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Derzhavin G.R. - biography Derzhavin G.R. - biography

Derzhavin Gavrila (Gabriil) Romanovich (1743 - 1816)
Derzhavin G.R.
Biography Russian poet, representative of Russian classicism. Born on July 3, 1743 in Kazan, into a family of small landed nobles. Father is an army officer. The parents had no education, but tried to give their children the best education. Derzhavin, who was born very weak and frail, learned to read and write “from the clergy.” At the age of seven, when the family lived in Orenburg, he was placed in the boarding school of the German Rose, “exiled to hard labor,” where in four years, Derzhavin learned the German language, distinguished by his “extraordinary inclination for science.” He was 11 years old when his father died. The widow and children were left in great poverty. Having moved to Kazan, the widow gave her children for training first to the garrison schoolboy Lebedev, then to the artillery bayonet cadet Poletaev. In 1759 Derzhavin and his brother were placed in a gymnasium. Scientific subjects, “due to a lack of good teachers,” in the gymnasium, “hardly,” according to Derzhavin, they taught him “with better rules than before.” During his stay at the gymnasium, he improved only in German and became addicted to drawing and sketching, being among the first students. At the beginning of 1762, having enlisted in the guard two years earlier, he went to St. Petersburg for service and in March he was already in the soldiers’ barracks. Twelve years (1762 - 1773) constitute the most dismal period in his life. He became addicted to cards and, while on vacation in Moscow, lost the money sent by his mother to buy an estate. This almost destroyed him: he learned how to select cards, counterfeit and other frauds. “However,” adds Derzhavin, “his conscience, or better to say, his mother’s prayers, never allowed him (in “Notes” Derzhavin speaks of himself in the third person) to indulge in brazen theft”; “When I had no money, I never played in debt”; "always kept his word sacred." “When it happened that there was nothing left not only to play for, but also to live, then, locking himself at home, he ate bread and water and scribbled poetry.” Derzhavin began “scribbling poetry” while still in high school. Despite the fact that, in the barracks environment, Derzhavin “had, although he did not want, to throw science out of his head,” he continues, “at night, when everyone has settled down,” to read randomly obtained books, German and Russian, and begins to translate “Telemachus” in verse. , "Messiad". Derzhavin is saved by Pugachevshchina. In 1773, Bibikov was appointed chief of the troops sent against Pugachev and Derzhavin, promoted to officer, after ten years of military service, decided to personally appear to him with a request to take him with him to Kazan as a Kazan native. Upon arrival in Kazan, Derzhavin wrote a Speech with which the Kazan nobility responded to the Empress to her rescript. He travels on secret missions to Simbirsk, Samara and Saratov. Derzhavin’s labors during the Pugachev era ended in his being put on trial. The reason for this was partly Derzhavin’s temper, partly his lack of “politics.” The trial of Derzhavin was terminated, but all his merits were in vain. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, bypassed by awards, Derzhavin was forced to take care of them himself, especially since during the Pugachev war he also had material losses: on his Orenburg estate, 40,000 carts stood for two weeks, carrying provisions to the army, and all the bread and all livestock Three requests were submitted to Potemkin and the Empress, and only in February 1777, a reward was announced to Derzhavin: “due to inability” for military service, he was “graduated to civilian life” with the rank of collegiate adviser, despite the statement that he “does not want to be a civil servant." 300 souls in Belarus complained to him. Derzhavin considered himself offended. He was much happier at this time in the cards: in the fall of 1775, “with only 50 rubles in his pocket,” he won up to 40,000. Soon Derzhavin received a prominent position in the Senate and at the beginning of 1778, having fallen in love at first sight, he married 16-year-old Catherine Yakovlevna Bastidon, daughter of the valet of Peter III, the Portuguese Bastidon. The marriage was the happiest. Derzhavin’s wife combined a meek and cheerful character with her beautiful appearance, was well-read and loved the arts. Derzhavin's first works did not satisfy him, because... most often these were direct imitations of Lomonosov. A turning point in his poetic activity occurred in 1778 - 1779, when he chose “a special path, guided by the instructions of Batte and the advice of my friends, N.A. Lvov, V.V. Kapnist and Khemnitser, and most imitated Horace.” Almost all of his friends were younger than Derzhavin, but were much higher in education. Service in the Senate was short. The Senate had to draw up a list of income and expenses for the new year, 1784. Vyazemsky wanted to be content with last year’s schedule and report card, but the just completed audit showed that state revenues had increased significantly. Derzhavin pointed out the illegality of the Prosecutor General’s desire and insisted on drawing up a new list, “in which they were forced to show 8,000,000 more income than last year.” This was the first case of Derzhavin’s open struggle “for the truth,” which led the poet for the first time to the bitter conviction that “he cannot get along there, where they do not like the truth.” In February 1784 he was supposed to retire, but a few months later he was appointed governor of Olonets. Before Derzhavin had time to arrive in Petrozavodsk, he began to have troubles with the governor of the region, Tutolmin, and less than a year later, Derzhavin was transferred to Tambov. Here he also “did not sit long”: his energy very soon led to a clash with the governor, and a number of cases arose that were transferred to the Senate. The Senate, directed by Vyazemsky, took the side of the governor and managed to present everything to the empress in such a way that she ordered Derzhavin to be removed from Tambov. The case was constantly postponed and Derzhavin, who arrived in Moscow, “roamed around Moscow idly” for six months. The Senate's decision was extremely evasive and was aimed at the fact that... Derzhavin has already been removed from office, then “so be it.” Derzhavin went to St. Petersburg, hoping to “prove to the empress and the state that he is capable of business, innocent with his hands, pure in heart and faithful in the positions assigned to him.” In response to his request, the Empress ordered a verbal command to be announced to the Senate to consider the matter “resolved,” but “whether Derzhavin was found guilty or not, that was not said.” After a new request, on August 2, 1789, a personal decree was issued, which ordered Derzhavin to be given a salary “pending his assignment.” He had to wait for a place for more than 2 years. They began to “caress” the poet. Potemkin, “so to speak, trailed after Derzhavin, wanting poems from him that would be praiseworthy for himself.” In December 1791, Derzhavin was appointed secretary of state of the empress, but, having failed to please the empress, he soon “cooled down” in her thoughts. Derzhavin, having gained closeness to the empress, most of all wanted to fight the “clerical chicanery squad” that so outraged him, brought whole piles of papers to the empress, demanded her attention to complicated matters, which was not at all expected from the poet. The poet became so “cold in spirit” that “he could write almost nothing with a warm, pure heart in praise of the empress,” who “ruled the state and justice itself more according to politics than according to holy truth.” His excessive ardor and lack of court tact also harmed him. Already three months after her appointment, the Empress complained to Khrapovitsky that her new Secretary of State was “messing up to her with all sorts of nonsense.” Derzhavin served as Secretary of State for less than 2 years and in September 1793 was honorably removed from the service of the Empress and appointed senator. He was distinguished by his zeal and zeal for his service; he sometimes went to the Senate even on Sundays and holidays to look through whole piles of papers. He soon fell out with the senators and at the beginning of 1794, while retaining the title of senator, he was appointed president of the Commerce College. The position, once very important, was now greatly reduced and destined for destruction. Shortly before her death, the Empress appointed Derzhavin to the commission to investigate the embezzlement discovered in the borrowed bank, which was proof of the Empress’s trust in Derzhavin’s truthfulness and selflessness. In 1793, Derzhavin lost his wife, but six months later he married again, not for love, but “so that, remaining a widower, he would not become dissolute.” Dyakova became his wife. Memories of his first wife, who inspired his best poems, never left the poet - 1782 - 1796 were the period of the most brilliant development of Derzhavin’s poetic activity. During his governorship (1785 - 1788), Derzhavin wrote almost no poetry. After the accession of Emperor Paul, the poet was first persecuted “for an indecent answer given to the sovereign,” but then, with an ode to his accession to the throne, the emperor returned his favor. Derzhavin receives honorary commissions, becomes a Knight of the Order of Malta, and again receives the position of President of the Commerce Board. Under Alexander I, Derzhavin was at one time the Minister of Justice (1802 - 1803). In 1803 Derzhavin received complete resignation. Derzhavin spent the last years of his life (1803 - 16) mainly in the village of Zvanka, Novgorod province. He begins to get involved in drama and writes works that Merzlyakov calls “the ruins of Derzhavin.” Living in St. Petersburg during the winters, Derzhavin, together with Shishkov, founded a literary society in 1811. He died on July 8, 1816 in the village of Zvanke. His body was buried in the Khutyn Monastery (seven versts from Novgorod). There were no children from either the first or second marriage. __________ Information sources: "Russian Biographical Dictionary"

(Source: “Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of wisdom.” www.foxdesign.ru)

Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms. Academician 2011.

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G.R. Derzhavin is one of the famous Russian poets, as well as a prominent political figure of his time.

Gabriel was born in 1743 in the Kazan province. His father, a nobleman and major, passed away early, so Derzhavin was raised only by his mother.

The beginning of his education takes place at home, then he begins to study in a German boarding school, after which he enters the Kazan gymnasium. Upon graduation, he goes to serve in the army. He began his service in the Preobrazhensky Regiment; in 1762 he took part in the coup d'etat.

Gabriel began his writing career in the 70s; his poems were first published in 1773. In the literary field, he is the founder of a new direction - philosophical lyrics.

After some time, Derzhavin decides to leave with military service to civilian. He worked briefly in the Senate, then, on behalf of the Empress, he became the governor of Olonetsk, and then Tambov. Derzhavin fought with the bureaucracy, tried to defend the interests of the common people, which is why he was not liked by officials and often changed places of service. At the age of 60, he decides to retire and devote his life to creativity. He becomes an honorary member of literary communities and an active poet of the time.

In 1816, G.R. Derzhavin dies.

Detailed biography

The fate of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin is amazing: from an ordinary ordinary soldier, he rose through the ranks to minister Russian Empire. He served as governor of two regions and was a personal adviser to Catherine II.

Born in 1743 near Kazan into the family of a poor nobleman, Gabriel could not dream of an excellent education. His father passed away early, the boy grew up in the village of Sokury on a family estate.

As a sixteen-year-old boy, Derzhavin enters the Kazan gymnasium to study, the world of the poetry of Lomonosov and Sumarokov opens up before him, and he tries to start composing poetry.

In 1762, Derzhavin entered the Preobrazhensky Regiment as an ordinary guardsman. He received his first officer rank of ensign after 10 years of service. From 1773, for two years, Gabriel Romanovich participated in military operations against the uprising of E. Pugachev. While doing office work at the headquarters, he had the opportunity to touch the primary sources of the events of that time, so his notes became an invaluable contribution to the study of the history and course of events of the peasant war. During the same period, Derzhavin’s first poetic works appeared in the world.

After retiring in 1777, Gabriel Romanovich went to work as a state adviser to the Government Senate. A year later, he married sixteen-year-old Ekaterina Batidon, with whom he was married for 17 years, until the sudden death of his wife.

From 1784, for a year and a half, Gabriel Romanovich held the post of governor in the Olonets province. During his short reign, he made a great contribution to the development of the province: the first city Hospital, a system of city judicial, financial and administrative institutions has been introduced. The period of his life is reflected in the poet’s works “Storm”, “Waterfall”, “Swan”.

From 1786, Derzhavin held the post of governor of the Tambov province for another two years, where, on his initiative, a printing house, theater, and educational institutions were opened.

The poet's active life position helped him move up the career ladder. Since 1791, Gabriel Romanovich served as the cabinet secretary of the empress, two years later he became her privy adviser, two years later he was appointed president of the Commerce College by Catherine II, and from 1802, upon his retirement, he became the minister of justice. All these years the poet did not stop creating. In 1791 he wrote the first anthem of Russia. While Derzhavin was still alive, a four-volume collection of his works was published.

After graduation civil service Derzhavin moves with his second wife Daria to his Zvanki estate in the Novgorod province. The family had no children, and since 1800 they took in the children of the deceased friend of the poet P. Lazarev. One of his sons, Mikhail, would later become the discoverer of Antarctica.

Derzhavin devoted the remaining period of his life to literature; he founded the literary circle “Conversations of Lovers of the Russian Word.” The great writer died in 1816.

Option 3

Gabriel Derzhavin - great literary figure, Russian politician

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin was born on July 14, 1743 into an insolvent noble family. His ancestors were Tatars who left the Horde lands in the 14th century. As a result, they served the Russian princes. While still a child, his father died. The mother could not pull the family out of the difficult financial situation. The boy was raised by priests who taught him to count and write. At the age of 7 he becomes a student at the Orenburg boarding school. Gabriel's academic performance was satisfactory. But he had no equal in knowledge foreign languages. He spoke German especially well. As a result, the family moves to Kazan, where Derzhavin enters the local gymnasium.

The moment of studying at the gymnasium is a turning point in the life of the future poet. It was there that he became addicted to literature. He read the works of Lomonosov, Sumarokov and Trediakovsky. Besides this, he liked art. The first attempts to write for him were unsuccessful. As a result, he was called up to serve in the Preobrazhensky regiment. The army years turned out to be painful for Gabriel. A palace coup was added to the constant exercises, in which Derzhavin had to participate. It was under him that Catherine 2 ascended the Russian throne. There was a catastrophic lack of time for literature and personal creativity. Nevertheless, the young man found moments to compose his own poems. In parallel with this, he is fond of gambling, for which he was stripped of his rank and expelled from the regiment.

Derzhavin decides to start new life and in 1770 he went to the capital. Subsequently, he is sent to suppress the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev. During this time, he wrote the ode “Felitsa” and the poems “Waterfall”, “God” and “Vision of Murza”. After the victory over the dissidents, Gabriel took the post of collegiate adviser. Because of his straightforwardness, the Empress transferred him to the Senate. He had a whole sea of enemies who hated him for his freethinking. He denounced every official and minister. As a result, he was exiled to the Olonets and Tambov governorships. There the writer is engaged in leadership and management. During his stay, theaters, schools, shelters and hospitals were built in these territories. For his merits he is returned back to the capital. By the end of his life, he was already working in the Ministry of Justice. Derzhavin's first wife, with whom he lived for 18 years, died safely. After her death, he marries Daria Dyakova. In 1803, Gabriel bought an estate near Novgorod and went there with his family, where he devoted time to his hobbies.

In 1815, Gabriel attended the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he acted as an examiner. There he met Alexander Pushkin, for whom Derzhavin was a real idol. It was on the model of his poem “Monument” that the great figure of Russian literature wrote his work, which became the standard. On July 20, 1816, Gabriel Derzhavin died on his own estate for an unknown reason.

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Brief biography of the poet, basic facts of life and work:

GAVRILA ROMANOVICH DERZHAVIN (1743-1816)

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin was born on July 3 (July 14, new style) 1743 in the village of Karmachi, Kazan province, into a poor noble family. His father, Roman Nikolaevich Derzhavin, was an officer in minor ranks, although he entered the army as a private under Peter I. He married his distant relative and neighbor on the estate, the childless widow Fekla Andreevna Gorina (nee Kozlova).

Gavrila was the first-born, he was born prematurely. They saved him from death in the barbaric old-fashioned way: they covered him with rye dough, put him in a warm oven and kept him like that for several days until the child became strong.

When Gavryusha was one year old, a huge bright comet appeared in the sky. The adults were horrified. Suddenly the little one pointed his finger at the flying ball and said his first word:

At the age of seven, Gavrila was assigned to a boarding school for the German Rose, “exiled to hard labor.” Although the German was a complete ignoramus, during the four years spent in his boarding house, the boy learned to read and write and speak German.

In 1754, retired colonel Roman Nikolaevich died. The widow with three children was left in great poverty. She didn’t even have 15 rubles to pay the deceased’s debts. Moreover, taking advantage of the helplessness of the orphaned family, the neighbors took away from them part of the lands that belonged to the Derzhavins. Fekla Andreevna stood in vain with her young sons in the halls of the clerks, seeking justice. Everything turned out to be unsuccessful. From that time on, Derzhavin began to be distinguished by a heightened sense of justice, especially in relation to the weak.

And yet, the mother managed to enroll her sons in the gymnasium that had just opened in Kazan. Gavrila showed such great abilities in his studies that the director of the gymnasium, M.I. Verevkin, while in St. Petersburg with a report to Count Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov, the favorite of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, considered it possible to talk about him, and the count immediately ordered the undergrowth to be registered as a conductor of the Engineering Corps.

But contrary to Shuvalov’s order, Derzhavin was enrolled as a private in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment and in 1762 he was required to go to St. Petersburg to his place of service. The poet later wrote about his army years: “In this academy of needs and patience I learned and educated myself.”

Three months after the start of his service, a coup d'état took place in St. Petersburg - Emperor Peter III was overthrown and killed, and Empress Catherine II ascended the throne. The Preobrazhensky residents took an active part in this.

Gavrila Romanovich remained a soldier for ten years. What did he have to endure during these years? One day he almost froze to death while standing guard in the field behind the palace in a severe cold and blizzard. Another time, sent at night with an order, he fell into huge snowdrifts on Presnya and was almost torn to pieces by dogs.

But every night before going to bed, he always read books and wrote “poems without any rules.” At the request of the soldiers' wives, Derzhavin composed letters for them to the village, trying to write them as simply as possible - to suit the “peasant taste.”

The poor nobleman was passed over for a long time in the service. Only in 1772 did he achieve promotion to non-commissioned officer and move to the noble barracks. But this medal also had a flip side. New comrades in the noble barracks gradually drew the poet into the circle of a very absent-minded existence, and Derzhavin became addicted to playing cards. In the end, a criminal case was brought against him, which dragged on, according to the judicial customs of that time, for twelve whole years and never ended in anything.

And in 1773, the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev began. A convinced monarchist, Derzhavin secured his secondment to the commander-in-chief of government forces, General Bibikov. For all three years, until the uprising was finally suppressed, Gavrila Romanovich was in the army. Twice he almost was captured by Pugachev.

The combat situation was not very conducive to poetry. However, as soon as Derzhavin had the slightest opportunity, he again turned to creativity. In 1774, during a break between hostilities, the poet wrote four odes and later published them as a separate book.

The straightforward nature of Gavrila Romanovich caused strong dissatisfaction among the top management. Unexpectedly, he was dismissed. Derzhavin did not want this, he protested, but was forced to accept it. Finding himself in civil service, the poet began to look for a powerful patron. This was the most influential nobleman of Catherine’s reign, Prosecutor General Prince A. A. Vyazemsky. With his help, the poet received a lucrative position in the Senate, but very soon came to the conviction that “he cannot get along there, where they do not like the truth.”

In 1778, Gavrila Romanovich married eighteen-year-old Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon (1760-1794) - Plenira, as he began to call her in his poems.

Around the same time, Derzhavin entered a friendly circle of talented writers. He became especially close to N.A. Lvov and V.V. Kapnist. Later, their friendship was consolidated by family relations - Kapnist, Lvov and Derzhavin (by their second marriage) married three Dyakov sisters.

In 1780, Derzhavin first turned to spiritual poetry. They transcribed the 81st Psalm, which later became known as the Ode to “Rulers and Judges.” Some literary scholars call it an ode to “truly thunderous power.”

And in 1782 the famous “Ode to Felice” appeared, which was addressed to the Empress. Catherine II was delighted with this work and, in gratitude, appointed Derzhavin governor of Olonets (from 1784), and then Tambov (from 1785 to 1788).

During his stay in the Olonets province, Gavrila Romanovich created his greatest work - the ode “God”. The words about the place and purpose of man in this world: “I am a king, I am a slave, I am a worm, I am God” shocked the whole of Europe! The ode was immediately translated into most European languages and became an outstanding literary event of the late 18th century.

But let’s return to the activities of Governor Derzhavin. In the provinces entrusted to him, Gavrila Romanovich launched a vigorous activity, in particular, in Tambov he opened a theater, a people's house, an orphanage, a school in his own house, tried to fight the bureaucracy, and defend justice. This confused the St. Petersburg authorities. In the end, Derzhavin was recalled. Catherine II considered it safer to keep him with her, strictly ordering the poet “not to engage in any business.”

For about two and a half years, in his words, the poet “wandered around the square, living in St. Petersburg without anything to do.” And at the end of 1791 he received a new appointment - Derzhavin became Catherine II’s personal secretary for complaints. The poet had no doubts about defending justice. The Empress did not always like this: after all, she was an autocrat and sometimes had little regard for the law.

Once the secretary and the lady argued so strongly that Derzhavin even shouted at the empress, and when she tried to leave, he grabbed her by the mantilla. Catherine screamed, and her other secretary came running.

Vasily Stepanovich! - the monarch ordered. -Stay here, otherwise this gentleman gives a lot of free rein to his hands.

Wasn’t it then that Gavrila Romanovich said his significant words:

In Russia, only legislators read the laws, and only the insane execute them.

In the end, Catherine could not stand it and demoted the obstinate “up” - in September 1793, the poet was appointed senator, then president of the Commerce College.

After the death of Catherine II in 1796, the poet continued to “quarrel with the kings.” Paul I appointed him ruler of his Council, but soon “for an obscene answer” he was “banished” back to the Senate. After some time, Derzhavin again managed to win Paul's favor with a laudable ode and by the end of his reign received a number of high appointments. Alexander I, with the formation of ministries in 1802, entrusted Derzhavin with the post of Minister of Justice. But the poet did not hold this post for long. During Derzhavin’s next report, the Tsar angrily interrupted him with the words:

You always want to teach me, I am an autocratic sovereign and that’s what I want.

Another time, when Derzhavin asked what he had done wrong before the Tsar, he answered sarcastically:

You serve very zealously.

In 1809, Derzhavin was finally “dismissed from all affairs.”

The poet's personal life was difficult, but happy, mostly due to his personal originality.

Derzhavin became rich and imposing, bought a large house on the Fontanka. There, in 1793, his beloved wife, Ekaterina Yakovlevna, died. Soon the poet married her friend, the twenty-year-old beauty Daria Dyakova. She was strict with her husband and more than once scolded him for his harsh judgments and actions.

Having no children of his own, Derzhavin raised the children of his deceased friend. His house was always noisy, fun and crowded. Relatives were perplexed: when did the poet manage to find time for creativity?

Derzhavin was and was known as an extraordinary lover of life. His poems literally burst with love for life, food, and bodily pleasure. After retiring, Gavrila Romanovich lived either in St. Petersburg or on his estate in Zvanka. He loved to welcome literary youth. It is known that the poet welcomed the first experiments of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, and he also welcomed other Russian writers who later became famous.

Derzhavin witnessed the invasion of Napoleon and the expulsion of the French from Russia...

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin died on July 8 (20 New Style) 1816 in the village of Zvanki, Novgorod province. At the hour of his death, the following lines were found on the slate board that the poet usually used as a rough draft:

The river of times in its rush

Takes away all people's affairs

And drowns in the abyss of oblivion

Nations, kingdoms and kings.

And if anything remains

Through the sounds of the lyre and trumpet,

Then it will be devoured by the mouth of eternity

And the common fate will not go away.

He is buried in the Church of the Transfiguration of the Varlaamo-Khutyn Convent, located on the right bank of the Volkhov River, 10 kilometers from Veliky Novgorod.

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816)

The Pushkin era is called the golden age of Russian poetry not only thanks to Alexander Sergeevich. At the same time, wonderful poets were creating - Derzhavin, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Baratynsky, the fabulist Krylov, Lermontov and Tyutchev began.

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin was Pushkin's immediate predecessor. He was the glory of the 18th century, he was idolized and admired. We can say that Derzhavin's fame passed to Pushkin.

Alexander Sergeevich himself recalls how he treated Derzhavin in his youth: “I saw Derzhavin only once in my life, but I will never forget him. It was in 1815, at a public examination at the Lyceum. When we found out that Derzhavin would be visiting us, we all became excited. Delvig went out onto the stairs to wait for him and kiss his hand, the hand that wrote “Waterfall”... Derzhavin was very old. He was in a uniform and velvet boots. Our exam tired him very much. He sat with his head on his hand. His face was meaningless, his eyes were dull, his lips were hanging: his portrait (where he is shown in a cap and robe) is very similar. He dozed off until the exam in Russian literature began. Here he perked up, his eyes sparkled; he was completely transformed. Of course, his poems were read, his poems were analyzed, his poems were constantly praised. He listened with extraordinary liveliness. Finally they called me. I read “Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo” while standing two steps from Derzhavin. I am unable to describe the state of my soul: when I reached the verse where I mention Derzhavin’s name, my adolescent voice rang, and my heart began to beat with rapturous delight... I don’t remember how I finished my reading, I don’t remember where I ran away to. Derzhavin was delighted; he demanded me, wanted to hug me... They looked for me, but didn’t find me..."

Pushkin wrote this in 1835, by which time his attitude towards Derzhavin’s poetry had essentially not changed. He considered him a great poet.

Some thinkers believed that great Russian literature began with Derzhavin’s ode “God.” It was with this ode that he opened his collected works:

O You, endless space,

Alive in the movement of matter,

Eternal with the passage of time,

Without faces, in three faces of a deity!

The spirit is everywhere present and united,

For whom there is no place and no reason,

Whom no one could comprehend.

Who fills everything with himself,

Encompasses, builds, preserves,

Whom we call: God.

You are! - the rank of nature speaks,

My heart tells me that

My mind assures me

You exist - and I am no longer nothing!

A particle of the whole universe,

Placed, it seems to me, in venerable

In the middle of nature I am the one

Where did you end the bodily creatures,

Where did you begin the heavenly spirits

And a chain of creatures connected everyone with me.

I am the connection of worlds that exist everywhere,

I am an extreme degree of substance;

I am the center of the living;

My body is crumbling into dust,

I command thunder with my mind,

I am a king - I am a slave - I am a worm - I am God!

But, being so wonderful, I

Where did it happen? - unknown;

But I couldn’t be myself.

Derzhavin is a poet of classicism. But he introduced “heartfelt simplicity” into classicism, so his odes, his lyric poems seemed to step out of the conventions of classicism into living life. The poet’s work reflected many specific features of Russian life, Russian way of life, and living Russian thoughts of that time. A lot of topical issues appeared in them.

It is sometimes difficult for a modern reader to read Derzhavin. But such is the poetic language of the pre-Pushkin era. This Russian language is still unstable and motley, not yet brought into harmony. It is full of forms and turns that came from antiquity.

Derzhavin was born near Kazan into the family of a small nobleman. I did not receive a systematic education. He served as a soldier in the Preobrazhensky Regiment for ten years. In 1772 he was promoted to officer. In 1777 he switched to civilian service: he served in the Senate, was the governor of Petrozavodsk and Tambov, then secretary of Catherine II, minister of justice under Alexander I. Distinguished by his independence of character and directness (“He’s hot-tempered and in truth the devil!” - he said about himself) , Derzhavin often quarreled with his superiors, and was even put on trial. From 1803 he lived in retirement, spending the summer on his estate Zvanka, on the banks of the Volkhov.

He began writing poetry while still a soldier, writing in the barracks. In 1776, the poet published his odes in a separate book, but without indicating his name. The book went unnoticed. Later he was accepted into the circle of popular writers of that time - N. A. Lvov, I. I. Khemnitser, V. V. Kapnist, learned a lot from them, studied the works of classicism theorists - Boileau, Batte, read Horace and other ancient authors .

These studies helped Derzhavin a lot. He published his new works anonymously in St. Petersburg magazines - and these were truly Derzhavin’s works: “On the death of Prince Meshchersky”, “The Key”, “Poems on the birth of a porphyry-born youth in the North”. Readers felt that none of the previous poets, neither Sumarokov nor Lomonosov, used “low calm” with such boldness, introduced vernacular language so boldly, or depicted themselves, their acquaintances, and the surrounding environment with such boldness in poetry. In the poems of the classicists, everything was regulated, and Derzhavin, preserving the ode as a genre, imbued it with new content.

Derzhavin’s ode “Felitsa,” written in 1782, was a huge success. Under the guise of Princess Felitsa of the “Kyrgyz-Kaisak Horde”, the poet brought out Empress Catherine. She, having read the ode, rewarded the poet and gave him a personal audience.

Derzhavin painted in “Felitsa” the image of Catherine as an enlightened “mother of the fatherland”, tirelessly caring for the welfare of her subjects, religiously observing the laws, smart and simple in her life and habits. The poet tried to create an ideal image of the monarch. In a sense, this ode was a lesson from the poet to the kings.

Derzhavin praised the empress, but at the same time satirically depicted her nobles. For which they, naturally, took revenge on him. So he was sent away from the capital to the remote Olonets province - but by the governor. Derzhavin traveled all over the North. While sailing on the White Sea, one day in a storm he almost died.

Gabriel Romanovich was a very brave, decisive, courageous man. There is such a fact in his biography. When rumors about Pugachev's uprising reached St. Petersburg, Derzhavin achieved his appointment to the command of General Bibikov, who led government troops against the rebels. He spent three years in the fire of the peasant war, twice almost being captured by Pugachev himself.

“In the person of Derzhavin, Russian poetry took a great step forward,” wrote Belinsky. And the historian of Russian literature G. Gukovsky confirms: “His poems are torn from his hands, they are copied into treasured notebooks, they don’t even need printing, everyone already knows them by heart...” This is already the 80-90s of the 18th century.

Derzhavin attached great importance to the visual power of poetry, sound, and phonetic coloring.

Let's read together the wonderful poem "Swan", in which the sound writing is beautiful, the visuals are amazing, and the content is very serious - in this poem, which recalls the Greek legend that the souls of poets turn into swans after death, we see that Derzhavin knew himself value as a poet and understood that he would remain in people’s memory not as a nobleman, but as a great poet.

Swan

I'm an extraordinary guy

I will separate myself from the decay of the world,

With an immortal soul and singing,

Like a swan, I will rise into the air.

In two forms, imperishable,

I will not linger at the gates of ordeal;

Exalted above envy,

I will leave behind me the splendor of kingdoms.

Yes, yes! Although I am not famous by birth,

But, being a favorite of the muses,

I am not equal to other nobles

And I would prefer death itself.

The tomb will not confine me,

Among the stars I will not turn to dust;

But, like some kind of grasshopper,

And behold, the skin, I see, is feathered

My waist is wrapped around me;

Down on the chest, winged back,

I shine with the whiteness of a swan.

I fly, soar - and under me

I see the seas, forests, the whole world;

Like a hill, its head rises,

To hear God's song.

From the Kuril Islands to the Bug,

From White to Caspian waters,

Peoples, lights from the semicircle,

Composed of the Russian clan.

Over time they will know about me:

Slavs, Huns, Scythians, Chud,

And all that are blazing with abuse today,

They will point with a finger and say:

“Here is the one flying, building a lyre,

Spoken in the language of the heart

And preaching peace to the world,

I made everyone happy."

Away with a magnificent, glorious burial,

My friends! Choir of muses, don't sing!

Spouse! be patient!

There is no howling over the imaginary dead.

Derzhavin glorified in his poems the commanders Rumyantsev and Suvorov, the Cossack ataman Platov, but he also glorified the simple Russian soldier - Ross, as he sublimely called him. He writes about noblewomen and glorifies peasant girls. He is a great lover of life, so his landscapes are very real, expressive, and bright. Derzhavin’s nature is cheerful and healing.

We began the story about Derzhavin with an excerpt from Pushkin’s memoirs. But Pushkin did not know that a few days after this exam at the Lyceum, Gavrila Romanovich said to Aksakov: “Soon the second Derzhavin will appear to the world: this is Pushkin.”

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You read the biography (facts and years of life) in a biographical article dedicated to the life and work of the great poet.
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Russian poet. Representative of Russian classicism. Solemn odes, imbued with the idea of strong statehood, included satire on nobles, landscape and everyday sketches. Religious and philosophical reflections (“Felitsa”, 1782; “Nobleman”, 1774 94; “God”, 1784; “Waterfall”, 1791 94); lyric poems.

Biography

Born on July 3 (14 NS) in the village of Karmachi, Kazan province, into a poor noble family. He studied at the Kazan gymnasium for three years (1759 62). From 1762 he served as a soldier in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment, which took part in the palace coup that brought Catherine II to the throne.

In 1772 he was promoted to officer and took part in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising. Offended that his service was not appreciated and passed over with awards, he left for the civil service. He served briefly in the Senate, where he came to the conviction that “he couldn’t get along there, where they didn’t like the truth.”

In 1782 he wrote “Ode to Felitsa,” addressed to the Empress, for which he received an award from Catherine II - appointment as governor of Olonets (from 1784) and Tambov (1785 88). He made a lot of efforts to educate the Tambov region, tried to fight the bureaucracy, and defend justice.

Energetic, independent and direct, Derzhavin could not “get along” with high-ranking nobles, so his places of service often changed. In 1791 1793 he was the cabinet secretary of Catherine II, but, not pleasing her, he was dismissed from service; appointed senator, made many enemies because of his love of truth. In 1802 1803 he was Minister of Justice. At the age of sixty he retired.

Derzhavin began publishing in 1773, trying to follow the traditions of Lomonosov and Sumarokov, but from 1779 he “chose a completely different path.” He created his own style, which became an example of philosophical lyrics: the ode “On the Death of Prince Meshchersky” (1799), the ode “God” (1784) about the greatness of the universe and its Creator, about the place and purpose of man: “I am a king, I am a slave , I am a worm, I am a god"; “Autumn during the siege of Ochakov” (1788), “Waterfall” (1791 94), etc.

In the 1790s, Derzhavin created the lyrical works “To the Lyre” and “Praise of Rural Life.” Derzhavin’s aesthetic views are expressed in the treatise “Discourse on Lyric Poetry or Ode” (1811 15).

IN last years During his life, Derzhavin turned to drama, writing several tragedies: “Dobrynya”, “Pozharsky”, “Herod and Mariamne” and others.

St. Petersburg writers gathered in his house, and in 1811 the circle formed into the government-approved literary society “Conversation of Lovers of the Russian Word,” in which Derzhavin held a special position. He treated Zhukovsky favorably and “noticed” young Pushkin. Derzhavin’s work prepared the ground for the poetry of Batyushkov, Pushkin, and the Decembrist poets.

Everyone knows the biography of Mikhail Stepanovich Derzhavin, but few are familiar with the details of his personal life. We decided to correct the current situation and tell you not only about the work of this brilliant actor, but also about his amorous adventures.

Mikhail Sergeevich was born in 1936 on June 15 in the family of a famous theater artist. Like his sisters, from early childhood he knew nothing except the theater and all his free time spent time there, creating improvised stages and performing various performances on them.

Interesting! At the age of five, Mikhail already knew Kutuzov’s monologue, which he recited to the wounded in the hospital.

This led to the fact that the young man decided to devote the rest of his life to acting. In 1954, Mikhail entered the Shchukin Theater School. The guy doesn’t forget about practical skills, so he regularly attends his father’s performances and gains experience by communicating with family friends who were also famous theater and film actors.

In 1959, Derzhavin completed his studies and went to work at the capital's theater of the Lenin Komsomol. Afterwards, he moved to the theater on Malaya Bronnaya, and in 1968 he became a member of the troupe of the Satire Theater. The artist worked there until the end of his life.

Career

As for his career, this fact is rarely mentioned in the biography of Mikhail Stepanovich Derzhavin, but he, like any other actor, started with minor roles. For the first time Derzhavin received main role in the play “Dangerous Age”, where he played Bubus. This production became a real “breakthrough” for the actor.

Further, Derzhavin receives exclusively leading roles, which bring him not only national fame, but also respect among his colleagues, since the man devoted himself to his work to the fullest, which could not be ignored.

Since 1957, Mikhail, together with his longtime friend Schmidt, began working on television. They started as hosts of the morning TV show “Morning Mail,” and in 2013 they were invited to host the TV project “I Want to Know.”

morning Post

But here's the real one people's love Mikhail Stepanovich received one of the first Soviet shows, “Zucchini 13 Chairs,” in which he replaced Mironov. Derzhavin became so popular that he could not even calmly walk down the street, as fans literally surrounded him with requests for an autograph. In 1981, due to the political situation in the country, the producers were forced to close the comedy show.

The artist also worked in cinema, where he made his debut back in 1956, starring in the film “They Were First.” Success was brought to him by the comedy film in which Mikhail Stepanovich starred in 1979, “Three in a Boat, Not Counting the Dog.”

Still from the film “Three in a Boat, Not Counting the Dog”

From 1990 to 2000, the actor actively worked in cinema. The most popular films with his participation were films such as “The Third Wheel”, “Criminal Blues”, “Night Visit”, etc.

Personal life

Mikhail Stepanovich's personal life was quite eventful, as he was married three times. The actor first got married at a fairly young age. His chosen one was the daughter of the famous humorist Arkady Raikin, Ekaterina. They lived in marriage for only 2 years.

The actor’s second wife was the daughter of Marshal Budyonny, Nina. This marriage turned out to be more stable and lasted 16 long years.

Mikhail Sergeevich considered his third marriage to be the most successful, since, starting in 1980, the lovers did not part. As it turned out, at the time of meeting his future wife Roxana, Derzhavin and his chosen one were still married. But the passion that flared up was so strong that the couple forgot about any responsibilities and plunged headlong into the world of romantic relationships.

Although Mikhail Stepanovich was an open person who loved to communicate with journalists, we still found several interesting facts, which previously only those close to the artist knew about.

At the age of five, together with his family, due to the fighting during the Great Patriotic War, was evacuated to the city of Omsk.
When Derzhavin walked down the street, they constantly shouted after him: “The chairs are coming!”
For a long time, Mikhail Stepanovich suffered from excess weight problems, since with a height of 165 centimeters he weighed 80 kilograms, which also negatively affected the artist’s health. Due to this, he was forced to adhere to a strict diet.
While on tour in Israel, Derzhavin had to spend several hours in someone else’s shoes, and even two sizes too small. And all because the actor lost his.
The artist was not too lucky with children, since he had only one daughter from his second marriage, who, having given up the profession of a journalist, devoted her life to her family and children.
Mikhail Stepanovich has always enjoyed considerable popularity among women. As the artist himself once admitted, in between marriages, he had countless affairs.
Derzhavin starred in 140 episodes of the famous comedy TV show “Zucchini 13 Chairs.”
The actor was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR and Honored Artist.
Derzhavin believed that his last marriage was blessed in heaven, since he met his wife on a flying plane.

Death of Mikhail Derzhavin

Mikhail Derzhavin died on January 10, 2018. According to doctors, the actor had health problems for a long time. Together they became the main cause of his death.

As it turned out later, those close to the artist knew about his illnesses and supported the man in every possible way so that he would remain “well done” and not fall into depression, especially when he was in the hospital.

But even poor health did not prevent Derzhavin from continuing to engage in creativity. While undergoing treatment, the actor wrote a book in which he posted rare photographs describing the details of his life. In addition, he managed to record a farewell address to his fans, as he felt that his strength was leaving him.

The people's artist and public favorite was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in the family plot, as he requested. His grave is located near the burial of his older sister and parents.