordinates: although, so that, if, because.
Coordinating Conjunctions connect equal components. They tie homogeneous members sentences, parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text.
Coordinating conjunctions, depending on the meanings conveyed, are combined into categories according to meaning.
Classification of coordinating conjunctions by meaning
|
Name |
Unions |
Examples |
|
Connecting |
and, yes (=and), too, also, neither... nor and etc. |
1. The grasshoppers are chattering dryly, And lulls, And this whisper-crack excites me(I. Bunin). 2. Peter stood up, I Same got up. |
|
Separating |
or, either, then... that, not that... not that and etc. |
1. They harnessed the horse, threw two of them onto the cart or three bundles, a bed and a wooden trestle bed - that’s all the household(V. Rasputin). 2. That Cold, That very hot, That the sun will hide That shines too bright(I. Krylov). |
|
Nasty |
a, but, yes (=but), however, on the other hand, same and etc. |
1. I will laugh with everyone A I don't want to cry with anyone(M. Lermontov). 2. They tut at us, drive us home from the cold, But we're not leaving(V. Astafiev). |
|
Gradational |
not only... but also, not so much... as, not that... but, etc. |
I.E. Repin has repeatedly asserted that Leonid Andreev Not only appearance, but also his character reminds him of one of the most charming Russian writers - Garshin(K. Chukovsky). |
|
Explanatory |
that is, namely, or (=that is) and etc. |
He was one of the young people who “played tetanus” at every exam, that is didn’t answer a word to the professor’s questions(I. Turgenev). |
|
Connection |
yes and, moreover, besides and etc. |
When the exhausted musicians stopped playing, the excitement caused by the music disappeared and I felt like I was about to fall, yes and would have fallen if there had not been a timely rest stop(V. Garshin). |
Subordinating conjunctions combine unequal components and indicate the dependence of one of these components on the other. They mainly connect parts of a complex sentence, but can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous members: The book is interesting, although a little long. Unions How, as if, as if, than connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence: In winter, the night is longer than the day; The pond is like a mirror.
The categories of subordinating conjunctions are varied in meaning.
Classification of subordinating conjunctions by meaning
|
Name |
Unions |
Examples |
|
|
Explanatory |
what, to, as if and etc. |
1. It seemed What colorful shreds fall to the ground(Yu. Olesha). 2. My goal was to visit Old Street(I. Bunin). |
|
|
Temporary |
when, until, since, only, barely and etc. |
1. The first sound of the bell rang through the frosty air, When Makar entered the hut(V. Korolenko). 2. So the hut will become lopsided, Bye will not fall completely or will not wait for a kind owner(V. Rasputin). |
|
|
Causal |
because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that and etc. |
And now it was difficult for a foreign newcomer to fight a simple local pipe, because she appeared to the blind boy, accompanied by all related Ukrainian nature(V. Korolenko). |
|
|
Target |
so that, in order to, in order to and etc. |
1. Then, to to reward themselves for a dreary day, the passengers huddled together with the sailors in the wardroom(I. Bunin). 2. In order to To raise real men, you need to raise real women(V. Sukhomlinsky). |
|
|
Conditional |
if, if, if... then, whether and etc. |
If you will successfully choose a job and put your soul into it, That happiness will find you on its own(K. Ushinsky). |
|
|
Concessive |
despite the fact that, although and etc. |
1. There was no time to admire the view Although the view deserved it(Yu. Olesha). 2. The horse was starting to get tired, and he was dripping with sweat, although he was constantly waist-deep in snow(A. Pushkin). |
|
|
Comparative |
as, as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly and etc. |
The flame appeared in one second, as if someone let sunbeams into the crowd(Yu. Olesha). Comparative conjunctions can add a comparative phrase: Thunder jumped How the ball and rolled in the wind(Yu. Olesha). |
|
|
Consequences |
So |
Everything goes according to plan, So act boldly. |
These examples of subordinating conjunctions can be supplemented with compound subordinating conjunctions, for example: while, as if, only, in connection with the fact that, for the purpose of etc. (see above). Some conjunctions are ambiguous and can be classified into several categories, for example to(target and explanatory), When(temporary and conditional).
Before we start studying the topic “Coordinating Conjunctions,” let’s consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are functional parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and connectives are studied. They do not have a nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help express the relationships between them. In a sentence they are not members and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no accent, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.
Unions
Conjunctions connect homogeneous members of simple sentences and parts of a complex sentence. They are coordinating and subordinating.
Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence can be connected by coordinating conjunctions.
Unions and their groups
According to their meaning, these unions are divided into the following groups:
1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither...nor, and...and. For example: Write And read in Russian. It rained all day And the wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything Yes shakes his head. Neither wind, neither storm, neither the thunder couldn't keep him from going. AND first, And second, And the third was served on the table without delay.
2. Opposite: a, but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: My father told me A the whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, But warm. Small, Yes remote. It was difficult there but very interesting. The officer approached the building, however I was in no hurry to enter the entrance.
3. Dividers: or, or...or, either, or...or, then...that, or...or, not that...not that. For example: Either Sun, either snow, either love you either No. Be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around or sat waiting for food. Or I had to go forward or stay and wait. Sharp gusts of wind That plucked leaves from trees, That bent the branches to the ground.
4. Comparative: both...and; not only but). For example: Guests How arrived unexpectedly so and suddenly they left. They visited Not only in Moscow, But and in Kyiv.
5. Connecting: yes and, also, too. For example: We study, adults study Same. He laughed, we Also it became fun. We were praised for our work yes and for the children too
They differ:
Singles: But...
Recurring: and...and, or...or, either...either, neither...nor...
Double: both...and, not only..., but also...
Spelling of coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation marks
A comma is placed before the conjunction And when it connects parts of a complex sentence.
Before the union And a comma is not used if it connects two parts of a sentence.
When repeating the union And a comma is placed after each part of the sentence it connects.
Before opposing alliances a, but, yes (but) is always put with a comma: The sky was cloudy, But there was no rain anymore. We went to the commandant, A the son went into the room. Small spool Yes expensive
The conjunctions are written together: too, also, but. To make sure that too, also, but unions are needed instead too, also substitute an alliance And, and instead but- union But. If such a stand is possible, then these are conjunctions and they need to be written together.
1. I Same wrote, but also in Same(pronoun That and particle same) listened carefully for a while.
2. Poet Also sang well. They all Also(adverb So and particle same) every day they wait for letters from children.
3. Hide for that(pretext behind and demonstrative pronoun That) tree. We worked a lot but everyone's finished.
Conclusion
Sentences with coordinating conjunctions are very widely used in scientific, colloquial, and official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.
Unions like component speeches represent the relationship of simple concepts of sentences and homogeneous members of a certain sentence in the middle of a complex sentence. There are several types of conjunctions, which are divided into blocks according to the structure of phrases and the meaning of phrases. In the article we will analyze coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in the Russian language, and also show examples in the table.
The concept of coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are those that are intended to unite members of a sentence. They answer the same question in a sentence and simple sentences of equal semantic meaning in writing a complex sentence.
Example: (The morning came and it began to rain. I am not a ballerina and can never become one.).
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three blocks based on meaning:
- Connective - reflect the enumeration of homogeneous members. Such conjunctions express the simultaneous action or sequence of events, phenomena (a-, yes-, too-, also-, but also-, not only-, both and-). Example: In the blue, clouds float and fly, and a miracle is created on earth. But a strong hurricane destroyed everything and took away the clouds, and the sky became empty.
- Adversatives - reflect the opposition of actions, phenomena or differentiation (a-, but-, yes-). Example: I would like to tell a sad story, but there is no time to be sad.
- Disjunctive - give the sentence the meaning of alternation, choice (either-, then... either-, or-). Example: Behind the mountain a guitar sings, then it will quiet down, then it will start singing again. If it rains or a tornado, you and I will run away.
In complex stable sentences, a separating comma is used between sentence members of similar meaning, which are connected by dividing or connecting conjunctions (and-, neither-, or-, or-).
Example: Both the sky and the sun sang. Either I'm looking at the sky, or everything seems to me.
Where homogeneous members of a complex sentence are connected by conjunctions with one word, a comma is not placed, without exception.
Example: The carousel rose, fell and took off.
In case of separation compound unions, a comma is located between the parts of the union.
Example: Among the forest trees there are both huge and small old-timers. Either we were standing near the forest, or we were enveloped in fear.
The concept of subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are those that logically unite in their composition simple sentences into a complex. In these complex lexical constructions, from one simple sentence to the second simple sentence as part of a complex sentence, you can pose a question. Example: The notebooks are heavily stained with ink, (why?) Because little Ulyana loves to draw patterns. The heavier the rain, the bigger the rainbow.
The essence of subordinate conjunctions is divided by meaning into:
Participation in the offer in a detailed table
| By semantic and logical meaning | |||
| Compositional | Subordinates | ||
| examples | examples | ||
| Connecting: | and, yes, also, but also, not only, both and | Explanatory: | to-, as-, as if-, as if-, whether- |
| Nasty: | oh yeah | Temporary: | as soon as-, before-, barely-, before- |
| Dividers: | or, then... then, or | Causal: | because-, for-, since-, because-, due to-, in connection with the fact that- |
| Conditional: | if-, once-, | ||
| Concessive: | despite the fact that-, let- | ||
| Comparative: | as-, as if-, as if-, exactly-, just like- | ||
| Investigative: | So- | ||
The differences between coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions (conjunctions) in relation to morphological analysis and syntactic analysis are quite contradictory and are not stable. Suppose the conjunction - although-, can reunite both homogeneous and simple sentences in the analysis of a complex one.
Examples of main and subordinate clauses
The functions of conjunctions for clarification can be pronouns, as part of speech, and adverbs, which under such conditions are called conjunctions or relative words. When such words act as conjunctions and combine several sentences, they serve as an auxiliary part in a complex sentence.
Thus, we have analyzed what coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are, and also presented examples in the table.
According to their syntactic function, i.e., depending on whether they formalize coordinating or subordinating relationships, conjunctions are either coordinating or subordinating.
Essays conjunctions serve to connect syntactically equal units (homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence).
By value, i.e. According to the nature of the relationships they express, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:
1) connecting, expressing the enumeration relation: and, yes(in meaning And), and... and, neither... nor, too, also: The farm was spread out far to the side, and near the pier there was such silence as happens in deserted places only in the dead of autumn and at the very beginning of spring;
2) adversative, expressing relations of opposition, inconsistency, difference: a, but, yes, however, same, but, otherwise: Birches are all more were burning, but they too crumbled, quietly dropping the last leaves in their sleep, of which there were many lying around each birch;
3) dividing, expressing relations of mutual exclusion, alternation of actions, phenomena, signs: or, or, whether... or, then... then, or... or, not that... not that: In the evenings Taras Semenovich either read aloud some book or told fairy tales;
4) explanatory, expressing explanatory relations: exactly, namely, that is, or(in meaning that is)like that and etc.: Recognizing oneself is usually a slow process, sometimes stretching over decades, connected and even to a certain extent conditioned by recognition of others, that is, life experience that does not come soon;
5) connecting, expressing relations of addition, i.e., serving to attach words, phrases and sentences containing additional remarks not provided for in the original plan of the statement: yes and, also, and also, too etc. (other coordinating conjunctions are also used in the connecting meaning): Over tea, my uncle ordered me to sort out my warehouse in the hay, and also go to the janitor so that she could clean the dishes, wash the floor and put the apartment in order..
Subordinates conjunctions serve to connect syntactically unequal units (the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence, less often - members of a simple sentence) and to express certain semantic relationships between them.
According to semantic criteria, subordinating conjunctions are divided into:
1) temporary: when, as soon as, as soon as, barely, barely, just, only, before, since then, until, until, after and etc.: They had barely set sail when water began to flow like a fountain from the rotten bottom in different places.;
2) explanatory: what, in order, how: The forest was still packed with people, and no matter how many of them were sent under command in different directions, it seemed that they would never disperse;
3) causal: since, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, in connection with the fact that, due to the fact that and etc.: I mumbled something and quickly disappeared, because Vaska’s case was partly my fault.;
4) consequences: so: Two arshins of snow fell, so the horse drowned in it;
5) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, just like and etc.: A moment later we were racing as fast as if the car had a jet engine installed.;
6) concessionary: although, let it be, let it be, despite the fact that and etc.: No, he was not thinking now about being with his division there, in the very center of the shaking plain southern Russia earthquake, but although his mind was intractable to such thoughts, his heart felt the solemn and terrible tremors coming from there;
7) conditional: if, if, if, if only, once and etc.: If you love, you are crazy, if you threaten, you are serious, if you argue, then you are bold.;
8) targeted: so that, in order to, then in order to and etc.: Sasha pinned an agricultural exhibition badge on his jacket so that everyone could see that he had visited Moscow.
Particles
The class of particles combines unchangeable non-nominal (functional) words, which, firstly, participate in the formation of morphological forms of words and sentence forms with different meanings unreality (motivation, convention,); secondly, they express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics and assessments of the message or its individual parts; thirdly, they participate in expressing the purpose of the message (interrogativeness), as well as in expressing affirmation or negation; fourthly, they characterize an action or state by its course over time, by the completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation. The listed functions of particles are grouped, on the one hand, into functions of shape formation, and on the other hand, into functions of various communicative characteristics of a message. What all these functions have in common is that in all cases they contain the meaning of a relationship: either the relationship (relatedness) of an action, a state, or a whole message to reality, or the relationship of the speaker to the communicated, and both of these types of relationships are very often combined in the meaning of one particle . The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relationship that it expresses in a sentence.
Characteristic feature many particles is that in their structure and functions they are close to adverbs, conjunctions or interjections and cannot always be strictly opposed to them; in many cases the particles also come close to the parent words.
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Slide captions:
Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions Russian language lesson in 7th grade teacher of Russian language and literature
Objectives: show the main functions of the union; expand students' knowledge about simple and compound conjunctions; show the differences in the functions of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.
Linguistic warm-up Not sour, but sweet orange; shallow, but a fishy river; a window that is not closed, but wide open; don’t hesitate, but hurry up; unpainted floor; He acted not stupidly, but smartly; not truth, but deception; do it immediately; small spool but precious; bread and salt; not slowly, but quickly.
A conjunction is an auxiliary part of speech that connects both members of a sentence and simple sentences as part of a complex General grammatical meaning conjunction - a designation of coordinating and subordinating connections between words and sentences. Syntactic features of conjunctions - conjunctions are not part of the members of the UNION sentence
CLASSES OF CONJUNCTIONS by structure SIMPLE CONJUNCTIONS COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS and, and, but, yes, what, if, when, etc. because, since, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, until, since then like others. Although the French were wounded, they were not killed. We stopped in front of a small but deep ravine. In October it is good to spend the night in stacks, as if in warm indoor spaces. He swam alone because he loved to be alone with nature
Write sentences indicating simple and compound conjunctions. The horses were wary but calm. Between heaven and earth, now fading, now clearly emerging again, the simple but sweet trill of a lark murmured and rang continuously. He heard as if someone was knocking on the window.
CONNECTIVE ADVERSIVES DISTINCTIONAL CONJUNCTIONS BY MEANING explanatory temporary causal conditional conditional target concessive comparative investigative subordinators
Difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a sentence and simple sentences of equal meaning within a complex one. Sentences connected by coordinating conjunctions are called complex sentences. Subordinating conjunctions connect simple sentences as part of a complex one: one of the sentences is subordinate to the other, and a question can be raised from one to the other. Sentences connected by subordinating conjunctions are called complex sentences.
Open the brackets, insert the missing letters and punctuation marks, explain spelling and punctuation, determine the role of conjunctions in sentences: Squares of fields and k...paris and small houses among them and in...everything. ..horns and plane trees all this stretches up to the g...r...umbrella. (V. Nekrasov.) K...ster...was breaking out (un)willingly...and the shadows were sluggishly moving (around) him. (To) remove fatty stains from the page of a book, you need to sprinkle... ..know (n, nn)y area with ground chalk, iron it through white paper with a hot iron.
Check yourself: Squares of fields, and cypress trees, and small houses among them, and winding roads, and plane trees - all this stretches to the horizon. The fire flared up reluctantly, and the shadows around it moved sluggishly. To remove grease stains from a book page, sprinkle the contaminated area with ground chalk and iron it through white paper with a hot iron.
Think and answer! What are unions for? Why are conjunctions divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions? What caused difficulties in studying the topic? What was interesting to learn about?
Homework: 1. § 150 2. Write out 5-6 sentences with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions from works of art.
Thank you for your attention!
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