Russian participation in the First World War. Russia in the First World War. The impact of the war on Russian society The parties involved, their goals and objectives

Which judgments about this cartoon are correct? Choose 2 judgments from the five proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer.

1) One of the consequences of the First World War was the collapse of the empire to which this cartoon is dedicated.

2) Russia has never signed international treaties with the empire to which the cartoon is dedicated.

3) The empire to which the cartoon is dedicated was part of the Entente.

4) During the First World War, the Russian army managed to temporarily capture part of the territory of the empire, to which the cartoon is dedicated.

5) The empire to which the cartoon is dedicated included Prussia.

Explanation.

1) One of the consequences of the First World War was the collapse of the empire to which this cartoon is dedicated - YES, that’s right, the Austrian Empire collapsed as a result of the First World War.

2) Russia has never signed international treaties with the empire to which the cartoon is dedicated - NO, incorrect, “Union of Three Emperors.”

3) The empire to which the cartoon is dedicated was part of the Entente - NO, incorrect, it was part of the Triple Alliance.

4) During the First World War, the Russian army managed to temporarily seize part of the territory of the empire to which the cartoon is dedicated - YES, that’s right, during the Brusilov breakthrough.

5) The empire to which the cartoon is dedicated included Prussia - NO, incorrect, Prussia was part of the German Empire.

Answer: 14.

Answer: 14

Match the fragments historical sources and them brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A) “The person in whose name the movement was launched was the Empress, who managed to gain wide popularity, especially in the guards regiments. The emperor lived badly with his wife, threatened to divorce her and even imprison her in a monastery, and in her place put a person close to him, the niece of Chancellor Count Vorontsov. [The Empress] stayed aloof for a long time, patiently enduring her position and not entering into direct relations with the dissatisfied.”

B) “In the days of the great struggle with the external enemy, who had been striving to enslave our Motherland for almost three years, the Lord God was pleased to send Russia a new ordeal. The outbreak of internal popular unrest threatens to have a disastrous effect on the further conduct of the stubborn war. The fate of Russia, the honor of our heroic army, the good of the people, the entire future of our dear Fatherland demand that the war be brought to a victorious end at all costs. The cruel enemy is straining his last strength, and the hour is already approaching when our valiant army, together with our glorious allies, will be able to finally break the enemy. In these decisive days in the life of Russia, we considered it a duty of conscience to facilitate close unity and rallying of all the people’s forces for our people to achieve victory as quickly as possible, and in agreement with the State Duma, we recognized it as good to abdicate the throne of the Russian state and relinquish supreme power.”

CHARACTERISTICS

1) This text was written by V. O. Klyuchevsky.

2) This excerpt from the manifesto dates back to 1917.

3) The text was written before the start of World War II.

4) This passage refers to the First World War.

5) A contemporary of the events described was L.N. Tolstoy.

6) The events described tell the story of an emperor who was subsequently overthrown as a result of a palace coup.

Explanation.

1) This text was written by V. O. Klyuchevsky - yes, that’s right, it refers to the text by A.

2) This excerpt from the manifesto refers to 1917 - yes, that’s right, it refers to text B.

3) The text was written before the start of World War II - no, it’s incorrect. Has no relation to these sources.

4) This passage refers to the First World War - yes, that’s right, it refers to text B.

5) A contemporary of the events described was L.N. Tolstoy - no, that’s incorrect. Has no relation to these sources.

6) The events described tell about the emperor, who was subsequently overthrown as a result of a palace coup - yes, that’s right, refers to the text of A.

Answer: 1624.

Answer: 1624

Establish a correspondence between the names of military leaders and their activities: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column. Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Explanation.

A) A. A. Brusilov - commander of the Southwestern Front in 1916 during the First World War.

B) S. M. Budyonny - commander of the First Cavalry Army during the Civil War.

C) A. N. Kuropatkin - commander of Russian troops in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904−1905.

D) G.K. Zhukov - First Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief during the Great Patriotic War.

Answer: 4132.

Answer: 4132

Establish a correspondence between statesmen of the early 20th century. and their activities.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A) Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich led the Russian army during the First World War.

B) S. Yu. Witte prepared a manifesto on the establishment of the legislative State Duma.

C) S.V. Zubatov was the initiator of the creation of workers' organizations under the control of the police.

Answer: 4215.

Answer: 4215

A) the leadership of the government during the First World War, this is answer number 3

that is, it should be 3215

Ivan Ivanovich

Nikolai Nikolaevich was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in 1914-1915, and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Ingushetia was led by several people during the First World War: Goremykin, Sturmer, Trepov, Golitsyn.

Fill in the blank cells of the table using the information provided in the list below. For each lettered cell, select the number of the desired element.

Missing elements:

2) “Fulton Speech”

4) a program to help European countries recover their economies after World War II

5) “Vyborg Appeal”

7) a statement of the intentions of the Provisional Government to continue fulfilling its obligations to the allies in the First World War

9) the program of action of the Bolshevik Party, containing the task of transitioning the entire state power to the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A)−B) In 1946 in Fulton, W. Churchill called for resistance to the USSR and the Cold War.

C) The Vyborg Appeal of 1906 contained an appeal from deputies calling for passive resistance to the actions of the authorities after the dissolution of the first convocation of the State Duma.

D) The April Theses of 1917 contained the program of action for the Bolsheviks.

E)−F) In 1917, Miliukov announced the intentions of the Provisional Government to continue fulfilling its obligations to the allies in the First World War.

Answer: 235971.

Answer: 235971

Establish a correspondence between the names of military leaders and the names of the wars in which they became famous: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A) A. A. Brusilov - The First World War.

B) M. D. Skobelev - Russian-Turkish war of 1877−1878.

B) P. S. Nakhimov - Crimean War.

D) A.V. Suvorov - Russian-Turkish war of 1768−1774.

Answer: 5431.

Answer: 5431

Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. Main wave. Siberia. Option 3., Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. Main wave. Siberia. Option 3.

Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A) oprichnina terror - 3) defeat of Novgorod in 1569/70

B) Seven Years' War- 4) taking Russian troops Berlin in 1760

IN) foreign policy the first Russian princes - 1) the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich

D) World War I - 6) Brusilov breakthrough in 1916

Answer: 3416.

Answer: 3416

Which of the following events happened first?

1) the beginning of the First Russian Revolution

2) Russia’s entry into the First world war

3) publication of a manifesto on the legislative State Duma

4) the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War

Explanation.

The Russo-Japanese War began earlier than others - January 1904. First Russian revolution began in January 1905. The manifesto on the legislative State Duma was signed in October 1905. Russia entered World War I in August 1914.

The correct answer is indicated under number: 4

Answer: 4

Match the names of military leaders with the wars in which they participated.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A) P.I. Bagration was the military commander of the Patriotic War of 1812.

B) M. D. Skobelev - general of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878.

B) P.S. Nakhimov commanded the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.

D) A. A. Brusilov - military commander of the First World War 1914-1918.

Answer: 2314.

Answer: 2314

Look at the diagram and complete the task

Which judgments related to the events indicated on the map are correct? Choose three judgments from the six proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The map depicts the events of the final stage of the war.

2) The Red Army was assisted by its allies in the First World War.

3) The period of the war indicated on the map includes the passage through the Sivash Bay.

4) In the west, the Red Army is fighting against the troops of General N. Yudenich.

5) The war ended with the signing of the Brest Peace Treaty.

6) The troops of the Red Army in the south were commanded by M.V. Frunze.

Explanation.

1) The map depicts the events of the final stage of the war - YES, that’s right, the map of the civil war depicts the events of the final stage of the war - the Soviet-Polish war of 1920 and the defeat of the troops of General P. Wrangel in the Crimea.

2) The Red Army was assisted by its allies in the First World War - NO, incorrect.

3) The war period indicated on the map includes the passage through the Sivash Bay - YES, that’s right, in the fall of 1920.

4) In the west, the Red Army is fighting against the troops of General N. Yudenich - NO, incorrect.

5) The war ended with the signing of the Brest Peace Treaty - NO, incorrect.

6) The Red Army troops in the south were commanded by M.V. Frunze - YES, that’s right.

Answer: 136.

Answer: 136

Elena Aleksandrovna Dergunova

In 1920, the civil war ended in the main territory of Russia. On the outskirts of the country it continued until 1922.

Guest 05.05.2013 15:18

The answer number 1 is given incorrectly. Civil War was divided into 3 stages and 1920 belonged to the second stage (November 1918 - March 1920). The third stage of the war lasted until October 1922, until the capture of the city of Vladivostok, where anti-Bolshevik formations were based at that time with the support of Japanese troops. I don’t think it’s fair that 1920 is considered the end of the war here, because right up to the defeat of the Siberian Volunteer Squad in 1923, military clashes took place on Russian territory.

Period 1914–1918 associated primarily with the First World War - a large-scale event that captured the most powerful powers in its whirlpool.

The war began after the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, by Serbian conspirators in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo in June 1914. Austria declared war on Serbia, in response Russia, as the guarantor of Serbia's independence, began mobilization - putting the armed forces on alert.

Our experts can check your essay using Unified State Exam criteria

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Teachers of leading schools and current experts of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.

The real reasons for the outbreak of the war of 1914–1918. there were contradictions between groups of capitalist states, the struggle for spheres of influence, markets, which led to the redivision of the world. On the one hand, it was Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, which formed the Triple Alliance, on the other, England, France and Russia, united in the Entente. Nicholas II believed that Russia was well prepared for war, and therefore could not let its allies down. In the manifesto on entry into the war, Nikolai noted that Russia was ready for war and called on all the people to go to defend the Motherland. The consequence of the declaration of war was a national upsurge in Russia, increased respect for Emperor Nicholas II as the defender of the people, an increase in anti-German sentiment in the country, and the renaming of the capital to Petrograd. The people perceived the war positively.

However, the development of military operations was weak, already in 1915 the war took on a positional character, the only success of the Allied forces was the disruption of the plan for a lightning attack on Germany. Most a bright event The military campaign was the Brussilovsky breakthrough, the reasons for which were the attempts of the Russian high command to break through and defeat the Austrian troops in the area of ​​Lutsk and Kovel. On July 4, 1916, the troops of the Southwestern Front under the command of General A.A. Brusilova went on the offensive. Brusilov managed to occupy Bukovina and Southern Galicia, overcoming an extremely fortified position that was considered impregnable by the enemies. As a result of the “Brusilov breakthrough,” the Germans urgently withdrew 11 divisions from the Western Front and sent them to help the Austrian troops.

Unfortunately, a single success did not determine the course of the entire war, the army was demoralized, there was no hope for the sovereign, and things had not been calm within the country for a long time. The soldiers left their fronts and after the October Revolution, on March 3, 1918, a separate peace treaty was concluded in Brest, that is, without the participation of the allied countries. The head of the Soviet delegation was Sokolnikov, but L.D. played a major role in the signing. Trotsky, who put forward the concept of “no peace, no war, disband the army.” It was because of Trotsky’s idea that Russia lost vast territories without fighting, and signed peace on absolutely unfavorable terms. The consequence of the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty was the isolation of Russia, the loss of a huge part of the territories of the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, and the obligation to pay a huge indemnity. The “predatory peace” entailed dissatisfaction with the policies of the Bolsheviks both inside and outside the country.

Opinions about Russia's role in the First World War vary; for the most part, this war is forgotten due to the influence Soviet ideology. Contemporaries, including W. Churchill, believed that Russia suffered the greatest losses in the war, taking the main blow.

Updated: 2018-03-18

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Hello, dear readers of the site! Andrey Puchkov is with you. Today I decided to make a post about Russia's participation in the First World War. This is an extremely important topic and the most difficult for school graduates who are preparing for the Unified State Exam in history. In general, the entire period from 1914 to 1922 is the most difficult, and you should pay the closest attention to it.

This article clearly, concisely and accessible to students conveys important points Russia's participation in the First World War, and also to correctly place the emphasis. A separate bonus to this article will be a table on the topic and a test that can be solved online.

So let's go!

(When preparing the text of the article, data from the book History of the First World War 1914-1918 was used - M.: Nauka, 1975.)

(You can click on the cards and a larger size will open :))

Causes of the First World War

As I have said many times, any event from history can be broken down according to the following scheme: Prerequisites, Reasons, Reason, Course of events and results.

The reasons for this global event should be considered imperialist contradictions between the leading world powers. What are imperialist contradictions? Imperialism itself is the highest stage of development of capitalism.

Suppose you are a smart English bourgeois businessman. And let's say you produce uh... tea sets. You have numerous factories in England, Russia and Europe. But every European family already has your sets, and more than one. You must understand that you may become bankrupt in the near future. Why?

Because the market is full of your product, but it continues to be produced. It needs to be sold to someone so that you can continue to receive your profits. So what should we do? Elementary, Watson: England is a colonial power. It has a lot of colonies: India, etc. Why not supply your goods there - to the local aborigines. And in return, you will siphon their resources from them: tea, coffee, expensive fabrics and other local exotics.

But the colonies themselves will not be able to do anything, since you are a colonist. So it turns out that under imperialism the internal market for capitalists becomes narrow for them and they need other markets, and as a result, new colonies. The larger the colony, the better!

And by the beginning of the 20th century it turned out that the whole world was “divided” between the great powers. “Divided” because in fact there were great contradictions between the great powers regarding this division. These contradictions began to emerge at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries: the Sino-Japanese War, the Russian-Japanese War, etc. Add to this the contradictions between the powers themselves regarding mutual hostility and disputed territories: between France and Germany there are disputed territories in Alsace and Lorraine. Between England and Germany - in northern Africa. Finally, between Russia and Austria-Hungary regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina and other Slavic states in southeastern Europe (Serbia, Bulgaria, etc.).

Thus, the causes of the First World War were:

1. in colonial contradictions between great powers;
2. in disputed territories and zones of influence between the powers themselves.

Prerequisites include:

The formation of military-political blocs: the Entente (England, France and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy);

The presence of local military conflicts before the decisive confrontation. If anyone decides to continue the topic: add your options in the comments - otherwise space is running out :)

Plans of the parties in the First World War

The “brains” of the Triple Alliance were Germany and its Chief of the General Staff since 1891, Schlieffen. His concept of "blitzkrieg" ( lightning war) was justified by the fact that the main enemy was France, which by the beginning of the 20th century had reformed both the system of mobilizing its army and the army itself. In view of this, Schlieffen proposed the defeat of enemy troops in two stages.

The first stage should take France out of the standoff. This involved an attack by large forces through southern Belgium, bypassing the French defensive line.

The second stage was supposed to consist in the fact that the main forces of the German army were transferred to Eastern front(against Russia), where it was supposed to be restrained by Austro-Hungarian troops until that time.

The German command underestimated England: they thought that England would limit itself to sending purely symbolic assistance to France.

The plan for Russia's war with Germany and Austria-Hungary began to be developed since the late 1870s - after the unification of Germany and Austria-Hungary into a military alliance. The plan was defensive and had many options. So, if only Austria-Hungary attacked Russia, then the main forces of the Russian army would be concentrated against its forces. And 800 thousand people were allocated (on the 15th day of mobilization) for the war directly with Germany. Well, to distract part of their army on the western front. Well, in the event of an attack by both Germany and Austria-Hungary at once, two fronts were formed at once and the corresponding troops were allocated.

Thus, Russia's plans were defensive. Of course, I only brought here overall plan without specific geographical references. Perhaps in the future I will make a free video lesson on the First World War, so don’t be lazy and subscribe to new articles, the form is at the end of the article.

Reason for global confrontation

All literate boys and girls have long known what became the reason for the First World War. This is the murder of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife at the end of June 1914 in Sarajevo (Serbia). They were killed by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. This fact of murder became the reason for hostilities: Austria demanded from Serbia that the murder be investigated by the Austrians, Serbia perceived such demands as a limitation of its own sovereignty, as a result, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia... and from there it went...

Russian participation in the First World War 1914 -1918

OPERATIONS OF 1914

EAST PRUSSIAN OPERATION 1914

Since Germany, according to its military action plan, attacked France (western front), Russia’s task was to divert the main forces of Austria-Hungary and force Germany to transfer part of its forces to the eastern front.

The objective of the East Prussian operation was to capture the Russian troops of East Prussia with the forces of two armies: the 1st Army of General Rennenkampf was supposed to advance bypassing the Masurian Lakes from the north, cutting off the Germans from Konigsberg (now Kaliningrad). The 2nd Army under the command of General Samsonov was supposed to conduct an offensive bypassing these lakes from the west, preventing the withdrawal of German divisions beyond the Vistula. The general idea of ​​the operation was to cover the German group from both flanks.

The operation began on August 4 (17). And already on August 7 (20), one of the largest battles of the First World War began - near Gumbinen. However, the stubborn resistance of the Russian troops, as well as their heavy fire, put the German army to flight! Here is what the German commanders themselves wrote about this: “The combination of unfortunate circumstances led to the fact that superbly trained troops, who later showed themselves worthy everywhere, lost their self-control at the first clash with the enemy. The hull was seriously damaged. In the infantry alone, losses reached 8,000 people in round figures - a third of all available forces, with 200 officers killed and wounded."

Those who have read “Films” by Mr. Boris Akunin know that in the very first books the author describes the wild defeat of Russian troops: they allegedly ran towards German machine guns like sheep. In fact, there was simply nothing like this! If anyone thinks otherwise, write in the comments - let's discuss! 🙂

However, let's not get distracted: the situation allowed the Russian army to defeat the 8th German army. However, Rennenkampf did not act. The Russian command believed that the Germans were defeated and were retreating to Koenigsberg. However, this was not the case. In fact, the 8th Army retained its combat capability. The Germans regrouped their forces and quickly developed a daring operation. Its success was also facilitated by the fact that the Russian command gave all its orders over the radio in clear text.

As a result, on August 16 (29), the 2nd army of General Samsonov was surrounded, and the general himself shot himself. Thus, inaction on the part of the 1st army contributed to the encirclement and defeat of the second. Meanwhile, some of the goals of the operation were achieved: Germany transferred part of its forces to the eastern front, which allowed the Allies to win on the river. Marne on the Western Front.

BATTLE OF GALICIAN

In the south, the Russian command also planned an offensive operation. Its goal was to encircle and destroy Austrian forces. The fifth and third armies were to advance towards Lvov, and the 4th and 8th armies were to attack from the west and south. The plan was good, but did not correspond to the realities of the front. The Austrians were also developing their offensive operation. As a result, a huge Galician battle ensued, which broke out in the space between the Dniester and Vistula rivers.

The fighting initially took place on a front of 320 km, which then expanded to 400 km. On the Russian side, five armies (9th, 4th, 5th, 3rd and 8th) and the Dniester detachment took part in them. The enemy had four armies (1st, 4th, 3rd and 2nd) and the Landwehr Corps of Woyrsch. As a result of the Russian offensive, the Austro-Hungarian troops suffered a serious defeat. Their losses amounted to about 400 thousand people, including 100 thousand prisoners. The Russians lost 230 thousand people. The victory was achieved by the combined efforts of all the armies of the Southwestern Front. But the Austro-Hungarian armies still managed to avoid complete defeat. The reason for this was the indecisive actions of the leadership of the Southwestern Front, which failed to organize an energetic pursuit. The matter was limited to ousting the enemy from Galicia.

The general situation on the fronts forced Germany to give a large loan to Turkey so that it would enter the war on the side of the Triple Alliance. As a result, on November 2, Türkiye launched offensive operations. A separate Caucasian front emerged.

Of course, in 1914 there were other offensive and defensive operations, but for a successful solution Unified State Exam test What has already been said about the operations in 1914 is more than enough for you.

OPERATIONS OF 1915

OPERATION GORLICKA

The Gorlitsky operation lasted 52 days: from April 19 (May 2) to June 9 (22), 1915. It was one of the largest defensive operations of the First World War. The Russian command was forced to retreat from Galicia, which was captured in 1914. The strategic position of their armies operating in Poland seriously deteriorated. But the German-Austrians were unable to achieve a major strategic result. The matter actually came down not to a breakthrough of the Russian front, but to “pushing through” it.

OPERATIONS OF 1916

A year and a half of the bloodiest war at that time in human history could not have passed in vain: crisis trends were growing in Europe and Russia. In Europe it led to a sharp rise in the labor movement. A revolutionary situation was brewing in Russia, caused by the grain, arms, transport and, ultimately, political crises. The reason for all this was also that Russian society, which at first demonstrated patriotism, the further it went, the more it did not understand why Russia got involved in this senseless massacre?

Offensive The Southwestern Front in the summer of 1916 led to a major defeat of the Austro-Hungarian troops in Galicia and Bukovina. The enemy lost up to 1.5 million people killed, wounded and captured, 581 guns, 1,795 machine guns, 448 bomb throwers and mortars. Russian losses amounted to about 500 thousand people

To eliminate the breakthrough, the military command of the Central Powers was forced to withdraw 30.5 infantry and 3.5 cavalry divisions from the Western and Italian fronts. This eased the position of the French at Verdun. Italy also sighed lightly, as Austrian troops were forced to stop their attacks in Trentino. “Russia sacrificed itself for the sake of its allies,” writes the English military historian, “and it is unfair to forget that the allies are Russia’s unpaid debtors for this.”

MILITARY OPERATION ON THE EASTERN FRONT IN THE SUMMER OF 1917

After the February Revolution in Russia and the transfer of power to the Provisional Government, the position of the army became most difficult. At the front, new orders and directives were introduced that abolished unity of command, and fraternization began at the front: this was when soldiers on both sides stopped fighting and began, for example, to play football or drink schnapps. 🙂

However, the provisional government in the note by P.N. Milyukova announced in April that she would continue to fight on the side of Antana. As a result, the summer offensive was canceled. The main military offensive actions were to unfold in June. However, the June offensive floundered mainly due to the disorganized actions of the new authorities, who brought troops into battle without a single plan. In the opinion of Kerensky and other figures of the Provisional Government, the main thing was to start, and then maybe everything would be set up on its own.

As a result, the offensive stalled, which led to a new political crisis for the Provisional Government: news of defeats at the front increased the indignation of the people. On the morning of July 3 (16), soldiers of the 1st machine gun regiment in Petrograd demanded the overthrow of the Provisional Government by armed means. On July 4 (17), a grandiose anti-war demonstration took place in Petrograd. On behalf of its participants, the demand to take power into the hands of the Soviets was transmitted to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets, which met in the Tauride Palace.

RUSSIA'S EXIT FROM THE FIRST WORLD WAR AT THE BEGINNING OF 1918

As you know, the Bolshevik Party was against the conduct of the First World War. Therefore, immediately after the October Revolution, the new, now Soviet, leadership began a conversation with Germany and its allies about ending hostilities. Lenin's position was clear: for a democratic world without annexations and indemnities. There was, however, also the point of view of L.N. Trotsky to end hostilities, which was expressed in his slogan: “No peace, no war.” True, this point of view was rejected by the Soviet leadership after the German offensive.

As a result, on December 9, a conference began between the Triple Alliance and Soviet Russia on the issue of ending the military confrontation.

The position of the Soviet leadership was expressed in the following theses:

1. Refusal by both sides of the forcible annexation of the territories occupied during the war and the withdrawal of occupation forces from there.

2. Restoration in full of the political independence of those peoples who lost it during hostilities.

3. Guaranteeing the right to self-determination to national groups that did not enjoy political independence before the war.

4. Legislative registration of cultural independence and administrative autonomy of national minorities.

5. Refusal to collect indemnities and “war costs” from other states.

6. Granting independence and political autonomy to the colonies in accordance with the principles set forth in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4

However, Germany decided to take full advantage of the situation and imposed its own rules of the game. As a result March 3, 1918 in Brest-Litovsk A peace treaty was concluded, called the Brest-Litovsk Treaty.

You need to know its conditions and try to remember:

The Baltic states and part of Belarus were torn away from Soviet Russia; in the Caucasus, Kars, Ardahan and Batum went to Turkey.

Ukraine and Finland were recognized as independent states, and Red Army units were to be withdrawn from there. The Soviet government pledged to conclude an agreement with the Central Rada and recognize its peace treaty of January 27 (February 9) with the Central Powers.

Thus, the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty is considered separate. Since, on the one hand, he separated territories from Russia, and on the other, Russia broke with the Entente, leaving the war earlier. The word “separate” comes from the French verb separer - to separate, to separate.

The First World War itself ended on November 11, 1918 with the Compiegne Armistice. And in June 1919, a new Versailles-Washington system of checks and balances was formed, which de facto recognized its incapacity after 12-14 years.

Below I present some facts and points that you need to know and work through to successfully write the Unified State Exam test in history:

1. The Supreme Commanders-in-Chief before the February Revolution were: Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich (from July 20, 1914 to August 23, 1915) and Nicholas II (from August 23, 1915 to March 2, 1917).

2. You need to know what consequences Russia’s participation in the global massacre led to: be able to describe the grain crisis, the transport crisis, the weapons crisis, and most importantly, the political crisis. If there are any difficulties, all this is described in my author’s video course “History. Preparation for the Unified State Exam for 100 points.”

3. The main internal result of Russia’s participation is February Revolution! How all this is connected is described in detail in my.

Well, of course, the article turned out to be rather long, but extremely useful. Below is the promised table on Russia’s participation in the First World War:

History test Russia in the First World War: the end of an empire for 11th grade students with answers. The test is presented in two versions, each including 10 tasks.

1 option

1. In 1907, Russia signed an agreement on delimiting spheres of influence in Asia

1) with Germany
2) with Great Britain
3) with Persia (Iran)
4) with China

2. “The Powder Magazine of Europe” in 1910-1914. called

1) Alsace and Lorraine, which became part of Germany after the Franco-Prussian War
2) Balkans
3) Manchuria
4) Liaodong Peninsula

3. The Entente included

1) France, Russia, UK
2) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
3) Persia, Türkiye, Russia
4) Russia, Afghanistan, China

4. Germany declared war on Russia in 1914.

1) June 15 (28)
2) July 18 (31)
3) July 19 (August 1)
4) August 12 (August 24)

5. Which of the following battles took place in the summer of 1916?

1) on the Somme River
2) in Gallipoli
3) near Lviv
4) on the Rhine River

6. The events that went down in history as the “Verdun Meat Grinder” took place

1) in 1914
2) in 1915
3) in 1916
4) in 1917

7. Which of the following events occurred during the 1915 campaign?

1) a successful offensive on the front of Russian troops under the command of A.A. Brusilova
2) the Russian army left Galicia, Polish lands that were part of the empire, part of Belarus
3) defeat of the Russian armies under the command of A.V. Samsonov in East Prussia
4) Battle of the Somme River

8. In August 1916 it entered the war

1) Türkiye
2) Italy
3) Spain
4) Romania

9. The reason for the outbreak of World War I was the conflict between Austria and Hungary.

1) with Bulgaria
2) with Poland
3) with Montenegro
4) with Serbia

10. Which of the following was the result of the 1916 campaign for Russia?

1) increasing the length of the Southwestern Front
2) loss of the territory of Galicia
3) liberation of Polish territory
4) conclusion of an armistice with Germany

Option 2

1. The slogan of the defeat of the tsarist government in the world war was put forward by the party

1) F.F. Yusupov
2) G.E. Rasputin
3) Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich
4) V.M. Purishkevich

3. Check the position that does not relate to the consequences of Russia's participation in the First World War.

1) the growth of the strike movement
2) inflation
3) increasing the pace of development of industry and agriculture
4) fuel crisis

4. The initiator of the creation of military-industrial committees was

1) P. Ryabushinsky
2) P. Milyukov
3) F. Yusupov
4) G. Plekhanov

5. The supply crisis for the Russian army was overcome

6. Which of the named persons was the leader of the Union of Zemstvos and Cities?

1) A. Kerensky
2) A. Dubrovin
3) V. Shulgin
4) Prince G. Lvov

7. In 1916 the government decided

1) introduce mandatory norms for peasants to hand over grain to the state
2) introduce an 8-hour working day at military enterprises
3) increase investment in railway construction
4) increase income taxes on private military enterprises

8. The demand for convening the Ministry of Public Trust was put forward

1) progressives
2) Social Revolutionaries
3) monarchists
4) Bolsheviks

9. The IV Duma was dissolved for an indefinite period

1) in 1914
2) in 1915
3) in 1916
4) in 1917

10. What event marked the year 1916?

1) ministerial strike
2) creation of the Provisional Government
3) creation of the Responsible Ministry
4) “ministerial leapfrog”

Answers to a history test Russia in the First World War: the end of an empire
1 option
1-2
2-2
3-1
4-3
5-1
6-3
7-2
8-4
9-4
10-1
Option 2
1-3
2-2
3-3
4-1
5-2
6-4
7-1
8-1
9-2
10-4

Caricature of European powers on the eve of World War I

1914 – 1918 – period of participation Russian Empire in the First World War.

Beginning of the First World War

The reason for the outbreak of World War I was the assassination of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist. After the terrorist attack, the Emperor of Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to the Serbian government, and after Serbia refused to accept its conditions, declared war on it. Russia supported Serbia and announced mobilization. Austria-Hungary, in turn, enlisted the support of Germany, and on August 1, 1914 German Empire declared war on Russia.

Fighting on the Eastern Front

Russian army in the First World War

Fighting in 1914

In 1914 the main fighting deployed on the Western Front. Germany concentrated its main forces against France, and Russia did not have time to complete mobilization and was faced with a shortage of ammunition.
In the summer of 1914, the 1st and 2nd Russian armies, commanded by generals Rennenkampf and Samsonov, launched an attack on East Prussia. The Southwestern Front under the command of General Ivanov completed a successful offensive, capturing Galicia and defeating the troops of Austria-Hungary, thereby saving Serbia from defeat from the superior forces of the Austrians.

Fighting in 1915

In 1915, Germany transferred its main forces to the eastern front, trying to take Russia out of the war. In April-June 1915, Russian troops were driven out of Galicia, and in June-August 1915 - from Poland, but Russia was not defeated. On August 10, 1915, Nicholas II removed Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich, popular among the troops, from command and assumed the duties of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, which subsequently negatively affected the authority of the emperor.

Fighting in 1916

In May-July 1916, the Brusilov breakthrough took place - a successful offensive of the Russian army in Galicia against the Austrians. That same year, Romania entered the war with the Central Bloc, but was almost immediately defeated by Austrian troops, which only worsened the situation on the Eastern Front.

Events of 1917

In 1917, a revolution broke out in Russia. The emperor announced his abdication from the throne. The provisional government that replaced the emperor told the allies to continue the war with the Central Powers until victory. In June 1917, Russia launched an offensive against Austria-Hungary, but due to the collapse of the army and revolutionary propaganda it ended in failure. After the defeat of the Russian troops and the complete disintegration of the army, large-scale operations at the front were no longer carried out.

Results of the First World War in Russian history

The defeats of the Russian army and the unsuccessful decisions of the imperial government led to public discontent, which resulted in the revolution of 1917. As a result, Russia emerged from the period 1914–1918 defeated in the war, with a destroyed statehood and a beginning revolution.

Assessments of the period 1914 - 1918 by historians

Russian historians, for example, A. A. Danilov, assess the period 1914-1918 - the period of the First World War - mostly negatively. Russia was drawn into a world war for which it was poorly prepared and for which it had no definite goals.