Suffix "tel": examples of words with the suffix "tel" and the ending -i. A word with the suffix "tel" and a zero ending. Adjective suffixes Meaning of the suffix izn in nouns

Among all the suffixes, -izn- is not very common. It performs a word-formation function when a noun is formed from an adjective. Less often it forms a word from another noun, and is almost absent in adjectives, with the exception of a few lexemes. Words with the suffix -izn- usually characterize a characteristic that can be assessed.

not wanting to die

Reading documents and literature in Old Russian, you can see that the morpheme -izn- was practically absent there. More precisely, it was present in borrowed vocabulary from Church Slavonic, for example, “glavizna, tunbizna, khudizna.” But it did not form any new forms, and, although it was Slavic in origin, it lost all productivity in Russian.

An analysis of the vocabulary of the Russian language shows that this formant really forms abstract concepts, but there are serious doubts about its unity. Scientists distinguish 2 groups of lexemes with this suffix:

1. Nouns formed from adjectives with the accent on the ending -a.
2. Formed from verbs and other nouns, the emphasis falls on the morpheme.

This classification is not precise. The following nouns can definitely be included in the first category: blueness, whiteness, straightness, stupidity, novelty, steepness, yellowness, curvature, golizna, leftism, redizna, serizna.

The second includes the words fatherland, golovizna, reproach and all derivatives from the latter - reproachful, impeccable, impeccably, reproachfully, not impeccably.

But the words cheap and high cost lie somewhere in the middle.

Moreover, in the Northern Russian dialects, where this suffix existed longer than in the official language, it was not abstract: it could form lexemes like “tselizna” - an unplowed field, “maternity” - an inheritance from the mother.

At the same time, it can be noted that in the southern groups and literary language there was a completely modern word “virgin land”, and derivatives from nouns were formed in a completely different way:

• father - fatherland;
• god - deity;
• merchant - merchants.

New words have no abstract meaning. Abstract concepts were expressed through the suffix -ost-, -in-, -ot-, and at some point some of them were replaced by units with the formant described in the article.

Ghost of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Morphological analysis of the word

Oddly enough, the letter combination “izn” can be misleading when parsing some words. When it comes to identifying morphemes, the first thing to be wary of is that the word is not a noun. In this case, such a letter combination can be random, and each letter belongs to different morphemes. Most often it is divided between:

• root and suffix;
• prefix and root.

Here -iz- refers to the root, and the suffix is ​​-n-. These words include the name of the late linguist Zaliznyak. In ancient times, this could include the lexeme “trizna”, from “triz”, but today the latter is unproductive, and all three letters in this case are entirely related to the root. The same can be said about the word “wrong side” and the borrowing “business”.

-al- (-ate-), -en- (-yang-), -ast- (-at-), -ev- (-ov-, -[j]-), -evat- (-ovat-), -en-, -enne- (-he N-), -ensk- (-insk-), -ive- (-Liv-, -chiv-), -in-, -ist-, -it- (-ovitis-), -To-, -l-, -n- (-shn-), -teln-, -uch- (-yuch-, -yach-), -chat-.

1. Suffix - al- (-ate such as they become under the influence of action ( stale, tanned, outdated).

2. Suffix - en- (-yang-) forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. made of this or that material or related to something ( leather, clay, wood, earthen);

2. intended for placing something ( wood-burning, wardrobe);

3. working on what is called the original word ( wind, oil, peat).

3. Suffix - ast- (-at-) forms adjectives naming parts of the human or animal body, external qualities of a person, accessories of his appearance ( hairy, shaggy, big-lipped, bespectacled, horned, high-cheeked). Exception [?]: striped, married.

4. Suffix - ev (-ov), [-j-] forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. belonging of an object to a person or animal ( grandfathers, mechanics, wolf, dog);

2. made from something, relating to someone, something ( pear, garden).

5. Suffix - enne-, -he N- form adjectives with the meaning:

1. characteristic or property ( cranberry, oath, morning, traditional);

2. exposure to action, result of action or characterization by action ( slow, amplified, in love).

6. Suffix - ensk- (-insk-) forms adjectives denoting geographical names ( Cuban, Penza).

7. Suffix - ive 1) constant property, quality, inclination towards something; 2) possessing some quality to a large extent ( lazy, deceitful, handsome, playful).

8. Suffix - in- forms adjectives denoting people and animals: ( goose, uncle).

9. Suffix - ist- forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. similar to something ( silver, velvety);

2. having something in large quantities ( vociferous, branchy);

3. having a tendency to do some action ( cocky, jerky, impetuous).

10. Suffix - it- (-ovitis-) forms adjectives with the meaning: possessing something to a greater extent ( eminent, poisonous, angry).

11. Suffix - To- forms adjectives with the meaning: 1) prone to some action; 2) one that often does something; 3) or one with which something is often done ( brittle, squishy, ​​sticky, malleable, tenacious).

12. Suffix - l- forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. being in a state that arose as a result of an action called the original word ( rotten, skillful, tired);

2. possession of the characteristic named in the original word ( light).

13. Suffix - Liv- forms adjectives denoting 1) state, action, property; 2) inclination towards something; 3) or having some quality ( silent, happy, loud).

14. Complex suffix - l-n- forms: adjectives with the meaning of intended to perform an action ( knitting, maternity, drying).

15. Suffix - n (-shn) forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. a sign or property related to an object, phenomenon, action, place, time or number named by the original word ( spring, distant, yesterday, home, thousandth);

2. exposure to some action or the result of any action, which is named by the source word (verbal adjectives torn, read, called, tattered).

16. Suffix - ovat- (-evat-) forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. partly resembling someone or having some property of something ( manly, roguish, dashing);

2. shade of weakened (somewhat, slightly) quality ( bluish, whitish, sweetish).

17. Compound suffix - tel-n- forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. producing or capable of producing an action ( observant, satisfactory);

2. being the object of an action or capable of becoming one ( desirable, tactile);

3. intended to perform an action ( swimming, flying);

4. indicating a certain connection with the action ( selective. preparatory).

18. Suffix - uch- (-yuch-, -yach-) forms adjectives with the meaning: prone to some action ( melodious, smelly, hanging).

19. Suffix - chat- forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. possessing something, having something in large quantities or to a large extent ( patterned, log, lumpy);

2. filling with some quality or property what is denoted by the original word ( smoky, pipey, onion).

20. Suffix - chiv- forms adjectives with the meaning: capable, inclined to do something, exhibit some property ( resourceful, accommodating, resilient).

Suffixes play a very important role in the Russian language. With their help, not only new words are formed, but also grammatical forms, and they also serve to convey the emotional component of speech. That is why it is simply necessary to know what suffixes are and what they are used for.

What is a suffix?

A suffix is ​​a morpheme that comes behind a root. Sometimes there are cases when a suffix follows the ending. In this case it is called "postfix". First of all, this concerns the morpheme -sya-/-s-: wash themselves (ending -yut, postfix -sya-), get ready, show off and others.

The main function of a suffix is ​​the formation of new words, however, there are cases when this morpheme plays a formative role. There are many suffixes in the language that have expressive and emotional connotations.

It is so numerous that it begins to be studied at school in the elementary grades. What are the suffixes in the Russian language? Grade 2 takes place in the middle of the year.

Using this morpheme it is easy to find out which part of speech is in front of us. So, thanks to the specific -ush/-yusch and -ash-/-yash- we understand that this is a participle, and -v- clearly says that the word in question is a gerund. Let’s first consider these morphemes from the point of view of purpose, and then we’ll talk about belonging to any part of speech.

A word can exist without a suffix, but it is the suffix that gives the lexeme its special meaning. The opposite cases are also not uncommon, when there are two or even three suffixes. So in the word “teaching” there are two of them: -tel- and -stv-, and in the word “teaching” there are three: the verbal -ova- was added to the previous two.

What are they by function?

Let's look at what suffixes are from the point of view of their functionality.

Shades of values

Also, suffixes can be subdivided depending on what shade of meaning they convey. It is no secret that the root carries the main semantic load. The suffix only clarifies and makes the word more expressive. Let's look at what suffixes are from this point of view and the meanings they convey:

• Diminutive: table-table; ram-lamb; handsome - handsome; child - baby.
• Magnifying: boots, hands, fists, giants.
• Baby animals: duckling, calf, kitten, baby elephant.
• Designation of belonging to any profession: saleswoman, crane operator, barmaid; also localities: Siberian, St. Petersburg, Muscovite, southerner; Nationalities: Ukrainian, Georgian, German, Finnish.
• Subjective attitude towards an object or person: thief, little one, cunning, greedy, laughing.

Noun suffixes

In high school they begin to study morphology in detail, so for each part of speech they determine what suffixes there are in the Russian language (grade 5). Let's analyze this morpheme from this point of view.

We will cite as an example only the most characteristic suffixes, by which one can unambiguously say about their morphological affiliation.

Noun suffixes:

Adjective suffixes

Now let's talk about what adjective suffixes are.

This is perhaps the richest part of speech for these morphemes.

Verb suffixes

What are the suffixes for verbs in Russian? Most often they are formative (we wrote about them earlier). However, there are also those that are endowed with certain meanings. So -ova-/-yva- will tell us that the action has not ended, but is in the process (plan, fantasize, care) - these are all imperfective verbs.

The suffixes -sya-/-s-, although they form a reflexive verb, are not inflectional. They are included entirely in the base.

Pronoun suffixes

The last thing left to talk about is what pronoun suffixes are. There are only three of them: -this, -either, -something. They are all written with a hyphen and participate in the formation of anyone, any, something.