Use of participles. What are the rules for using participial phrases? Participles in scientific style
1.Organizing time.
Hello! I came to you in a good mood.
What's your mood?
2. Introduction to the topic, defining the objectives of the lesson.
Teacher: Every day there are different speech situations. Let me give you an example from Everyday life. The store administrator needed to write several advertisements. Here's what he got:
When entering a store, the door must be closed.
When entering a store, dogs must remain outside.
Walking past a display case, the glass may break!
Check your money without leaving the cash register.
Is it possible to hang such notices in a store?
Help the administrator, correct the errors, record correctly.
We check... We determine what the mistakes are... We formulate the topic and purpose of the lesson...
3. Creating motivation. Working with poetic text.
Teacher: Participles... And they must be pronounced correctly, and used in a sentence, after thinking carefully. Or maybe they are not so necessary?
It seems to me that the English poet Robert Southey convincingly and eloquently answered this question with his unusual poem “Lodore Falls”. Let's get acquainted with this poem and try to determine what makes it unusual.
Let's read the text (one student reads);
How many sentences are there in this text?
Why do we call this sentence a text?
For what purpose are gerunds used in this text?
Why is the poem written in the form of a pyramid? ( Poem. it is curious not only because of the abundance of gerunds that convey the additional actions of falling water (this is evidenced by the presence of trembling, whistling, hissing consonants in the words), but the number of syllables in a line, the arrangement of words in the text, which in its appearance resembles something falling from a height, ever increasing flow of water.)
Task 1. Place punctuation marks, highlight the suffixes of the gerunds:
Merging
Heaving
Bloating
Little rustling
frolicking and hurrying
Sliding hugging
Sharing and meeting
Caressing rioting flying
Playing, crushing and rustling
Shining, taking off, staggering
Intertwining, ringing, bubbling
Soaring, turning, roaring
Wrinkling, worrying, rolling
Throwing changing cooing making noise
Tossing and foaming, thundering jubilantly
Trembling, spilling laughing and chatting
Rolling, twisting, trying to grow
Running forward and forward in freedom-loving fervor, -
So the stormy waters fall in the sparkling swift
(R. Southey “Lodor Falls” translated by A. Shmulyan)
Task 2 (in rows).1st row: Write down the participles that contribute to the sound organization of speech and help to hear the fall of water.
2nd row: Write down the gerunds that convey the sounds of water moving like a living creature.
3rd row: Write down the participles that give the style of the text sublimity and solemnity
check yourself
Teacher: Denoting an additional action, the gerund decorates speech and makes us pay attention to details that are invisible at first glance. And it was with the help of gerunds that the poet was able to describe the indomitable natural elements.
4. Work in pairs with text based on the picture I.A. Aivazovsky “Niagara Falls”
Teacher: Now let’s turn to painting and see what impression the waterfall made on the famous artist Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky.
Look at the picture. What participles can be used to describe a waterfall?
Task 1: complete the text by inserting gerunds or participial phrases instead of the gaps. You can use the material from the poem you read by Robert Southey.
Before us is a painting by I.K. Aivazovsky “Niagara Falls”. Powerful streams of water, ___________________, rush down from a great height ______________. They, ___________, run unstoppably in a race, ____________. Here they are, ______________________, shimmering under the rays of the sun, and here, ________________________, they merge with the dark rocks. Who will solve the mystery? Who will tame the element, which,_________________, has surprised man for centuries?
Listen student answers. To summarize: possessing the energy of a verb and the pictorial power of an adjective, gerunds “complete the action” and give the literary text special expressiveness.
5. Work on speech development. Grammatical errors.
Teacher: Answer the question: do you guys often use gerunds and participial phrases in your speech? (negative answer)
Indeed, in everyday speech a person rarely uses constructions with participial phrases. This happens for several reasons:
Participial phrases give the text a certain solemnity, which a person is shy about ordinary life;
This design causes a lot of mistakes when consumed, which reduces the quality of speech...
Such errors are classified as grammatical errors. We need to learn to see and correct these errors in the sentence so that problems like the store administrator do not arise and in order to successfully complete the task on the Unified State Exam.
Task: Find and correct errors related to the use of participial phrases
BUT…Teacher: We have already studied participles in class, we know how they are formed and what questions they answer, what an adverbial phrase is, but is there a rule in our textbook on how to find and correct grammatical errors associated with the use of participial phrases? (answer is negative)
Printout
Unified State Examination book. Russian language. Auto. Pasichnik I.V., Basova L.A..
In sentences containing an adverbial phrase, it should be taken into account that the action referred to in the phrase is additive in relation to the main action referred to in the predicate. Therefore, both the main and additional actions must be performedby the same person.
Therefore, first of all, it is very important to pay attention to the presence of a subject (noun or pronoun in the Noun). But we emphasize once again: the subject named as the subject must perform both actions.
Participial turnovercannot be consumed in a sentence, if the action expressed by the predicate and the action expressed by the gerund belongto different figures.
WRONG: Returning to port, the ship was caught in a storm.
An action named with a gerund and an action named with a predicate havemust be the same performer.
RIGHT: Returning to port, the ship was caught in a storm.
Creation of an algorithm for correcting errors in the use of participial phrases:
1. Find the subject (noun or pronoun in the noun)
2. Find the predicate.
3. Find the participle. (the action expressed by a gerund can only refer to the subject)
4.Check: there must be one performer.
Exercise:Correct speech errors associated with the use of participial phrases.
Standing at the door to the living room, I could clearly hear their conversation.
Sitting by the fire, the wind suddenly blew up.
Arriving in the forest, the sun set.
When children enter school, a path of knowledge opens up for them.
After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.
After finishing the tour, lunch was waiting for us in the dining room.
Answers:
Standing at the door to the living room, I clearly heard their conversation.
As we sat by the fire, the wind suddenly blew up.
As soon as we arrived in the forest, the sun set.
When children enter school, they open the path of knowledge.
When I watched the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.
After finishing the tour, we went to the dining room for lunch.
6.Homework (optional)
I thank everyone for their cooperation and ask, when leaving the lesson, to think about how it went for you personally, and “shoot” at a kind of target with graphs:
"HEALTHY"
"INTERESTING"
When using gerunds and participial phrases in speech, the following syntactic norms should be observed:
1. An action expressed by a gerund can only refer to the subject.
For example, in one of his stories A.P. Chekhov provides an entry in the complaint book: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. In addition to other speech and grammatical errors, this statement also contains an error in the use of gerunds. The subject of this sentence is a noun hat. In accordance with grammatical rules, it turns out that it was the hat that drove up to the station and admired the beauty of nature outside the window.
In order to correct the sentence in accordance with the norms, it is necessary to change the construction: transform the addition I have(it is precisely this that is the subject of the action) into the subject: Approaching the station I lost my hat.
An exception to this rule is gerunds, which refer to the infinitive expressing the action of another person:
His house was full of guests, ready to entertain his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements(A.S. Pushkin).
IN in this case gerund action sharing refers to the supplement guests and grammatically depends on the infinitive amuse.
May not refer to the subject and the turn with words based on, since the form based on is no longer perceived as a gerund (this is a preposition):
The calculation is based on average production rates.
2. Precisely because the action of the gerund refers to the subject, gerunds cannot be used in impersonal sentences, that is, where there is no active subject expressed by the nominative case form.
For example: Returning home, I felt sad. Such a statement will be grammatically incorrect, since the action of the gerund returning refers to the supplement to me. To correct a sentence, you must either transform it so that the object becomes a subject ( Returning home I felt sad), or replace the gerund with a predicate verb or with a subordinate clause ( When I was returning home, I was sad).
It is allowed, although not encouraged, to use gerunds in those impersonal sentences that include an infinitive ( When returning home, you need to stop at a bakery on the way).
3. For the reason stated above The use of gerunds in passive (passive) constructions is not allowed, that is, in those sentences where the subject does not indicate the real subject (it is usually expressed by an addition in the instrumental case), but the object of the action.
The predicate in such sentences is usually expressed either by the passive participle ( A soldier was wounded in the head by a grenade fragment), or a reflexive verb with the suffix -sya ( The house is being built by workers). Sentences like: Coming out of the encirclement, the fighter was wounded in the head; Having found the necessary funds, the house is being built by the workers of our trust.
To make such sentences correct, you must either replace the participial phrase with a synonymous construction, or transform the passive construction into an active one:
When leaving the environment the fighter was wounded in the head by a shrapnel; When a fighter left the encirclement, he was wounded; Having found the necessary funds, the workers of our trust began building a house.
4. It is not recommended to use gerunds in sentences where the predicate verb is in the future tense: Arriving in the city of my childhood, I will definitely meet my school friends and my first teacher.
5. Participles usually cannot be combined as homogeneous members with other circumstances or with a predicate.
Currently, sentences that can be found in XIX literature century: Pechorin, wrapped in an overcoat and pulling his hat down over his eyes, tried to make his way to the doors(M.Yu. Lermontov); Cavalry Guards galloped, but still holding horses(L.N. Tolstoy).
Exceptions form participles (most often in the perfective form with the meaning of a state as the result of a previous action), which begin to acquire the characteristics of an adverb. Usually these are circumstances of the course of action. But they can only be homogeneous with circumstances that perform the same function in a sentence: The lady sat down in a chair sometimes sideways, sometimes tucked in legs(A.N. Tolstoy).
Note 1. The place of the adverbial phrase in the sentence is relatively free. At the same time, there are certain tendencies in placing the participle before or after the predicate.
Before the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used, which denotes the action preceding the action expressed by the predicate verb:
Taking out a handkerchief, Sergei handed it to me(Sergei first took out a handkerchief and then handed it to me).
Before the predicate verb Usually there is also a gerund indicating the cause or condition of the action, since the cause or condition always precedes the effect:
Frightened, Tonya screamed(Tonya screamed because she was scared, and she was scared at first, and then she screamed).
After the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used with the meaning of a subsequent action:
The horse fell, crushing my leg(First the horse fell and then crushed my leg).
Note 2. When using a perfect or imperfect gerund, it is necessary to take into account its semantic relationship with the predicate verb and the form in which the verb appears.
Participle imperfect form usually used if the action expressed by the gerund coincides in time with the action expressed by the predicate verb:
Smiling, she extended her hand to me; Smiling, she extended both hands towards me.
Participle perfect form indicates an action preceding the action expressed by the predicate verb:
Smiling, she extended her hand to me.
When using perfect and imperfect gerunds, word order and other factors should be taken into account. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which of the actions is expressed by a gerund and which by a predicate verb. Otherwise, the sentence may become incorrect or inaccurate in terms of the meaning it expresses.
So, in a sentence: Approaching the river, the riders stopped their horses- there is a semantic inaccuracy. The imperfect gerund indicates the coincidence in time of two actions expressed by the verb and the gerund, but in reality the riders first drove up to the river and then stopped the horses. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use the perfect participle: Having approached the river, the riders stopped their horses.
One more example: Newspapers report that Kent went crazy after jumping out of a twentieth-story window.. In this case, the verb should be replaced by a gerund, and the gerund by a verb ( Losing his mind, Kent jumped out of the window). Otherwise, the situation expressed in the sentence will be diametrically opposite to what was in reality. The perfect participle indicates an action that precedes the action expressed by the predicate verb. Therefore, if we leave the original construction ( Kent went crazy after jumping out of a twentieth floor window), then we can decide that Kent first jumped out of the window and only then (in flight) went crazy.
Exercises for the topic “The use of participles and participial phrases»
Exercise 1. Correct speech errors associated with the use of participial phrases.
1. After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.
2. By listing the names of the dead at the end of the film, it is believed that they will not be forgotten.
3. Looking at such injustice, my heart bleeds.
4. Arriving at the site on the first day, we were immediately given a task.
5. Having moved to 9th grade, we got a new subject.
6. Reading the poem, you feel the power of every word.
7. Having lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family.
8. Standing at the door to the living room, I could clearly hear their conversation.
9. Having run away from home, the boy was found by the police.
10. Approaching the city, my hat fell off.
11. Without finishing school, Sergei had to work.
12. Using a calculator, the calculation is carried out correctly and easily.
13. Having woken up, he was told that breakfast was served.
14. After reading the play, images of the characters clearly appeared before me.
15. Having finished the excursion, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant.
16. After the trial, the writer was sent to Siberia, staying there for many years.
Answers:
1. After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.
2. When the names of the dead are listed at the end of the film, we believe that they will not be forgotten.
3. When I look at such injustice, my heart bleeds.
4. When we arrived at the site on the first day, we were immediately given a task.
5. When we moved to 9th grade, we got a new subject.
6. Reading the poem, I feel the power of every word.
7. When she lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family.
8. Standing at the door to the living room, I clearly heard their conversation.
9. The boy who ran away from home was found by the police.
10. When I was approaching the city, my hat fell off.
11. Sergei, who did not finish school, had to work.
12. When using a calculator, the calculation is carried out correctly and easily.
13. After he woke up, he was told that breakfast was served.
14. After reading the play, images of the characters clearly appeared in front of me.
15. After the end of the excursion, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant.
16. After the trial, the writer was sent to Siberia and remained there for many years.
Exercise 2(for advanced language learners). Find errors and inaccuracies in the use of gerunds and participial phrases. Justify your answer. Correct the sentences.
1. Reading “The Thunderstorm” by A.N. Ostrovsky, we are faced with images of representatives of the “dark kingdom”.
2. Going to her first ball, Natasha Rostova felt natural excitement.
3. Re-reading M. Gorky’s play “At the Depths”, every time I have a question whether there can be two truths.
4. Raskolnikov cannot understand that by killing the old woman, the world will not change.
5. Having driven 40 kilometers, the buildings of the satellite city became visible to us on the left of the road.
7. The master lived in the basement, and every time he saw someone’s legs, his heart sank.
8. Having climbed the mound, Pierre became able to see the entire panorama of the battle.
9. Having risen to the top, not a single sound is heard from the valley.
10. Having started working on his dissertation, my friend no longer had time to play chess.
11. Everything stated in the monograph is very important, given the lack of time of a practicing physician.
12. Having gotten lost in the forest, the children were ready to give in to despair.
Features of the use of participles
(based on scientific, artistic and colloquial styles of speech)
1. Introduction............................................... ........................................................ ............................5
2. The concept of participles and participles.................................................................... .............6
3. The use of participles in different styles of speech.................................................... .............7
2.1. Participles in scientific style.................................................................... ...........................................7
2.2. Participles in artistic style................................................................... .................................8
2.3. Participles in conversational style.................................................................... ......................................10
4. Conclusion................................................... ........................................................ ......................13
5. List of used literature................................................... ................................14
1. Introduction
In this research work, we tried to identify and compare the features of the use of gerunds in the scientific, artistic and colloquial style of speech.
Purpose of the study: to consider the stylistic features of the use of gerunds, to identify the frequency of their use in a particular style.
1. Select and analyze factual material
2. Determine the functional significance of gerunds in texts of different styles
3. Compare the features of the use of gerunds from a stylistic point of view.
A gerund is a special form of a verb that denotes an additional action with the main one. Relatively recently, gerunds began to be identified as an independent part of speech, so the topic of using gerunds in different areas of communication remains poorly studied. While conducting this research, we found virtually no sources that addressed such a problem. Therefore, we consider our work to be relevant, its novelty lies in the fact that such a study has not previously been conducted on the frequency of use of gerunds in a particular style, and the reasons for using or not using gerunds in different communication situations have not been considered.
This study was conducted based on sources belonging to different styles speech. Participles in a scientific style were considered in textbooks on mathematics and physics for the 7th grade, in an artistic style - in programmatic works of Russian literature, in a conversational style - listening to the speech of classmates, teachers, and friends.
The following research methods were used: exploratory, comparative and descriptive. The theoretical basis was the works
1. The concept of gerunds and participles
Participle... In this term we are familiar with the second part, but what does the first mean? We can also find it in words such as active person. Turning to the dictionary, we learn that the term “gerund” arose in the 17th century, consists of two parts (dead + participle) and can be explained as involvement in an action. Indeed, this form of the verb means in a sentence the additional action of the verb, and in terms of grammatical features this form is similar to an adverb, since it does not change, therefore in some grammars the gerund is called a verbal adverb. For example, in E. Asadov’s poem “Forest” there is the following quatrain:
Shivering from the fresh breeze,
A little turning blue, strong oily ones,
Taking hold holding hands like guys
Stomp, warming up, there is a stump around!
Here, one verb is given four gerunds, which create a picturesque picture of the “actions” of the butter in addition to the main action expressed by the verb. Consequently, gerunds, like adverbs, decorate the verb and complement it with other actions.
In this study, we would like to clarify the most difficult moments in education and the use of gerunds.
A gerund, like an adverb, serves in a sentence as a circumstance that explains the verb. Let's compare examples:
1) Trezor ran ahead and 2) Trezor ran ahead,
wagged his tail waving tail.
In the first example both verbs: ran And waved - are predicates. In the second example there is only a verb ran is a predicate, but the gerund waving is a circumstance of the manner of action that serves to explain the predicate; it answers the question how? (ran How? – wagging its tail). Here are more examples where gerunds, explaining the predicates, are different circumstances: 1) We've moved on(When?), having rested and fed horses(reg. time). 2) Vasilisa Egorovna left me alone(Why?), seeing my stubbornness(general reasons). 3) Don't stick your nose in the water(under what condition?), Not knowing ford(ambient conditions).
Participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs of the perfect and imperfect forms; they can be formed from verbs in each of the three voices: active, passive, neuter.
Yes, from the verb read a book) - transitional, active voice, imperfect form formed gerund while reading a book); from the verb stop – intransitive, middle voice, perfect form formed gerund stopping; from the verb discuss – passive voice, imperfect form formed gerund being discussed.
Participles indicate time in relation to the time of the action being explained. Imperfect participles, as a rule, denote actions that are simultaneous with the actions being explained: We walk talking. We walked along talking. We will walk talking. Perfect participles denote actions that occurred before the actions being explained: After talking, we part ways. After talking, we parted ways. After talking, we will go our separate ways.
2. The use of participles in different styles of speech
The participle is widespread mainly in book speech and is not typical for everyday colloquial speech.
The participle, denoting an additional action that characterizes another action, is primarily used to relegate one of the actions to the background compared to the other. In this respect, a verb with its associated gerund is opposed to two verbs. So: Standing by the window reading a letter indicates that the main thing is stood, A reading details this state by indicating the activity that accompanies it, whereas stood by the window And read the letter represents both verbs as equal and independent. The use of the gerund makes it possible to establish another relationship between these verbs: Standing by the window, reading a letter, where it appears in the foreground read, and by an addition indicating the position in which the reading took place, - standing. This ability to give a combination of equal verbs, on the one hand, and establish a perspective between them, highlighting the main and secondary, on the other hand, serves as a convenient means for expressing various relationships between several actions and states. Let's compare: He talked and laughed – He told, laughing – Telling, he laughed; They ran across and shot – They ran across, shooting – Running across, shot.
How gerunds make it possible to subordinate some actions to others, to make them expressive of various details and circumstances of other actions, can be seen from the following examples: Gorky “Childhood”: Grandmother remained silent, drinking cup after cup; I sat by the window, watching the sky glow The evening dawn is in the city and the glass in the windows of the houses sparkles red...; And she[grandmother] laughs with a hearty laugh, her nose trembles hilariously, and her eyes, glowing thoughtfully, they caress me, speaking about everything even more clearly than words; I think more and more often about my mother, putting her at the center of all fairy tales and stories, told by grandma. An attempt to replace gerunds with verbs would break the connections between individual actions, destroy the differences between the main and additional ones, and make the list of individual actions monotonous.
In many cases, gerunds cannot be replaced by a verb at all. This happens when they acquire adverbial meaning, for example: Grandma leans gloomily against the ceiling and sighs, lowering her eyes to the floor(= with downcast eyes); He[grandfather] stands with his head raised(= with head up); I, too, was ready to cry, feeling sorry for my garden, hut(= out of pity).
The relationships expressed by gerunds are very diverse.
2.1. Participles in scientific style
There is a large amount of use of gerunds in a scientific style. As mentioned above, gerunds give speech a bookish character, which is precisely distinctive feature scientific style. Logicality, argumentation, and at the same time clarity and conciseness - all these are signs of a scientific style of speech. And the gerunds in it help to achieve brevity and conciseness of the statement:
“Assuming that each point on the plane is associated with a certain number, which we will call mass”(Mathematics, 7th grade. Inequality. Page 9)
The use of these forms and phrases allows, within one sentence, to indicate the properties of an object, to express various relationships between the described actions and processes - for example, the relationships of simultaneity, consequence, method and nature of the action, conditions, causes, etc. For example: When calculating the current strength, use the following formula (simultaneity relation: applied during calculations)
In addition, the use of gerunds leads to the construction of a logical sequential chain of actions, with the help of which you can trace which of the actions is the main one and in what sequence the actions were performed: “In 1538, 19-year-old student Galileo Galilei, observing the oscillation of an assembled chandelier, noticed that the period of time during which one oscillation occurs is almost independent of the amplitude of the oscillations.”(Physics, theory textbook, grade 7. Page 17). That is, you can establish the order of actions: first watched, and then noticed, but at the same time a verb noticed is key.
You can also note the fact that in the scientific style of speech, present participles are mainly used with the suffixes –a, -я (imperfect form).
When measuring a physical quantity, you need to find the weight.(Physics, theory textbook, grade 7. Page 25)
The good thing about the method of mathematical induction is that it allows you to carry out the proof in a general form, without considering each separately.n.(Mathematics. Inequality, p. 4)
This gives the statement a timeless character, as if showing that the action being performed is static, that is, stable, and does not relate to a certain period of time.
If we consider conclusions, conclusions, decisions, which are also characteristic of the scientific style, we can note the widespread use here of perfect participles of the present tense with the suffix – in: The Russian mathematician and, independently of him, the Hungarian mathematician L. Boily showed that, by taking the opposite statement as an axiom, it is possible to construct another, equally correct “Non-Euclidean geometry”(Handbook for a new type of student: Geometry section, p. 145)
This form, on the contrary, shows that the action denoted by the gerund occurs earlier than the action of the main predicate verb: After reading the article “Atomic and Nuclear Physics”, you will be able to understand how the atom came to serve man.(Handbook for a new type of student: Physics section, p. 416). Having chosen one or another textbook to create or study geometries, you must strictly follow the logical course unfolded in it.(A new type of student's handbook: Geometry section, p. 123). And it helps to give a final character to the statement, to draw a conclusion, to derive a solution . Noting the most Interesting Facts, we can come to the conclusion...(Handbook for a new type of student: Physics section, p. 418).
2.2. Participles in artistic style
The artistic style incorporates shades of all styles of speech. Here you can find appeals, appeals characteristic of a journalistic style of speech, and logical, reasoned statements, thoughts of heroes in a scientific style, as well as colloquial expressions in the speech of characters. Therefore, in this style you can also find many gerunds and participial phrases, depending on what goal the author sets for himself.
In poetic speech, gerunds play mainly the role of rhythm and rhyme-forming means:
Storm hazy sky covers,
Snow whirlwinds twisting ;
She's like a beast will howl,
then he'll cry like child .
(Poems. "Winter Evening")
You can observe cross rhyme, which is achieved with the participation of gerunds.
The carriage body quickly flashed by,
The shiny copper glass
(. Poems. "On Nevsky")
In this stanza, thanks to the gerund, the rhythm of the poem is observed - iambic 5-foot.
The role of gerunds is special when performing an aesthetic function; they “decorate” the verb, giving it features, complementing the main action. For example, from Pushkin:
Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant,
On the firewood he renews the path;
His horse smells the snow,
Trotting along somehow;
Fluffy reins exploding,
A daring carriage flies.
Is it possible to replace the gerunds with a verb here? All the beauty and charm of the enchanting picture of winter will be lost, the wagon will no longer rush so successfully if it “flies and explodes,” and the peasant will not be able to simultaneously renew the path and triumph, because it is he who “triumphantly renews the path.”
A study of the manuscripts of Russian writers shows that in the process of auto-editing they sometimes introduce gerunds into the text, which perform an aesthetic function in speech. For example, the famous lines from the poem “I go out alone on the road” have undergone the following stylistic edits:
In the first edition there were no gerunds at all, but the poet changed the lexical composition of the stanza, crossing out a number of adjectives and inserting these expressive verb forms.
Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes. Like adverbs, they can indicate a sign of action:
I love the storm in early May,
When spring, the first thunder,
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbling in the blue sky.
In prose, gerunds are often used in the author’s speech when creating a portrait of a character. But this portrait is not a description of the appearance, but of the dynamics, movements, facial expressions, and gestures of the hero.
Afraid of some familiar encounter, she seemed to be flying rather than walking.(“Young Lady-Peasant”)
Seeing how he always galloped first when hunting, without making out the way, the neighbors agreed that he would never make a good chief executive.(“Young Lady-Peasant”)
He walked with his hands behind his back, arched, exposing his chest, decorated with patch pockets.(Vladimir Tendryakov “Bread for the Dog”)
Gerunds, compared to participles, have greater verbality, which is due to their semantic-syntactic connection with the predicate verb. Denoting an additional action, gerunds give speech a special liveliness and clarity: “I’m tired of you,” Pyotr Stepanovich suddenly jumped up, grabbing his completely new hat and as if leaving, and yet still remaining and continuing to talk incessantly, although standing, sometimes walking around the room and in animated places of conversation hitting himself on the knee with his hat.(Dostoevsky). Try replacing the gerunds with conjugated forms of the verb in this sentence and, instead of a dynamic description, you will get a regular narrative. And on the contrary, it is worth introducing gerunds into one or another description of an action - and the picture will immediately come to life.
It is appropriate to recall the episode that I spoke about when drawing a literary portrait: “He [Dostoevsky], apparently, was pleased with my essay... he did not like only one expression... I wrote it like this: “When the organ grinder stops playing, the official throws a nickel from the window, which falls at the feet of the organ grinder.” . “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not that at all!” You sound too dry: the nickel fell at your feet... You should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing...” This remark - I remember very well - was a revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing comes out much more picturesque, completes the movement... These two words were enough for me to understand the difference between a dry expression and a living artistic and literary device.”
You can also note one of the functions of gerunds in artistic style, when the author deliberately introduces gerunds into the direct speech of the characters to stylize them as colloquial speech:
It used to be that I, huddled behind the bushes
Prickly, I can’t see enough
("Snow Maiden")
The colloquial participle “I can’t see enough” instead of the literary “I can’t see enough” gives the speech exactly this folk flavor.
Sitting under the icons, he ate the prosphora of God and with his finger called his companions, the executioners Moguchy and Glazov(Pikul).
Here, not only the colloquial nature of the gerundial participle “siduchi” is attractive, but also the author’s attempt to age the form of the gerundial participle by using the suffix –uchi, which is so unusual for the modern Russian literary language, i.e., to carry out a historical stylization of the expression.
2.3. Participles in conversational style
Basically, gerunds are not typical for colloquial speech, since they are of a bookish, official nature, and an informal setting is inherent in conversation. This is why participles are so uncommon in ordinary speech.
However, in conversational style one can note the widespread use of phraseological units, which include gerunds. For example, “hand on heart”, “headlong”, “roll up your sleeves”, “fold your arms”, “a little later”, “headlong”, etc. Many of them use outdated forms of gerunds. Therefore, you need to be very careful when using these set expressions in speech. Errors of this kind are quite common when these forms are arbitrarily replaced with modern forms of gerunds. For example, instead of the idiomatic expression “don’t sit with your hands folded,” i.e., “don’t sit idle,” the form “don’t sit with your hands folded” can be used, which completely changes the meaning of the phrase, indicating that your hands are actually folded and that this hand position should be changed.
Similar confusion arises when misuse and with other phraseological units. Let’s compare: “work carelessly” (carelessly) and “work with your sleeves down” (with your sleeves down), or “run with your tongue out” (quickly) and “run with your tongue out” (with your tongue out).
Quite regularly in speech, the so-called filling of “empty cells” is observed, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that literary language cannot have participial forms at all (for example: While sleeping, he shuddered). Or the use of one suffix instead of another when forming participles. For example, in the sentence: I dialed the number after hanging up– the form of the gerund with the suffix - a was mistakenly used. From verbs with a base to a sibilant, perfective participles are usually formed using the suffix - a, but the normative option would be a form with the suffix - in (putting phone).
While conducting this research, we often noted similar errors in the speech of classmates:
“I don’t eat in the canteen, to protect my stomach,” “I’m afraid that, by putting everything off and putting it off, you might completely forget about our event.”
Errors in the use of gerunds are their use depending on the verb when the gerund and verb represent the actions of different persons, for example: Entering the room, the mother stood at the window.
Here entering is the action of the speaker (= when I entered the room), and stood mother. The inadmissibility of such phrases, in addition to the fact that they are not accepted in the Russian language, is also explained by the fact that they lead to ambiguity due to the possibility of attributing the action denoted by the gerund to the person who is the subject of the sentence: for example, if we were to phrase: When I returned home, my grandmother fed me me for lunch replaced by a construction with a gerund: Having returned home, my grandmother fed me dinner, it would give the impression that my grandmother had returned home.
Errors of this kind are quite common in student works, For example: One evening, while sitting at home, a stranger came into our room; After working for three months, my father was transferred to Penza; After studying at school for four years, I had a desire to study further; The doors were closed tightly, fearing that sounds from the street would not reach the lady’s ears. Sometimes such phrases make their way into print: Knipper, “A few words about Chekhov”: And when they noticed how, listening to him, at my eyes and cheeks were burning, the dear student was quietly removed from our house.
Particularly noteworthy are similar phrases, found occasionally in classics, mainly from the first half of the 19th century. (Pushkin, Lermontov, Herzen, L. Tolstoy). For them, such a syntactic structure was supported by the influence of the French language. Lomonosov also drew attention to this, writing in “Russian Grammar”: “Those who, due to the properties of foreign languages, separate gerunds from personal verbs by persons, are very mistaken. For the participle must, on which the power of all speech consists: on my way to school, I met a friend; Having written a letter, I send it overseas. But many write contrary to this: On my way to school, a friend met me; Having written a letter, he came from the sea; which is very wrong and annoying for ears that sense right-wing Russian writing.”
Here are examples of such prohibited phrases from the works of Herzen and L. Tolstoy: All this was done while approaching the village; After leaving Vyatka, I was tormented for a long time by the memory of R.*; Passing through the gate, Pierre was overcome with heat, and he involuntarily stopped.
Listening to the speech of classmates, teachers, and parents, we came to the conclusion that gerunds are used so little in speech because they are drier, more compressed, and do not convey the entire palette of meanings, emotional state, and expression of the statement. Often in speech you can find the replacement of gerunds with other subordinate clauses with conjunctions. Let's compare:
Entering - when he entered
After he entered
Suddenly he came in!
As soon as he entered
As soon as he entered
One day he came in
All shades of this meaning are lost when the subordinate clause is replaced by an adverbial phrase, which indicates only the previous action, but is devoid of subtle shades of temporal meaning.
Conclusion
In this scientific research We examined only the use of gerunds in the scientific, artistic and colloquial style of speech, leaving out the journalistic and official business styles. Thus, there is scope for further activities, which we will definitely continue.
But even after considering these three styles, we can conclude that the most common participles are in the scientific style, since they are characterized by bookishness, accuracy, and conciseness of the statement. Next comes the artistic style of speech, in which gerunds perform rhythm and rhyme-forming functions, and are also used by the authors for an aesthetic description and dynamic portrait of a character, or when stylizing them to resemble folk speech and historical orientation. And gerunds are practically not used in colloquial speech, with the exception of phraseological set phrases.
If we imagine the use of gerunds in texts of different styles as a percentage, we can draw the following conclusion:
Scientific style – 55%
Artistic style – 35%
Conversational style – 10%.
List of used literature:
1) . Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. – Moscow: Education, 1989.
2) , , . Interesting about the Russian language. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2003.
3) . Hard Questions in Morphology. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2007.
4) . Russian grammar. – Moscow: Education, 1984.
5) . Dictionary living Great Russian language. – St. Petersburg: Encyclopedia, 2010.
6) . Letter to the publisher. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2010.
7) , . Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. – Moscow: Education, 1987
Internet sources:
http://ru. wikipedia. org/wiki http://studysphere. ru/work. php? id=394 http://pravila-ru. /deeprichastie. html1. You cannot use perfect and imperfect gerunds in one sentence, for example: Walking through the garden and admiring nature, we laughed merrily. The correct option is admiring(not sov. v., since walking– Nesov. V.).
2. It is impossible for a gerund and a verb to denote the actions of different persons or objects: Hearing this news brought tears to my eyes.(here the subject is “tears”, that is, “tears” is a “doer”. And who heard the news? It turns out that the tears were heard). Correct option: When I heard this news I cried(“the doer” must be the same: I heard, and I cried).
3. You cannot use gerunds in an impersonal sentence, since they cannot have a subject, that is, there is no “doer” at all, for example: Returning to the hall, I wanted to sit down at the piano again. In such cases, the participial phrase is replaced subordinate clause: When I returned to the hall, I wanted...
But if the gerund is used with the infinitive, then this option is considered acceptable: In preparation for the lessons, it was necessary to read the lecture notes.
4. Of the options: having written - written, closed - closed in modern Russian, the first one is considered normative (with the suffix -V), second option (with suffix - lice) is colloquial in nature.
5. They have a peculiar stylistic coloring of the gerunds on -uchi (-yuchi): looking, playing, driving etc. They are used to convey folk or ancient speech.
6. It is non-normative to form gerunds from perfective verbs into - and I: seeing, noticing, leaving; correct option: seeing, noticing, leaving.
But perfective participles in reflexive form have a suffix -I considered acceptable: meeting, hiding, without asking
Denoting an additional action, gerunds give speech a special liveliness and clarity. When describing the main action, the use of gerunds makes it possible to clarify it, revealing what is happening in parallel at the moment.
However, when using participles in speech, it is necessary to know and follow the associated norms.
Questions and tasks
What are the characteristics of a gerund? Name them, give examples.
How are participles formed? What are the rules for using participles?
3. Form perfect and imperfect gerunds from the following verbs, if possible:
hear, understand, carry, hold, protect, worry, fight, build, lock, get stronger, glue, see, run, scream, meet, be, write, freeze.
4. In the following sentences, find errors in the use of gerunds and correct them:
a) Listening to him, it seemed to her that he was lying.
b) Having met by chance on the street, they were overcome with wild joy.
c) As I said goodbye to them, I had one strange thought.
d) Walking along a dark alley, I heard someone’s steps.
e) Making a loud whistle, we sailed on the steamer.
f) By reading the material and taking notes on important thoughts, I was better prepared for the seminar.
g) Seeing myself in the mirror, I smiled.
h) Hearing a sharp knock, I shuddered.
i) Driving onto the bridge over the river, it felt cool.
j) Having forgotten my pen at home, I asked my friend for it.
k) Playing sports, he had little time left.
m) Reasoning in this way, my thoughts came into order again.
m) I thought that by entering college, my dream had come true.
o) While writing the story, I remembered an incident from my childhood.
n) Using an inaccurate word changes the meaning.
Read the following poetic passages, identify the author and the work. To which character do these lines refer or what situation do they describe? Find the gerunds in these passages and determine what function they perform in each case.
a) Without thinking of amusing the proud world,
Loving the attention of friendship,
I'd like to introduce you
The pledge is more worthy than you.
b) Having served excellently, nobly,
His father lived in debt.
c) Not having high passion
No mercy for the sounds of life,
He could not distinguish iambic from trochee, No matter how hard we fought.
d) So careless in heartfelt letters!
Breathing alone, loving alone,
How he knew how to forget himself!
d) The horses are still fighting,
Bored with my harness,
And the coachmen around the lights,
They scold the gentlemen and beat them in the palms.
f) Second Chadayev, my Evgeniy,
Fearing jealous judgments,
There was a pedant in his clothes
And what we called dandy.
g) Onegin locked himself at home,
Yawning, he took up the pen.
h) The conditions of light, having overthrown the burden,
How does he, having fallen behind the bustle,
I became friends with him at that time.
Adverb
Adverb– an independent part of speech, which is characterized by the following features.
1. Semantic features: denotes a sign of action (run fast), sign of an object (coat wide open) and a sign of another sign (Very interesting) and answers questions When? Where? Where? where? For what? Why? How many? How?
Most often, an adverb refers to a verb, hence its name (an adverb literally means “insolence”), or to forms of the verb – participle and gerund – and denotes a sign of action: write Beautiful, speak in a low voice, get through furtively etc.
Less often, an adverb denotes a feature of an object when it is attached to nouns: walk (what?) on foot; reading (what?) aloud; coffee (what kind?) in Turkish.
An adverb can denote a feature of another feature if it is attached to an adjective, participle or other adverb: a very large house, a beautifully made thing, too small.
A special group consists of adverbs that do not name a characteristic, but only indicate it; These are pronominal adverbs: where, where, when, nowhere, someday, here, there and etc.
2. Morphological characteristics: immutability; has neither declination nor conjugation, that is, does not change.
3. Syntactic feature: in a sentence, an adverb is most often an adverb, although it can also be an inconsistent definition: from afar (from where?; circumstance of place) a song was heard. For breakfast they served a soft-boiled egg (what kind?; definition).
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