Test on the topic of the Crimean War option 1. Test on the history of the Crimean War. They took the side of Turkey

The spirit in the troops is beyond description. During times ancient Greece there was not so much heroism. I was not able to be in action even once, but I thank God that I saw these people and live in this glorious time.
Lev Tolstoy

Wars between the Russian and Ottoman empires were commonplace international politics XVIII-XIX centuries. In 1853, the Russian Empire of Nicholas 1 entered into another war, which went down in history as the Crimean War of 1853-1856, and ended in the defeat of Russia. In addition, this war showed strong resistance from the leading countries Western Europe(France and Great Britain) strengthening the role of Russia in Eastern Europe, in particular in the Balkans. The lost war also showed Russia itself problems in domestic policy, which led to many problems. Despite victories in the initial stage of 1853-1854, as well as the capture of the key Turkish fortress of Kars in 1855, Russia lost the most important battles on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. This article describes the causes, course, main results and historical significance in short story about the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

Reasons for the aggravation of the Eastern Question

By the Eastern Question, historians understand a number of controversial issues in Russian-Turkish relations, which at any moment could lead to conflict. The main problems of the Eastern question, which became the basis for the future war, are the following:

The loss of Crimea and the northern Black Sea region to the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 18th century constantly stimulated Turkey to start a war in the hope of regaining the territories. Thus began the wars of 1806-1812 and 1828-1829. However, as a result, Turkey lost Bessarabia and part of the territory in the Caucasus, which further increased the desire for revenge.
Belonging to the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Russia demanded that these straits be opened for the Black Sea Fleet, while the Ottoman Empire (under pressure from Western European countries) ignored these Russian demands.
Availability in the Balkans, including Ottoman Empire, Slavic Christian peoples who fought for their independence. Russia provided them with support, thereby causing a wave of indignation among the Turks about Russian interference in the internal affairs of another state.

An additional factor that intensified the conflict was the desire of Western European countries (Britain, France, and Austria) not to allow Russia into the Balkans, as well as to block its access to the straits. For this reason, countries were ready to provide support to Turkey in a potential war with Russia.

The reason for the war and its beginning

These problematic issues were brewing throughout the late 1840s and early 1850s. In 1853, the Turkish Sultan handed over the Bethlehem Temple of Jerusalem (then the territory of the Ottoman Empire) to the administration catholic church. This caused a wave of indignation among the highest Orthodox hierarchy. Nicholas 1 decided to take advantage of this, using the religious conflict as a reason to attack Turkey. Russia demanded the transfer of the temple Orthodox Church, and at the same time also open the straits for the Black Sea Fleet. Türkiye refused. In June 1853, Russian troops crossed the border of the Ottoman Empire and entered the territory of the Danube principalities dependent on it.

Nicholas 1 hoped that France was too weak after the revolution of 1848, and Britain could be appeased by transferring Cyprus and Egypt to it in the future. However, the plan did not work; European countries called on the Ottoman Empire to act, promising it financial and military assistance. In October 1853, Türkiye declared war on Russia. This is how, to put it briefly, the Crimean War of 1853-1856 began. In the history of Western Europe, this war is called the Eastern War.

Progress of the war and main stages

The Crimean War can be divided into 2 stages according to the number of participants in the events of those years. These are the stages:

October 1853 – April 1854. During these six months, the war was between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (without direct intervention from other states). There were three fronts: Crimean (Black Sea), Danube and Caucasian.
April 1854 - February 1856. British and French troops enter the war, which expands the theater of operations and also marks a turning point in the course of the war. The Allied forces were technically superior to the Russians, which was the reason for the changes during the war.

As for specific battles, the following key battles can be identified: for Sinop, for Odessa, for the Danube, for the Caucasus, for Sevastopol. There were other battles, but the ones listed above are the most basic. Let's look at them in more detail.

Battle of Sinop (November 1853)

The battle took place in the harbor of the city of Sinop in Crimea. Russian fleet under the command of Nakhimov, he completely defeated the Turkish fleet of Osman Pasha. This battle was perhaps the last major world battle on sailing ships. This victory significantly raised morale Russian army and instilled hope for a quick victory in the war.

Map of the Sinopo naval battle November 18, 1853

Bombing of Odessa (April 1854)

At the beginning of April 1854, the Ottoman Empire sent a squadron of the Franco-British fleet through its straits, which quickly headed for the Russian port and shipbuilding cities: Odessa, Ochakov and Nikolaev.

On April 10, 1854, the bombardment of Odessa, the main southern port, began Russian Empire. After a rapid and intense bombardment, it was planned to land troops in the northern Black Sea region, which would force the withdrawal of troops from the Danube principalities, as well as weaken the defense of Crimea. However, the city survived several days of shelling. Moreover, the defenders of Odessa were able to deliver precise strikes on the Allied fleet. The plan of the Anglo-French troops failed. The Allies were forced to retreat towards Crimea and begin battles for the peninsula.

Fighting on the Danube (1853-1856)

It was with the entry of Russian troops into this region that the Crimean War of 1853-1856 began. After success in the Battle of Sinop, another success awaited Russia: the troops completely crossed over to the right bank of the Danube, an attack was opened on Silistria and further on Bucharest. However, the entry of England and France into the war complicated the Russian offensive. On June 9, 1854, the siege of Silistria was lifted, and Russian troops returned to the left bank of the Danube. By the way, Austria also entered the war against Russia on this front, which was worried about the rapid advance of the Romanov Empire into Wallachia and Moldavia.

In July 1854, a huge landing of the British and French armies (according to various sources, from 30 to 50 thousand) landed near the city of Varna (modern Bulgaria). The troops were supposed to enter the territory of Bessarabia, displacing Russia from this region. However, a cholera epidemic broke out in the French army, and the British public demanded that the army leadership give priority to the Black Sea Fleet in the Crimea.

Fighting in the Caucasus (1853-1856)

An important battle took place in July 1854 near the village of Kyuryuk-Dara (Western Armenia). The combined Turkish-British forces were defeated. At this stage Crimean War was still successful for Russia.

Another important battle in this region took place in June–November 1855. Russian troops decided to attack the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, the fortress of Karsu, so that the allies would send some troops to this region, thereby slightly easing the siege of Sevastopol. Russia won the Battle of Kars, but this happened after the news of the fall of Sevastopol, so this battle had little impact on the outcome of the war. Moreover, according to the results of the “peace” signed later, the Kars fortress was returned to the Ottoman Empire. However, as the peace negotiations showed, the capture of Kars still played a role. But more on that later.

Defense of Sevastopol (1854-1855)

The most heroic and tragic event of the Crimean War is, of course, the battle for Sevastopol. In September 1855, French-English troops captured the last point of defense of the city - Malakhov Kurgan. The city survived an 11-month siege, but as a result it was surrendered to the Allied forces (among which the Sardinian kingdom appeared). This defeat was key and provided the impetus for ending the war. From the end of 1855, intensive negotiations began, in which Russia had practically no strong arguments. It was clear that the war was lost.

Other battles in Crimea (1854-1856)

In addition to the siege of Sevastopol, several more battles took place on the territory of Crimea in 1854-1855, which were aimed at “unblocking” Sevastopol:

Battle of Alma (September 1854).
Battle of Balaklava (October 1854).
Battle of Inkerman (November 1854).
Attempt to liberate Yevpatoria (February 1855).
Battle of the Chernaya River (August 1855).

All these battles ended in unsuccessful attempts to lift the siege of Sevastopol.

"Distant" battles

Basic fighting the wars took place near the Crimean Peninsula, which gave the war its name. There were also battles in the Caucasus, on the territory of modern Moldova, as well as in the Balkans. However, not many people know that battles between rivals also took place in remote regions of the Russian Empire. Here are some examples:

Petropavlovsk defense. The battle, which took place on the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula between the combined Franco-British troops on one side and the Russian ones on the other. The battle took place in August 1854. This battle was a consequence of Britain's victory over China during the Opium Wars. As a result, Britain wanted to increase its influence in eastern Asia by displacing Russia. In total, the Allied troops launched two assaults, both of which ended in failure. Russia withstood the Petropavlovsk defense.
Arctic company. The operation of the British fleet to attempt to blockade or capture Arkhangelsk, carried out in 1854-1855. The main battles took place in the Barents Sea. The British also launched a bombardment of the Solovetsky Fortress, as well as the robbery of Russian merchant ships in the White and Barents Seas.

Results and historical significance of the war

Nicholas 1 died in February 1855. The task of the new emperor, Alexander 2, was to end the war, and with minimal damage to Russia. In February 1856, the Paris Congress began its work. Russia was represented there by Alexey Orlov and Philip Brunnov. Since neither side saw the point in continuing the war, already on March 6, 1856, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed, as a result of which the Crimean War was completed.

The main terms of the Treaty of Paris 6 were as follows:

Russia returned the Karsu fortress to Turkey in exchange for Sevastopol and other captured cities of the Crimean peninsula.
Russia was prohibited from having a Black Sea fleet. The Black Sea was declared neutral.
The Bosporus and Dardanelles straits were declared closed to the Russian Empire.
Part of Russian Bessarabia was transferred to the Principality of Moldova, the Danube ceased to be a border river, so navigation was declared free.
On the Allad Islands (an archipelago in the Baltic Sea), Russia was prohibited from building military and (or) defensive fortifications.

As for losses, the number of Russian citizens who died in the war is 47.5 thousand people. Britain lost 2.8 thousand, France - 10.2, Ottoman Empire - more than 10 thousand. The Sardinian kingdom lost 12 thousand military personnel. The number of deaths on the Austrian side is unknown, perhaps because it was not officially at war with Russia.

In general, the war showed the backwardness of Russia compared to European countries, especially in terms of the economy (the completion of the industrial revolution, the construction of railways, the use of steamships). After this defeat, the reforms of Alexander 2 began. In addition, the desire for revenge had been brewing in Russia for a long time, which resulted in another war with Turkey in 1877-1878. But this is a completely different story, and the Crimean War of 1853-1856 was completed and Russia was defeated in it.

History test Crimean War 1853-1856. Defense of Sevastopol for 8th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each option has 6 tasks.

1 option

1. The main cause of the Crimean War of 1853-1856. was Russia's desire

1) finally resolve the Eastern Question
2) secure your southern borders from attacks by the Crimean Tatars
3) get access to the Black Sea
4) annex Crimea

2. Which event of the Crimean War happened before all the others?

1) Allied landing in Crimea
2) capture of Kars
3) Sinop battle
4) fall of Sevastopol

3. Which country participated in the Crimean War as an ally of Turkey?

1) Iran
2) Prussia
3) France
4) Sweden

4. What was the name of one of the heroes of the defense of Sevastopol, the engineer, according to whose plan the city fortifications were erected in the shortest possible time?

1) A. P. Ermolov
2) E.I. Totleben
3) A.S. Menshikov
4) I.I. Dibich

5. Read an excerpt from the report of the military commander who commanded the battle described in it, and write his name.

“On this 18th, at noon, with a moderate east wind and rain, they attacked a Turkish squadron of 7 large frigates, a sloop, 2 corvettes, 2 transports and 2 steamships, standing between the batteries in the Sinop roadstead, and in 2 o’clock they completely destroyed it; the ships were driven aground, and 2 frigates were thrown onto the sandbank, and 2 frigates were blown up, the batteries were torn down.”

1) F.F. Ushakov
2) P.S. Nakhimov
3) F.M. Apraksin
4) S.O. Makarov

6. Which of the following provisions correspond to the conditions of the peace that ended the Crimean War? Find two positions in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) transfer of southern Bessarabia by Russia to Turkey
2) transfer of patronage of Turkish Christians to all European powers
3) Russia’s payment of indemnity to Turkey
4) return of Crimea to Turkey
5) Bulgaria gaining independence from Turkey

Option 2

1. One of the heroes of the Crimean War was

1) P.I. Bagration
2) V.A. Kornilov
3) D.V. Davydov
4) I.F. Paskevich

2. Which event of the Crimean War occurred later than all the others?

1) battle on the Alma River
2) capture of Kars
3) Sinop battle
4) Allied landing in Crimea

3. What was one of the reasons for Russia's defeat in the Crimean War?

1) superiority of the Turkish army in weapons
2) Russia’s lack of naval bases on the Black Sea
3) unification of leading European powers against Russia
4) a large-scale uprising of the Crimean Tatars against the Russian authorities

4. Read an excerpt from P.I.’s letter. Leslie and indicate which new year it refers to.

"Today New Year among the allies... From our [third bastion] they did not forget that it was their New Year, and a hundred hunters went into the trench to congratulate them. The congratulation was of such a nature that they brought 11 prisoners with them; Our loss is the most empty. They probably did not expect any sortie from us that day. In general, the siege [of the city] will be memorable for them..."

1) 1853
2) 1854
3) 1855
4) 1856

5. What territory was lost by Russia as a result of the Crimean War under the terms of the Paris Peace?

1) North Caucasus
2) Crimea
3) Eastern Georgia
4) Southern Bessarabia

1) declaration of independence of Crimea
2) mutual return by Russia and Turkey of the territories conquered during the war
3) payment by Turkey of indemnity to Russia
4) Serbia gained independence from Turkey
5) Russia’s ban on having a navy in the Black Sea

Answers to the history test Crimean War 1853-1856. Defense of Sevastopol
1 option
1-1
2-3
3-3
4-2
5-2
6-12
Option 2
1-2
2-2
3-3
4-3
5-4
6-25

Test on the topic “Crimean War”

1. Select the date of the reign of Nicholas I:
a) 1801-1825; b) 1825-1855; c) 1762-1796.
2. Indicate the years when the Crimean War took place:
a) 1853-1855; b) 1855-1856; c) 1853-1856 3. In Europe, the Crimean War was called: a) Northern; b) Eastern; c) Western. 4. On the Turkish side were: a) England; b) Prussia; c) France. 5. When did the Battle of Sinop take place?a) November 18, 1853; b) October 18, 1853; c) November 8, 1853 6. Who commanded the Russian squadron in the Battle of Sinop?
a) V.I. Istomin; b) V.A. Kornilov; c) P.S. Nakhimov. 7. Who led the defense of Sevastopol?
a) V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov;b) A.S. Menshikov and I.D. Gorchakov; c) E.I. Totleben and S.A. Khrulev.8. How many months did the defense of Sevastopol last? a) 10; b) 11; at 12. 9. What was the name of the first sister of mercy in the Russian army? a) Dasha Krymskaya; b) Masha Sevastopolskaya; c) DashaSevastopol. 10. The fall of Sevastopol predetermined the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War. When is that happened?
a) 1853; b) 1854; c) 1855
11. What was the fate of the Black Sea squadron of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War?
a) was defeated by the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay;
b) took refuge in the ports Black Sea coast Caucasus;c) was flooded at the entrance to Sevastopol Bay.12. Which of the great Russian doctors took part in the defense of Sevastopol?
a) S.I. Botkin; b) N.I. Pirogov; c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.13. What was the name of the hero - the sailor of the Sevastopol defense, whose exploits he described in his Sevastopol stories L.N. Tolstoy?
a) Peter Koshka; b) Ivan Gavrilov; c) Semyon Shein. 14. Set the sequence of events: a) Surrender of Sevastopol; b) Battle of Sinop; c) Death of Kornilov. (b, c, a) 15. Which name falls out of the general logical series: a) Kornilov; b) Nakhimov; c) Ermolov. 16. What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty? a) Russia paid an indemnity of 50 million rubles to the victorious countries; b) Russia was prohibited from having a merchant and fishing fleet in the Black Sea; c) The Black Sea was declared neutral.17. The crisis of the Nikolaev system manifested itself in:
a) the collapse of the financial system; b) backwardness of military equipment; c) profitability Agriculture.
18. Nicholas I understood that the main reason hindering the development of the country was:
a) mediocrity of officials; b) serfdom; c) imperfection of the administrative apparatus.
19. Whodepicted in portraits?

Nikolay I V.A. Kornilov P.S. Nakhimov P.M. Cat

Crimean War 1853-1856 also called Eastern War because of the so-called “Eastern Question”, which officially served as a pretext for the outbreak of hostilities. What is the “Eastern Question”, as it was understood in Europe in the middleXIXcentury? This is a set of claims against Turkish possessions, dating back to the Middle Ages, since Crusades, to lands associated with the ancient shrines of Christianity. Initially, they meant only Palestine and Syria. After the capture of Constantinople and the Balkans by the Turks, the “Eastern Question” began to be called the plans of European powers to assert their dominion over all the lands of the former Byzantium under the pretext of “liberation of Christians.”

In the middleXIXcentury Russian Emperor NicholasIdeliberately strained relations with Turkey. The pretext for this was the transfer by the Turkish government of jurisdiction over some Christian churches in Jerusalem to the Catholic mission, which was under the patronage of France. For Nicholas, this was a violation of a long-standing tradition, according to which Turkey recognized the Russian autocrat as the patron of all Christians on its territory, and the Orthodox confession enjoyed advantage there over other Christian denominations.

Nicholas's politicsIin relation to Turkey has changed several times. In 1827, the Russian squadron, together with the Anglo-French one, defeated the Turkish fleet in Navarino Bay under the pretext of protecting the rebel Greeks. This event served as a reason for Turkey to declare war on Russia (1828-1829), which once again turned out to be successful for Russian weapons. As a result, Greece gained independence and Serbia gained autonomy. But NikolaiIfeared the collapse of Turkey and in 1833 threatened war with the Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali if he did not stop the movement of his army to Istanbul. Thanks to this NikolaiImanaged to conclude a profitable agreement with Turkey (in Uskär-Inkelessi) on the free navigation of Russian ships, including military ones, through the Bosporus and Dardanelles.

However, by the 1850s, Nicholas had matured a plan to divide Turkey with other powers. First of all, he tried to interest the Austrian Empire in this, which in 1849 was saved from collapse by the Russian army, which suppressed the revolution in Hungary, but came across a blank wall. Then NikolaiIturned to England. At a meeting with the British Ambassador to St. Petersburg, Hamilton Seymour, in January 1853, the Tsar expressed a plan for the division of the Ottoman Empire. Moldova, Wallachia and Serbia came under Russian protectorate. Bulgaria stood out from the Balkan possessions of Turkey, which was also supposed to form a state under the protectorate of Russia. England received Egypt and the island of Crete. Constantinople turned to a neutral zone.

NikolayIwas confident that his proposal would meet with the approval and participation of England, but he cruelly miscalculated. His assessment of the international situation on the eve of the Crimean War turned out to be erroneous, and this was the fault of Russian diplomacy, which for decades had been sending reassuring reports to the Tsar about the constant respect that Russia enjoys in the West. Russian ambassadors in London (Baron F.I. Brunnov), Paris (Count N.D. Kiselyov), Vienna (Baron P.K. Meyendorff) and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count K.V., who coordinated them from St. Petersburg. Nesselrode managed not to notice the rapprochement between England and France and the growing hostility of Austria towards Russia.

NikolayIhoped for rivalry between England and France. At that time, the tsar considered France his main opponent in the East, who incited Turkey to counteract. French ruler Louis Bonaparte, who in 1852 proclaimed himself emperor under the name of NapoleonIII, dreamed of settling scores with Russia, and not only because of his famous uncle, but also because he considered himself deeply offended by the Russian Tsar, who did not recognize his imperial title for a long time. England's interests in the Middle East brought it closer to France, as opposed to Russia's intentions.

Nevertheless, being confident in the benevolence or cowardice of the Western powers, NicholasIin the spring of 1853 he sent Prince A.S. as Ambassador Extraordinary to Constantinople. Menshikov with the task of negotiating “holy places” and the privileges of the Orthodox Church in Turkey from a position of strength. Menshikov carried out the severance of relations with Turkey desired by the tsar, and in June of the same year NikolaiIbegan to send Russian troops into Moldova and Wallachia, which were under the protectorate of Turkey.

For their part, France and England, being confident in their strength, also looked for a reason for war. Both powers were not at all happy about the strengthening of Russia’s position in the East, and they had no intention of ceding influence to it in Turkey, which was falling apart at the seams. English diplomacy very skillfully pretended that she did not want to worsen relations with Russia. Meanwhile, behind the scenes, the British ambassador in Constantinople, Stretford-Ratcliffe, vigorously incited the Porte to be intransigent to Menshikov in the negotiations (which, however, was easy). When England finally dropped the mask, NikolaiII understood everything, but it was already too late.

The Tsar decided to occupy the Danube principalities to ensure his demands on Turkey, but, as in 1827, he did not yet declare war, leaving it to the Turks to do this (which happened in October 1853). However, unlike the times of the Battle of Navarino, the situation was now completely different. Russia found itself in international isolation. England and France immediately demanded that Russia withdraw its troops from the Danube principalities. The Viennese court was increasingly inclined to accept an ultimatum from Russia regarding the same. Only Prussia remained neutral.

NikolayIbelatedly decided to intensify military action against Turkey. Having abandoned the landing operation near Constantinople at the very beginning, he gave the order to the troops to cross the Danube and transfer the war to the Ottoman Empire itself (to the territory of present-day Bulgaria). Simultaneously Russian Black Sea Fleet destroyed the Turkish on the roadstead of Sinop and burned the city. In response to this, England and France sent their fleets into the Black Sea. On March 27, 1854, they declared war on Russia.

The main reason for the Crimean War was the desire of the great European powers to assert themselves at the expense of the decrepit Ottoman Empire and prevent their rivals from doing so. In this regard, Russia, England and France were motivated by similar motives. England and France managed to agree on common interests, but Russia failed to attract any ally. The unsuccessful foreign policy combination for Russia, in which the war began and proceeded for it, was due to an inadequate assessment by its ruling circles of the international situation, as well as the forces and influence of Russia.

Test on the topic “Crimean War”

1. Select the date of the reign of Nicholas I: a) 1801-1825; b) 1825-1855; c) 1762-1796. 2. Indicate the years when the Crimean War took place: a) 1853-1855; b) 1855-1856; c) 1853-1856

3. In Europe, the Crimean War was called:

a) Northern; b) Eastern; c) Western.

4. On the Turkish side were:

a) England; b) Prussia; c) Italy

5. When did the Battle of Sinop take place?

6. Who commanded the Russian squadron in the Battle of Sinop? a) V.I. Istomin; b) V.A. Kornilov; c) P.S. Nakhimov. 7. Who led the defense of Sevastopol? a) V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov; b) A.S. Menshikov and I.D. Gorchakov; c) E.I. Totleben and S.A. Khrulev.

8. How many months did the defense of Sevastopol last?

a) 10; b) 11; c) 12. 9. What was the name of the first sister of mercy in the Russian army?

a) Dasha Krymskaya; b) Masha Sevastopolskaya; c) DashaSevastopol.10. The fall of Sevastopol predetermined the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War.

When did it happen? a) 1853; b) 1854; c) 1855 11. What was the fate of the Black Sea squadron of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War? a) was defeated by the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay; b) took refuge in the ports of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; c) was flooded at the entrance to Sevastopol Bay. 12. Which of the great Russian doctors took part in the defense of Sevastopol? a) S.I. Botkin; b) N.I. Pirogov; c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.13. What was the name of the hero - the sailor of the Sevastopol defense, whose exploits were described in his Sevastopol stories by L.N. Tolstoy? a) Peter Koshka; b) Ivan Gavrilov; c) Semyon Shein.

14. Set the sequence of events:

a) Surrender of Sevastopol; b) Battle of Sinop; c) Death of Kornilov.

Example: (b,a,c)

15. Which name falls out of the general logical series:

a) Kornilov; b) Nakhimov; c) Ermolov. 16. What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty?

a) Russia paid the victorious countries an indemnity in the amount of 50 million rubles;

b) Russia was prohibited from having a merchant and fishing fleet in the Black Sea;

c) The Black Sea was declared neutral. 17.The cause of the Crimean War was Russia’s desire to:

a) Annex the peoples of the North Caucasus;

b) Go to the shores of the Black Sea;

c) Annex Bessarabia;

d) Expand influence in the Balkans.

18. What was the reason for the start of the Crimean War?

a) Annexation of the territory of Central Asia to Russia;

b) Capture of Istanbul by British troops;

c) Suppression of the revolution in France by the Holy Alliance troops;

d) Dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic churches for the right to control Christian shrines in Palestine.

19. In the Crimean War 1853-1856. Russia was opposed to a coalition of states that included

a) Prussia, Hungary, England;

b) Persia, Türkiye, England;

c) Türkiye, England, France;

d) France, Persia, Greece.

20. The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War testified to (about)

a) lack of talented military leaders;

b) the crisis of the feudal system;

c) the small number of the Russian army;

d) the weaknesses of the Russian fleet.

Answers:

1. b) 1825-1855; 2. c) 1853-1856; 3. b) Eastern; 4. a) England; 5. a) November 18, 1853; 6. c) P.S. Nakhimov; 7. a) V.A Kornilov and P.S Nakhimov; 8. b) 11; 9. c) Dasha Sevastopol; 10. c) 1855; 11. c) was flooded at the entrance to Sevastopol Bay; 12. b) N.I. Pirogov; 13. a) Peter Koshka; 14. (b,c,a) 15. c) Ermilov; 16. c) The Black Sea declared neutral; 17. d) Expand influence in the Balkans;

18. c) Suppression of the revolution in France by the troops of the Holy Alliance;

19. c) Türkiye, England, France;

20. b) the crisis of the feudal system.