In the laboratory - ten microseconds after the big bang. Experiments on people within the walls of the NKVD: the Soviet “Doctor Mengele”.1 Home experiments for children: electric eels made from chewing worms
- Is it important for you that your child spends time in an interesting and educational way?
- Do you want to give your child bright emotions and joy? interesting discoveries about the world around us?
- Are you tired of rolling cars and playing with dolls, and want to play something interesting not only for your child, but also for yourself?
We invite you to receive materials "Cognitive Laboratory of Young Researchers"!
in which guests are greeted by people we already love learned friends....
Using the Laboratory materials, you will be able to:
- Engage young fidgets with fun and science
- Distract your child from the tablet and smartphone
- Help your child explore a fascinating world in a simple, interesting, playful way
- Get closer to your child and give yourself and him unforgettable emotions!
| Mysterious Tricks |
For a few days, the children will turn into real magicians and artists and learn how to do the most interesting tricks that they will be happy to demonstrate to their dads, grandmothers, friends and girlfriends at their performances... 
The guys will conduct interesting experiments, including:
· How to make paper fireproof
· How to write top secret messages with invisible ink
· How to pierce a balloon so it doesn't burst
· How to make a homemade hovercraft
· How to grow a forest of crystals
· How to make a rainbow without leaving home
· How to make a paper bridge that can withstand heavy loads
· How to make a tornado in a glass
· Inverted drawings
· Erupting volcanoes
· Disappearing toothpick
And much more..
We are sure that your children will get a lot of positive emotions!)
What topics do we work with in the Laboratory?
Cognitive Laboratory. Module 1
Day 1 - Experiments with air
Day 2 - Experiments with paper
Day 3 - Experiments with water
Day 4 - Experiments with food products
Day 5 - Experiments with magnets
Day 6 - Experiments with salt
Cognitive Laboratory. Module 2
Day 1 - Experiments with light
Day 2 - Experiments with sound
Day 3 - Experiments with gravity
Day 4 - Experiments with ice
Day 5 - Experiments with soap bubbles
Day 6 - Optical illusions
And our young scientific friends - the Fixies - help children get simple and understandable explanations of complex phenomena... We are sure that even adults will learn a lot of interesting things for themselves!... ;)
ScoHow much does it cost to participate in the laboratory?
Cost of the set " Cognitive Laboratory" Module 1 (ready-made materials) + Module 2 (ready-made materials) totals:
3000 rub. Holiday price of everything: 997 rub.
You can also get each of the Modules separately:
"Cognitive Laboratory. Module 1"
1500 rub.
Holiday price of everything: 547 rub.
"Cognitive Laboratory. Module 2"
1500 rub.
Holiday price of everything: 547 rub.
Laboratory Director - Svetlana Petrova
Author and director of the project “Business Mom Online”
trainer-consultant and certified coach on combination issues happy family and favorite activity, organizer of educational events for children
Assistants:
Anastasia (7 years old), Vladimir (5 years old), Fixies - inquisitive, love creativity, experiences and experiments, fun adventures and good mood!)
1. Gaming and exciting development.
The laboratory is an excellent opportunity to interest a child in science and the secrets of understanding the world around him in a fun, entertaining and intriguing way. Children enjoy participating in exciting experiments, during which they learn the laws of nature, develop curiosity and ask new questions, to which they happily seek answers with the help of adults.
2. Intrigue and vivid emotions.
The laboratory not only helps to develop the child, but also gives the child a wide range of emotions:
3. An original approach to the visual representation of various phenomena, properties and patterns.
In the Laboratory, children will conduct interesting and entertaining experiments with simple objects, covering various areas of knowledge and organized in a fun format that will allow them to understand the essence of the experiment and explore the world around them.
4. The opportunity to become a real wizard for your children and give them a piece of magic.
Do you want your children to see you as a real wizard? It’s very simple. Our Secret Cognitive Laboratory can do this. We have prepared for you 6 unforgettable, exciting days of elementary scientific experiments that will certainly make your children believe in miracles. And foryourself, make a couple of discoveries from the “how did I not notice this before” category.
5. Opportunity to get closer.But most importantly, the Laboratory is a great opportunity for parents to become closer to their children! Fun, intriguing educational experiments and conducting them with children are not only a good way to spend your leisure time in a fun and interesting way, but also the best way to introduce your child to the world of science. Together you will learn many interesting scientific facts and perhaps even make a major scientific discovery.
| What participants of the Laboratory, as well as our other events, say |
"Svetochka! Thank you very much for the week of celebration and fairy tales! It was very interesting, every day there were some incidents and surprises! The whole week there was an atmosphere of magic in the house. My daughter is happy. And I have spring in my soul! I want to give you such a bouquet of flowers Happy holiday! May you always have love and prosperity in your home!
" Svetlana! Thank you so much.. This is our first time participating in a quest! We really liked everything. Intrigue, surprise... what's next? What's today? Every day my daughter asked questions. We had fun decorating the house, coming up with a fairy tale, solving riddles "We looked for clues and received surprises. All this together is just super!!! YOU ARE WELL DONE!!! HAPPY HOLIDAYS!! YOU ARE A REAL FAIRY! And we are looking forward to new adventures with you! THANK YOU!"
Enjoy exciting experiences and experiments, experiment with your children, explore a fascinating world, and enjoy a bright and interesting time spent with your child!
| How to order? |
Click on the ORDER button, place an order, select a payment method or transfer payment directly using one of the following methods:
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QIWI wallet: + 380501015878
Money transfers: Western Union, Zolotaya Korona, Contact, Migom, etc. (write to us by email and we will send you the details for making the transfer in a way convenient for you)
After payment, be sure to write to [email protected] your name and payment method.
If you have any questions with payment, also write to our support team by email: [email protected] .
E If within 3 days from the date of purchasing the materials, you decide that the materials were useless to you, we will refund your money in full without any questions asked!
If you have any questions, you can ask them by writing to the following email address: [email protected]
All rights reserved (c)
Dissecting crayfish, crossing two different flies and creating life in a test tube - all this was done by the guys in the laboratories of Smart Novosibirsk. For the first time - at NSTU.
Fourth, but first
“Baba, I want to study biology as soon as possible!”- a girl of about 10 years old in a gray lab coat whines. “Another 15 minutes and it will start”, - she consoles her granddaughter. Meanwhile, more kids get out of the elevator and carefully approach the registration table.
“Hello, what is your first and last name? How old are you?" - from such words the guys freeze at first, but quickly become bolder, begin to smile and put on airs. Each young scientist receives a team badge: children are divided into five groups, according to age.
This is not the first time many children come here: the Smart Novosibirsk project started back in October. This is a regional partner of Smart Moscow: the Siberian capital became the 17th city where the project came. The children have already mastered three programs, the new one is called “Biological Experiments”. For the first time it is being held at NSTU.
“Today is the first program on a serious partnership basis - scientific. We really want children not just to study science, but to study it within the walls where they may later study. So that they understand that Novosibirsk has all the opportunities for development,” says Anna Petukhova, head of the Smart Novosibirsk project.
Another feature of the Novosibirsk project is the active participation of adults. While the children are performing experiments, parents are given a popular science lecture and an interactive quiz.
“For adults, our ticket is free - and we just give them the opportunity not to sit on the phone. Parents who bring their children to us, as a rule, are very smart themselves, they love science and everything connected with it. Moms, dads, and grandparents come to us - it’s wonderful. In other cities, of course, there are also such moments, but in Novosibirsk this is especially pronounced. Apparently, the academic nature of the city is taking its toll,” continues Anna Petukhova.
“Will you give away the living?”
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After 15 minutes the class has not yet started. Acquaintance begins with the laboratories, the university and the “teachers”. At a short presentation, children, together with the presenter, guess the names of the laboratories and are divided into teams. NSTU Rector Anatoly Bataev also comes to greet the guests of the university.
“We have a mercantile interest,” smiles Anatoly Bataev. - Our main task is that in the 11th grade, when you choose the Unified State Exam, you choose the subjects that our university needs. I hope you are our future potential students."
Future students wander around their classrooms and suddenly turn into real scientists - focused and courageous. Ten-year-old children readily dissect crayfish and joke when the presenter suggests comparing the structure of the animals with the Madagascar beetle: “Aren’t you going to give away the living ones?”
The lesson lasts about two hours. Children conduct five experiments: in the laboratories of zoology (here they dismember crayfish), microbiology, genetics, botany and zoology. Each young scientist receives a “laboratory journal” - a kind of waybill where he must write down the results of his research. Some of them will continue beyond the walls of the university: seeds from experiments in botany and flies from genetic experiments will grow at the children’s homes.
And the most touching experiment takes place in the zoology laboratory: observations of mice are carried out here, very harmless ones. “Not a single mouse will be harmed,” all participants were promised this before the experiments.
The program for adults at this time is not inferior to the children's program in terms of information content. One of the questions in the interactive quiz, for example, addressed a popular misconception: is a plastic bag really more dangerous for the environment than a paper one? A tricky problem: if a country has a waste recycling system, then plastic can be used endlessly without being thrown away or polluting the environment. But how environmentally friendly is a paper bag, for the sake of which forests are being destroyed?
Lean Economy
“Biological experiments” will be held at NSTU twice more, on February 10-11: six programs are planned.
They are designed for children 7-14 years old, the cost of one cycle is 1490 rubles. As Anna Petukhova admits, in Novosibirsk the high price does not raise any questions:
“When people don't see what we do, it can seem expensive. But as soon as they arrive, they see that five laboratories with equipment and five full-fledged master classes are working simultaneously. And it’s not just smoke, ice, tinsel - the children do it with their own hands.”
After the biological experiments, Smart Novosibirsk will present three more programs until the summer: then a break for three months. These are “Surgery”, “Scientific Detective” and “Palaeontology”. You can buy tickets for all classes.
In the early stages of maturation, the fetus is very vulnerable; risk factors such as improper diet and physical activity of the expectant mother, nicotine and alcohol, which have the ability to directly poison the body of the unborn child, and pathological nervous stress are especially dangerous for it.
For example, the following experiment was carried out in our laboratory. Neurosis was induced in a female rabbit using constant noise. If this was done at the beginning of pregnancy, then the rabbits were born with serious deformities, primarily defects or even the absence of limbs and brains. Adverse effects in later periods of pregnancy, when the formation of fetal organs is largely completed, only led to the birth of physiologically immature, weakened rabbits.
Yes, the initial stages of pregnancy are extremely important for the unborn child, when the nervous system and all the most important organs are formed. If the fetus has successfully passed this period of development, then in the final stages less obvious troubles await it, which, however, are also quite dangerous, since they are fraught with physiological immaturity. Therefore, in the first period of pregnancy, a woman must be protected from overload at work and at home, from conflict situations, provided with the most calm and healthy conditions for work and rest, and relieved of worries and haste.
I never tire of repeating that nine months of a wife’s pregnancy is the most serious test for a husband. All this time, he must take care of the future mother and the future child, relieve his wife from the “second working day” - household chores, and most importantly - warn mental trauma, create a favorable emotional atmosphere at home. Only under such conditions can we count on our shift being healthy.
If mistakes were made in the prenatal period, they can be largely corrected by skillfully raising the baby.
For example, this hardening procedure is extremely effective. The air temperature in the room where the child is located should not exceed 20-22 degrees. A glass of water at a temperature of 14-16 degrees should be applied to various parts of his body for a short period of time.
In infancy, cold can be considered the only factor stimulating physical activity, since when the temperature drops environment Only muscle contractions warm a naked child. Such a wonderful exercise increases not only muscle tone, but also immunobiological stability, the newborn’s resistance to harmful influences of the external environment, and helps prevent diseases that so often affect physiologically immature children. It must also be remembered that immaturity, which is not fought and not compensated, deepens. And the most reliable way of compensation in the first days of life is cold exposure, the hardening procedure that we are talking about now.
But it is important not to go beyond the body’s adaptive capabilities. A weakened infant must be handled with particular care. Nevertheless, careful actions are so effective for him that he is more and more catching up and slowly but surely catching up with his peers in development.
In maternity hospitals, a newborn is brought in for the first feeding in a day at best, and usually after two or three days.
However, our laboratory has proven that children who are fed immediately after birth are protected from postpartum weight loss, from the so-called physiological jaundice, from thickening of the blood and a decrease in the protein content in it. Our research has shown that if a baby is breastfed immediately, the woman produces milk (otherwise it appears after three days, and with difficulty). And for a baby during postpartum feeding adverse changes does not arise. This is not surprising - after all, the first milk, called colostrum, is an extremely valuable product for a child. It contains a full range of not only nutrients, but also substances that increase the body’s immunobiological resistance to infections, against which the newborn is defenseless. Physiologically immature children especially need such milk. If a weakened child cannot suck, you need to express the milk and give it, without sterilizing, from a bottle. I recommend feeding the baby 20-30 minutes after birth, or at most no later than an hour. In 1980 this recommendation was formally proposed World Organization health care for universal use.
The first week of a child's life is a critical period. At this time, it is decided whether he will adapt to new conditions. The first week largely determines whether the child will get rid of physiological immaturity or, on the contrary, it will worsen due to incorrect actions.
Well, what if the opportunities during this important period are still missed? Can anything be done at a later date? It's much more difficult! But it's quite possible. The experience of the Nikitins, Skripalevs and many other parents of physiologically immature children who later grew up healthy is clear confirmation of this. Hardening, massage, gymnastics, a rational feeding and sleeping regimen, early learning to swim in an apartment bath - these and other measures will greatly help the baby grow up strong and healthy, not afraid of colds and infections. Such a child will not cause unnecessary trouble to his parents and will be able to fully take advantage of the favorable opportunities provided for education in nurseries and kindergartens.
Five tips from Professor I. A. Arshavsky for expectant mothers
1. The most important thing is to concentrate all your attention on the state of pregnancy, and subordinate all your actions to this state. Both the expectant mother herself and those around her must deal with distractions that can cause harm and cause a stressful situation. Statistics show that loving and attentive spouses are more likely to have healthy children.
2. The unborn child constantly needs oxygen from the mother's blood. It has been established that frequent breathing of a pregnant woman, which causes hyperventilation and excess oxygen in the body, is very beneficial for it. The optimal mode of hyperventilation is approximately 5 sessions of rapid breathing every day, lasting 1-2 minutes. This is done as follows: you need to sit on a chair and quicken your breathing. This exercise is especially useful for late toxicosis. The generally accepted requirement to frequently ventilate rooms where a pregnant woman is located is precisely due to the need to create an excess of oxygen.
3. The unborn child needs a regime that stimulates his motor activity. This regime occurs when there is a periodic deficiency of oxygen and nutrients. The best way to create such a deficiency is to occasionally perform physical exercise that causes blood to flow away from the fetus to the actively working muscles. The most accessible forms of physical exercise for the expectant mother are walking (medium pace is desirable), climbing the stairs to the 2-4th floor, and general strengthening gymnastics.
4. The motor regime is necessary for the expectant mother not only in the interests of the child, but also in her own. This regimen should prepare her for childbirth and ensure that after childbirth her figure is the same as before pregnancy. First of all, exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles of the abdomen, perineum, and pelvic floor will help with this. There are a lot of such exercises, their description is given in antenatal clinics, they all most often come down to bending, squatting, raising legs from various positions at a slow and medium pace.
5. Nutrition should never be excessive. It needs to be complete in proteins and somewhat excessive in vitamins and microelements. Nutrition should provide the unborn child with everything necessary and at the same time not limit his activity. The task of nutrition in the interests of the expectant mother is not to weaken the body and at the same time help the woman after childbirth to maintain the same weight as she had before pregnancy.
Five tips from Professor I. A. Arshavsky for the first weeks of a child’s life
1. In the first weeks of a child’s life, the main attention should be paid to his physical activity during sleep. During this period, the child sleeps almost all the time. However, nature cannot allow such idleness. And so a long exhalation phase is periodically woven into the breathing of a sleeping baby. Oxygen deficiency occurs, a kind of “trigger” of motor activity. A reflexive tremor occurs. As a result, a sleeping child spends 50-60 percent of his time actually moving. The trouble is that tight swaddling prevents this. Do not interfere with the motor activity of a sleeping baby - this is what the first piece of advice boils down to.
2. The most tangible stimulus for a baby’s muscle activity is the difference in temperature between his body and the environment. The greater this difference, the more active the muscle tone, which ensures normal development. Of course, the temperature difference should be limited within the framework of physiological, adaptive, stress. Every mother, having unswaddled her child, feels the tension of his muscles under her hand. As soon as the tension has subsided, the air bath should be stopped. It is muscle tone that regulates the duration of hardening procedures. At first, in a physiologically immature child this period does not exceed 5-10 seconds, in a mature child it sometimes reaches 60 seconds.
3. Bathing occupies an extremely important place in a baby’s life. During this procedure, it is necessary to develop the child's innate ability to stay afloat. There is a well-developed and proven methodology for this. I just want to pay attention to the water temperature. In our opinion, it should not exceed 32-34 degrees even during the first swims, since warmer water reduces muscle tone and inhibits the mechanisms of motor activity.
4. All motor activity of the child should be carried out not under coercion, but due to interest in this activity. In the first weeks of life, such interest is stimulated by motor reflexes caused by irritation of the soles, heels, fingers, and palms. It is important from the first weeks of life to promote the free development of the baby’s abilities, helping him to independently demonstrate his activity.
5. A useful procedure and massage for a child is light stroking of his body. But still it is not decisive. There is only one piece of advice here - do not limit activities to the physical development of the baby with massage, but actively implement the first four recommendations.
Denis is ahead of time (Shenkman)
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor S. B. Tikhvinsky, whom you will meet on these pages, quite rightly asserts that mother and father should take care of the health of their child long before conception. What is lost before birth can then be made up to some extent. But not always and at much higher costs. Wouldn't it be easier to take care of our heirs in advance? As, for example, this was done in the Dubinin family of Muscovites. We do not encourage you to follow their example in everything. They proceeded from the specific circumstances of their lives. In other families, these circumstances may be different. But the main thing remains the parents’ sense of responsibility for the health of the child, the desire not to spare their time and efforts in order to best prepare for the birth of a future citizen of our society. Steve Shankman reports.
The chronicle of this family is quite typical. Tatyana and Mikhail Dubinin had two boys: Kostya, who was born in 1973, and Maxim, born in 1975. Tatyana was not in good health, but she really wanted to have a daughter. After some hesitation, she decided to have a third child. In 1978, Katya was born, a sickly, weakened girl. And Tatyana herself felt worse and worse. I was overcome by sore throats and worried about rheumatic changes in the mitral valve. Specialists from the rheumatic cardiology clinic, where she was registered, conducted courses of drug treatment with her twice a year. Nevertheless, pain in the heart appeared more and more often.
Mikhail, a sporty man, believed that it was not medication that would save him, but physical education. He persuaded his wife to start hardening, invited her to ski, skate, run, slipped her various books, and subscribed to the magazine “Physical Education and Sports.” For some time she was only a reader. Finally Tatyana made up her mind. But it was very difficult to escape. After just 200 meters of very slow running, she began to feel out of breath. She was terribly afraid of cold water and could not swim. However, to Tatiana’s surprise, it turned out that these difficulties are surmountable,
Together with their parents, children also ran out to the wonderful Losinoostrovsky Park to exercise. At first we worked out not far from home, then we decided to do exercises near a beautiful forest lake, one and a half kilometers away. At first they walked there at a brisk pace, then they ran. Soon running both ways was not difficult for either Tatiana or the children. The second daily run - the evening one - turned out to be a forced affair: three children in one room did not fall asleep for a long time, played pranks and disturbed each other; measured running calmed them down and relieved excessive excitement. Over the course of a year and a half, the evening distance grew to 6 kilometers, sometimes we ran 10 kilometers. We ran, focusing on the capabilities of the smallest one, Katya. But these opportunities turned out to be unexpectedly great. At the age of five, she ran 10 kilometers in 1 hour 15 minutes, and together with her elders she tried to run 15 and even 20 kilometers. And she did it not through force, but with pleasure.
Physical exercises became a favorite game for children, in which everything was interesting: new achievements, competitive fun, and parental participation. Therefore, any load was perceived easily and with curiosity. Especially the cold load, without which there is no hardening. Together with the adults, the children doused themselves with tap water every morning, wiped themselves with snow in winter and ran along a 300-meter alley. In the summer we swam in the lake every day in any weather.
Gradually they began to get involved in winter swimming. Mikhail, of course, started first. The next year - Tatiana with the eldest, Kostya, and a year later - Maxim and Katya.
This is what Tatyana tells about the new life of her family.
“We all get up at about half past seven, wash ourselves, douse ourselves with cold water and run out of the house. After charging, we swim: longer in summer, one minute in winter. Then we run back the way, and at 7.30-7.35 we are home. We change clothes, have breakfast and at 8.00-8.10 we each go about our business. My husband and I go to work, the children go to school. The youngest, Katya, is in first grade. Her older brothers prepared her well, played school with her at home and thus taught her to count, write, subtract, add and even multiply. She turned out to be very capable. We noticed: the earlier you start working with a child, the more his abilities are revealed.
In spring, summer and autumn we go hiking, in winter we like skiing. Over the years of physical education, we have all become stronger. For example, the muscles in my legs that support the arch of my feet were underdeveloped. The predisposition to flat feet was passed on to children. I suffered a lot with my legs, especially during pregnancy, and then I couldn’t stand even for a few minutes, I kept looking for somewhere to sit, wearing shoes with special arch supports. The same thing threatened my children. Now, after running and special exercises included in our exercise routine, my legs don’t get so tired, I even started wearing fashionable shoes.
Another trouble bothered me and the children. We are talking about myopia. Running and special exercises for the eyes (taken from the magazine “Physical Education and Sports”) strengthened the eye muscles, which gave noticeable improvements.
My health improved and my mood improved accordingly. More and more time was freed up by getting rid of illnesses, visits to the clinic, medical procedures, and searching for scarce drugs. Joint activities noticeably brought the family together, there were more common successes and joys, we began to understand each other better.
Our diet has also changed. The share of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products has increased significantly. Alcohol somehow naturally disappeared from the lives of the adult members of our family (although we rarely drank it before), it simply stopped giving pleasure.
Running, conditioning, balanced nutrition, and special exercises allowed me to maintain my figure, slim posture, and a fresh face without wrinkles or swelling.”
Tatyana and Mikhail regretted one thing, that they did not immediately, not from birth, begin to introduce their children to physical exercises and a healthy lifestyle. They thought and thought and decided to have another child, a fourth. It must be said that this happens in many families: having joined physical education and a healthy lifestyle, parents (even if they are not too young - Tatyana is now 34, Mikhail is 41) acquire new children in order to raise them hardened, strong, comprehensively developed .
The fourth child was due at the end of 1985. This means that he will receive a passport as a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 2001. What kind of citizen will he be? How to help him become healthy and harmoniously developed? Tatyana and Mikhail took the answer to these questions very seriously.
Let's listen to Tatyana's story.
“I prepared for pregnancy in advance, persistently healing myself. When I became pregnant, I tried to continue my usual lifestyle. I ran as usual until 4.5 months, then I began to gradually reduce the distance and pace. She did not stop daily swimming in the lake, dousing herself with water and walking barefoot. From April to November I slept in the loggia.
The nature of gymnastic exercises has changed somewhat in relation to capabilities and well-being. I still went to the bathhouse and steam room. In the summer, the whole family went to the sea (the fifth month of pregnancy), where I also swam and even sunbathed a little. Throughout pregnancy, I ate vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and meat dishes 1-2 times a week. Thanks to this food, I didn’t feel like drinking at all. Therefore, I had no swelling, toxicosis, dizziness, and my legs didn’t get tired.”
Tatyana believes that she was very lucky with the timing. The most important periods - the beginning and end of pregnancy - occurred during the cold season, which allowed her to successfully continue her usual hardening procedures. I mean, first of all, winter swimming. The last swim in the ice hole took place on December 5th. The next day she easily gave birth to a beautiful, healthy boy. They named him Denis.
It weighed 3500, and from the first days it responded to sound and light. After feeding he smiled. On the tenth day he held his head. This fact is documented: in the Dubinins’ family album I saw a color photo of Denis lying on his stomach, who, quite confidently raising his head, looked into the camera lens.
It must be said that the experience of the Dubinin family is of particular value also because Mikhail Dubinin is a professional photographer. Of course, he takes pictures of his children and his wife especially a lot and willingly. Every day of Denis is described in a diary and filmed.
On the fourth day after birth, Denis took a half-hour walk. Soon he was walking 2-3 times a day for an hour and a half. On the tenth day I began to learn to swim in my home bath. He slept with the window open; the temperature in the room at night dropped to plus 6-7 degrees. However, this did not prevent him from sleeping soundly until the morning.
Denis is growing and developing very quickly. In the first month he grew 7 centimeters. It so happened that when, at the age of one month, he was brought to the clinic for examination and weighing, the local doctor was ill. The appointment was conducted by a pediatrician who did not know Denis. When she saw the boy, she said that she did not accept three-month-olds on that day. She became angry when Tatyana began to insist that Denis was only a month old; she said irritably that by appearance, by reactions and by facial expression she could somehow distinguish a one-month-old child from a three-month-old.
The baby does not tolerate wrapping well. He sweats a lot in his cap. He is not forced to suffer from overheating. On January 1 (a month and five days) he was unswaddled on the street for the first time. The air temperature that day was minus 12 degrees. There is a photo that shows a naked Denis in his mother’s arms that day, and next to him in the snow are barefoot and almost naked Kostya, Maxim and Katya.
Further:
There can only be hope for absolute openness and the absence of any secrecy in science. Only under these conditions can we hope that only those scientists who do not confuse human individuals with experimental animals will succeed.
In the summer of 1990, as part of the International Commission of Investigation into the fate of Raoul Wallenberg, I came to Vladimir to get acquainted with the file cabinet of the notorious Vladimir prison, formerly Prison No. 2 of the NKVD-NKGB-MGB. Wallenberg was a Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Budapest Jews from extermination in 1944 German Nazis. He was arrested by SMERSH ("Death to Spies" - a special department in the army) at the beginning of 1945 and later disappeared without a trace in Lubyanka. There has been no real information about him since 1947.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Vladimir Prison was the place of detention for many convicted high-ranking Nazis, who, after their release and return to Germany in 1954-1956, testified to the Swedish authorities about Wallenberg’s stay in Moscow’s Lubyanka and Lefortovo prisons. For many years there were vague rumors about Wallenberg's possible stay in Vladimir prison. The international commission received personal permission from the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs Vadim Bakatin to check this information using the prison file. A card was created for each person arrested. It recorded brief biographical information, elements of the crime, articles under which the arrested person was convicted, details of movements in custody, etc. Before leaving for Vladimir, my colleagues at work at the Moscow Memorial also advised me to take an interest in the cards of several famous employees of the once all-powerful People's Commissar for Security Lavrentiy Beria, who were sentenced after the death of Stalin and the fall of Beria not to death (like Beria), but to imprisonment . This is how I first learned the name of Grigory Moiseevich Mayranovsky.
The International Commission did not find any traces of Wallenberg’s presence in the Vladimir prison, but the identity of Mairanovsky and his colleagues from the NKVD-MGB interested me. Mairanovsky’s card stated the following: profession - pharmacologist; senior engineer of Laboratory No. 1 OOT MGB USSR; convicted on February 14, 1953 under articles 193-17f and 179 for “abuse of official position” and “illegal possession of potent substances.” What was hidden behind these words? It was striking that the prisoner Mayranovsky was taken back to the MGB-KGB Internal Prison (the official name of the Lubyanka) several times in 1953, 1956-1958 - probably for interrogations. What did this man know that was so special?
In the Memorial archives, I became acquainted with several documents that shed light on Mairanovsky’s activities. Later there were publications about Mairanovsky in the press, including by my “memorial” colleagues. Additional Information was made public by Colonel of Justice Vladimir Bobrenev, who had access to the investigative files of Mairanovsky and Beria. Gradually, a clear picture began to emerge: in the late 1930s and early 1950s, there was a laboratory within the NKVD-MGB that developed poisons that killed victims without identifiable traces, and also searched for drugs that could stimulate the “candor” of interrogated victims. All poisons and drugs were tested on people - prisoners sentenced to death. The experiments were supervised and carried out by the “doctor” and biochemist Mairanovsky. In the late 1940s, the “doctor” also acted as an executioner: he injected lethal doses of poisons into victims - real or imagined political opponents Soviet power, kidnapped by the team of Pavel Sudoplatov (more about him below) on the streets of different cities Soviet Union. Mairanovsky’s “achievements” were also used by KGB agents abroad for political assassinations. Until recently, one of Mairanovsky’s most terrible poisons, ricin, was industrially produced in Russia as a chemical and biological weapon.
"Laboratory of Death" - "Camera"
Brief background
For the first time, work on the use of poisons and drugs began to be carried out in the OGPU in 1926 at the direction of the People's Commissar for Security Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. The special laboratory was part of a secret group headed by former Socialist Revolutionary militant Yakov Serebryansky. The “Yashin Group” was created to carry out terrorist attacks abroad, reported directly to the People’s Commissar and existed until 1938.
Under the new People's Commissar, Nikolai Yezhov, the methods of the “Yasha Group” began to be used for “cleansing” even in the Lubyanka. February 17, 1938 chief Foreign department NKVD Abram Slutsky was found dead in the office of Mikhail Frinovsky, deputy of the new People's Commissar. Next to Slutsky’s body, which clumsily slid from the chair, stood an empty glass of tea. Frinovsky confidentially announced to the NKVD employees that the doctor had already established the cause of death: heart rupture. Several officers who knew the symptoms of potassium cyanide poisoning noticed specific bluish spots on Slutsky’s face.
Yezhov's short, bloody reign ended at the end of 1938, when he was accused of "political unreliability", convicted and executed. Under the new People's Commissar, Lavrentiy Beria, the secret laboratory was reorganized. Since 1938, it was included in the 4th special department of the NKVD, and since March 1939 it was headed by Mikhail Filimonov, a pharmacist by training who had a candidate of medical sciences degree. From that moment on, Mayranovsky was assigned as the head of the 7th department of the 2nd special department of the NKVD, one of the two laboratories of this special department. The head of the second laboratory was Sergei Muromtsev (more about him below). The special department reported directly to People's Commissar Lavrentiy Beria and his deputy Vsevolod Merkulov. The “Death Laboratory” existed until 1946, when it was included in the Operational Equipment Department (OOT) and became Laboratory No. 1 of the OOT under the new Minister of State Security Viktor Abakumov.
Under the leadership of Mayranovsky
Some details of the laboratory's work have become known only recently. Colonel Bobrenev, who had access to the investigative files of Mairanovsky and Beria, describes the “death laboratory” as follows:
“For the laboratory... we allocated a large room on the first floor of a corner building on Varsanofevsky Lane. The room was divided into five chambers, the doors of which, with slightly enlarged peepholes, opened into a spacious reception area. One of the laboratory staff was constantly on duty here during the experiments...
...Almost every day prisoners sentenced to death were delivered to the laboratory. The procedure looked like a regular medical examination. The “doctor” sympathetically asked the “patient” about his health, gave advice and immediately offered medicine...”
According to eyewitnesses, “Mairanovsky brought to the laboratory people who were decrepit and flourishing for health reasons, overweight and thin... Some died after three or four days, others suffered for a week.”
The main purpose of the laboratory was to search for poisons that could not be identified at autopsy. First, Mairanovsky tried tasteless derivatives of mustard gas. He appears to have begun experimenting with these substances even earlier than his colleagues in Nazi Germany, where the first experiments with mustard gas were carried out on prisoners in Sachsenhausen in 1939. The results of Mairanovsky's experiments with mustard gas derivatives ended unsuccessfully: the poison was found in the corpses of the victims. Mairanovsky’s Nazi colleagues had it easier: the mustard gas derivative “Zyklon B” worked effectively in the death camps, and there was no need to hide its use.
It took Mairanovsky more than a year to “work” with ricin, a vegetable protein contained in castor bean seeds. Since different doses of ricin were tried, one can only guess how many victims died in these experiments. The effect of each of the other poisons - digitoxin, thallium, colchicine - was tested on 10 “experimental” subjects. Experimenters observed the suffering of victims who did not die immediately for 10-14 days, after which the “test subjects” were killed.
In the end, a poison with the required properties was found - “K-2” (carbilaminecholine chloride). He killed the victim quickly and left no traces. According to eyewitnesses, after taking K-2, the “experimental subject” became “as if smaller in stature, weakened, and became quieter. And 15 minutes later he died.”
In 1942, Mairanovsky discovered that under the influence of certain doses of ricin, the “experimental subject” began to speak extremely frankly. Mairanovsky received approval from the leadership of the NKVD-NKGB to work on a new topic - the “problem of frankness” during interrogations. It took two years for Mairanovsky’s laboratory to experiment to obtain “frank” and “truthful” testimony under the influence of medications. Chloralscopolamine and phenaminebenzedrine were tried without success. Interrogations using medications were carried out not only in the laboratory, but also in both Lubyanka prisons, No. 1 and 2. One of the main employees of the laboratory (as well as an assistant at the department of pharmacology of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute), Vladimir Naumov, openly considered these experiments to be profanation. However, it is known that after the war, in 1946, Soviet “advisers” from the MGB used drugs during the interrogation of political prisoners arrested in Eastern European countries.”
In addition to the poisons themselves, the problem was also the method of introducing them into the victim’s body. At first, poisons were mixed into food or water, given as “medicines” before and after meals, or administered by injection. The introduction of poison through the skin was also tested - it was sprayed or moistened with a poisonous solution. Then came the ideas of a peg cane and a shooting pen. Much time and effort went into developing poisonous small bullets for these devices that effectively kill the victim. Again, one can only guess about the number of victims.
The chief of the 4th special department, Pavel Filimonov, was mainly responsible for firing poisoned bullets into the backs of the victims’ heads. The bullets were light, with a cavity for poison, so the killings did not always go smoothly. There were cases when a bullet got under the skin and the victim pulled it out, begging Filimonov not to shoot again. Filimonov shot a second time. According to Bobrenev's testimony, in 1953, during interrogations in the Beria case, Mairanovsky recalled an incident when he himself shot the victim three times: according to the rules of the laboratory, if the victim did not die from the poison contained in the first bullet, another poison should have been tried on the same victim. In 1954, during interrogation, VASKhNIL academician Sergei Muromtsev, who himself killed 15 prisoners (data from Bobrenev), claimed that he was struck by Mairanovsky’s sadistic attitude towards the victims.
After Mayranovsky was removed from his post as head in 1946, Laboratory No. 1 was divided into two, pharmacological and chemical. They were headed by the above-mentioned V. Naumov and A. Grigorovich. The laboratories were moved from the center of Moscow to a new building built in Kuchino. Apparently, work on poisons ended in 1949. In 1951, the issue of completely disbanding these laboratories was discussed. It seems that at this time the leadership of the USSR gave preference to bacteriological methods of political assassinations: in 1946, the head of the Bacteriological Group, Professor Sergei Muromtsev, was awarded the Stalin Prize. In any case, in 1952, one of the most successful MGB agents operating abroad, Joseph Grigulevich, trained to use special equipment to kill Yugoslav leader Josip Tito using sprayed plague bacilli.
Who are the victims? How many are there?
The 1st Special (later Accounting and Archive or “A”) Directorate of the NKVD-MGB was responsible for supplying “experimental subjects” to Mayranovsky’s laboratory. The selection for experiments among those sentenced to death in the Butyrka prison was carried out by the head (1941-1953) of this department, Arkady Gertsovsky, and several other employees of the MGB (I. Balishansky, L. Bashtakov, Kalinin, Petrov, V. Podobedov), in the Lubyanka prison - the commandant General Vasily Blokhin and his special assistant P. Yakovlev. The selection and delivery of “experimental subjects” to the laboratory took place in accordance with the instructions developed and signed by Petrov, Bashtakov, Blokhin, Mayranovsky and Shchegolev and authorized by Beria and Merkulov. Later this document was kept in Sudoplatov’s personal safe.
Difficult to specify total number died during the experiments: different sources give figures from 150 to 250. According to Colonel Bobrenev, some of the victims were criminals, but undoubtedly under the notorious Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. It is known that among the victims were German and Japanese prisoners of war, Polish citizens, Koreans, and Chinese. Colonel Bobrenev indicates that at least four German prisoners of war in 1944, and at the end of 1945, three more German citizens were provided for experiments. The last three were anti-fascist political emigrants who fled Nazi Germany; they died 15 seconds after the lethal injections. The bodies of two victims were cremated, the body of the third was brought to the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after. N.V. Sklifosovsky. A post-mortem examination showed that the deceased died of cardiac paralysis; Pathologists found no traces of poison. Japanese prisoners of war, officers and enlisted men, and arrested Japanese diplomats were used in experiments on the "candor problem."
To these victims we must add at least four more who became objects of political murders. In his address to the XXIII Congress Communist Party Sudoplatov wrote: “Inside the country, during the second half of 1946 and in 1947, 4 operations were carried out:
1. At the direction of Khrushchev, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of Ukraine, according to the plan developed by the Ministry of State Security of the Ukrainian SSR and approved by Khrushchev, in the city. Mukacheve was destroyed Romzha - head Greek Catholic Church, who actively resisted the joining of Greek Catholics to Orthodoxy.
2. On the instructions of Stalin, the Polish citizen Samet was destroyed in Ulyanovsk, who, while working as an engineer in the USSR, obtained owls. secret information about Soviet submarines, planning to leave the Soviet Union and transfer this information to the Americans.
3. In Saratov, the well-known enemy of the party, Shumsky, was destroyed, whose name - Shumkism - was the name of one of the movements among Ukrainian nationalists. Abakumov, giving the order for this operation, referred to the instructions of Stalin and Kaganovich.
4. In Moscow, on the orders of Stalin and Molotov, the American citizen Oggins was killed, who, while serving his sentence in a camp during the war, contacted the US Embassy in the USSR, and the Americans repeatedly sent notes asking for his release and permission to travel to the USA .
In accordance with the Regulations on the work of Special. Services approved by the government, orders to carry out the listed operations were given by the then Minister of State Security of the USSR Abakumov. Eitingon and I know well that Abakumov, for all these operations, is Special. Service of the USSR MGB, reported to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).”
In his memoirs, Sudoplatov is even more frank and proudly describes these murders in detail. The Sudoplatov-Eitingon team was involved in the abduction of the victim, while the murder was the “work” of Mairanovsky. Since Archbishop Romzha was in the hospital after a car accident organized by the local leadership of the MGB, Mairanovsky supplied the nurse, an MGB employee, who was on duty near the archbishop with curare poison. In Saratov, under the guise of a doctor, he also personally injected the poison curare into A. Shumsky, who was lying in the hospital. Polish citizen Samet, kidnapped on the streets of Ulyanovsk and interned since 1939, also died in the hands of Mayranovsky from curare injections. Isaac Oggins, American communist and Comintern veteran, worked as an NKVD agent in China and other countries in the mid-1930s Far East. In 1938, he arrived in the USSR with a fake Czech passport and was immediately arrested by NKVD officers. After the Second World War, his wife contacted the American Embassy in Moscow with a request to facilitate her husband’s release and departure to the United States. Oggins was “freed” with the help of Eitingon and Mairanovsky’s injection. Sudoplatov also mentions other cases when Eitingon (who spoke several languages fluently) invited foreigners to special MGB apartments in Moscow, where “Doctor” Mayranovsky was waiting for them for an “examination.” Sudoplatov never tired of repeating that all this happened on the direct orders of the top leadership of the CPSU (b) and members of the government.
Executioner's career
Start
The autobiography, a copy of which is kept in the Memorial archive, helps to reconstruct the stages of Mairanovsky’s career.
Grigory Moiseevich Mayranovsky was born in 1899, a Jew, studied at Tiflis University and then at the 2nd Moscow University medical institute, from which he graduated in 1923. Since 1928, he was a graduate student, a researcher and then a senior researcher at the Biochemical Institute. A.N. Bach, and in 1933-1935 he headed the toxicology department of the same institute; in addition, in 1934 he was appointed deputy director of this institute. In 1935, Mairanovsky moved to the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM), where until 1937 he was in charge of a secret toxicological special laboratory. In 1938-1940, he was a senior researcher in the department of pathology for the treatment of poisonous substances (poisonous substances) and at the same time began working in the NKVD system. From 1940 until his arrest (December 13, 1951), Mairanovsky devoted himself entirely to work in the “death laboratory.”
Judging by this biography, by the beginning of experiments on humans using mustard gas derivatives in Laboratory No. 1, Mairanovsky was a professional in working with toxic substances. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Soviet leadership was obsessed with the idea of chemical weapons and research on poisonous gases was carried out jointly with German experts on Soviet territory, near Samara. Head special school Tomka was built by German chemical warfare specialist Ludwig von Sicherer, and the first Soviet chemical weapons plant, Bersol, was built by German firms. In 1933, this cooperation ended, and Mayranovsky probably belonged to that generation of secret scientists who continued this work without German specialists.
In July 1940, at a closed meeting of the Academic Council of VIEM, Mairanovsky defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Biological Sciences. The dissertation was entitled “Biological activity of mustard gas interaction products with skin tissue during superficial applications.” Opponents - A.D. Speransky, G.M. Frank, N.I. Gavrilov and B.N. Tarusov - gave positive feedback. It is curious that the object of research - skin (whose?) - was not mentioned in the dissertation and did not raise questions among opponents. Later, during interrogations after his arrest, Mayranovsky was more frank. According to Colonel Bobrenev, Mairanovsky testified that he did not study the effect of mustard gas on the skin, but included in his dissertation data on the effect of mustard gas derivatives taken by “experimental subjects” in Laboratory No. 1 with food.
In 1964, in a letter addressed to the President of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Academician Nikolai Blokhin, Mairanovsky characterized the essence of his dissertation as follows: “The dissertation revealed some aspects of the mechanism of toxic effects on the body (pathophysiology and clinic of mustard gas). Based on research into the mechanism of action of mustard gas, I have proposed rational methods for treating mustard gas lesions. The toxic effect of mustard gas (slow action, a certain “incubation” period and latent nature of the action), extensive and general damage to the body (such as “chain” reactions) from relatively small quantities of the damaging substance have much in common with the damaging effect of malignant neoplasms on the body. These principles can also be applied to the treatment of certain malignant neoplasms.”
When reading these lines of a “humanistic doctor” thinking about the treatment of cancer, and knowing how information about the “pathophysiology and clinic of mustard gas” was obtained, I personally feel uneasy. After all, these were several years of “experiments”, during which Mayranovsky and his employees watched through a peephole in the cell door the suffering of the victims whom they poisoned with mustard gas compounds. It is curious that Academician Blokhin did not have such emotions and questions about how and on whom the data on the effects of mustard gas were obtained. He praised Mairanovsky’s work quite highly.
There was a hitch with the approval of Mayranovsky’s dissertation; the Plenum of the Higher Attestation Commission proposed that it be revised. The dissertation was submitted for the second time to the Higher Attestation Commission in 1943. It remains to be seen what new data Mairanovsky included in it and how many victims this data cost their lives. It seems that this time the approval occurred only with the active intervention of the director of VIEM, Professor N.I. Grashchenkov and academician A.D. Speransky, as well as under “pressure” from Deputy People’s Commissar of Security Merkulov. These minor difficulties did not prevent the Scientific Council of VIEM at a meeting on October 2, 1943 from awarding Mairanovsky the title of professor of pathophysiology. It is noteworthy that the vote was not unanimous, but with one vote against and two abstentions.
After the end of the war, Mayranovsky and two other laboratory employees were sent to Germany to track down German poison experts who were experimenting on people. Mairanovsky returned to Moscow convinced that the achievements of Nazi experts in this field were much less than those of the Soviets.
In 1946, Mayranovsky was removed from his post as head of the laboratory and, under the leadership of Sudoplatov and Eitingon, actively became involved in the activities of the DR Service as a killer.
| 21-36
Five experiments were carried out in the laboratory to observe diffraction using various diffraction gratings. Each of the gratings was illuminated by parallel beams of monochromatic light with a certain wavelength. In all cases, the light fell perpendicular to the grating. In two of these experiments, the same number of main diffraction maxima was observed. First indicate the number of the experiment in which a diffraction grating with a shorter period was used, and then the number of the experiment in which a diffraction grating with a larger period was used.
| Number experiment | Diffraction period | Wavelength incident light |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2d | |
| 2 | d | |
| 3 | 2d | |
| 4 | d/2 | |
| 5 | d/2 |
Solution.
The condition for the interference maxima of a diffraction grating has the form: The gratings will give the same number of maxima, provided that these maxima are observed at the same angles. From the table we find that in experiments 2 and 4 the same number of maxima is observed so that the smaller period of the grating at number 4, longer period for grating number 2.
Answer: 42.
Answer: 42
Source: Training work in physics 04/28/2017, option PH10503
The optical design consists of a diffraction grating and a screen located nearby parallel to it. A parallel beam of white light visible to the eye falls normally onto the grating.
Select the correct statement, if any.
A. This optical design allows you to observe a set of rainbow diffraction bands on the screen.
B. In order to obtain an image of diffraction maxima on the screen, it is necessary to install a collecting lens in the path of the light beam, in the focal plane of which there should be a diffraction grating.
1) only A
2) only B
4) neither A nor B
Solution.
The diffraction grating gives maxima in the directions specified by the condition where is the grating period, and is the order of the maximum. As you can see, this condition depends on the wavelength, so light of different frequencies is refracted by the diffraction grating slightly differently. This basically makes it possible to see the rainbow spectrum of light.
However, all rays corresponding to a certain maximum and a certain wavelength, after passing through the diffraction grating, propagate parallel to each other, thereby forming a parallel beam of light. Such a parallel beam cannot produce a clear image on a nearby screen, so Statement A for this optical system turns out to be incorrect. The situation would be saved by a converging lens, which must be positioned so that its focal plane coincides with the screen. As you know, a thin lens collects any parallel beam of light to a point located on the focal plane. However, Statement B proposes to place such a lens differently. Thus, we can conclude that B’s statement is also erroneous.
Answer: 4.
Answer: 4
Anton
Valentina Giesbrecht 16.06.2016 13:32
The text of the problem says “can be observed,” therefore the eyes are included in the experimental scheme. Then why is answer A incorrect?
Anton
"observe on the screen»
If you look with your eye, you will see a rainbow, but if you place a screen and look at it, then you will not.
Light with a wavelength of angstroms falls normally onto a diffraction grating. One of the main diffraction maxima corresponds to a diffraction angle of 30°, and the highest order of the observed spectrum is 5. Find the period of this grating.
Reference: 1 angstrom = 10 −10 m.
Solution.
The condition for observing the main maxima for a diffraction grating has the form In this problem, the unknown order of the main maximum corresponds to the diffraction angle so that where the grating period is unknown, and is an integer.
The highest order of the observed spectrum corresponds to the diffraction angle so that the grating period is equal to
Substituting this period value into the formula for the order of the diffraction maximum, we obtain The nearest integer greater than this value is 3, so the grating period is
Answer:
3) If you reduce the wavelength of the incident light, then the distance on the screen between the zero and first diffraction maxima will decrease.
4) If you replace the lens with another one, with a larger focal length, and position the screen so that the distance from the lens to the screen is still equal to the focal length of the lens, then the distance on the screen between the zero and first diffraction maxima will decrease.
5) If you replace the diffraction grating with another one, with a larger period, then the angle at which the first diffraction maximum is observed will increase.
Solution.
m. A beam of rays after a thin lens, according to the rules for constructing images in it, is collected at a point in the focal plane of the lens.
d, after that it's ok m a parallel beam of light is obtained, traveling at such an angle that the maximum order is determined by the relation:
If the wavelength of the incident light is increased, the maximum order of the observed diffraction maxima does not increase. 2 - incorrect.
If you reduce the wavelength of the incident light, then, according to the basic equation, this will lead to a decrease in the angles and, as a result, the distance between the first and zero maximum on the screen will decrease. 3 is correct.
If we replace the diffraction grating with a grating with a larger period, then, according to the basic equation, this will lead to a decrease in angles and, as a consequence, we will observe the first diffraction maximum on the screen at a smaller angle. 5 - incorrect.
Answer: 13.
Answer: 13|31
Which picture shows it correctly? mutual arrangement diffraction grating P, lens L and screen E, at which it is possible to observe the diffraction of a parallel beam of light C?
Solution.
The correct relative position is indicated in Figure 4. First, diffraction of light C must occur in the diffraction grating P. Having passed through the grating, the light will go several parallel beams corresponding to different diffraction maxima. Then it is necessary to collect these parallel beams in the focal plane, this is done by the collecting lens L. Finally, it is necessary to install a screen to observe the focused diffraction maxima on it (in the figure, different diffraction maxima are depicted in different colors for convenience).
Answer: 4.
Answer: 4
Light with an unknown wavelength falls normally onto a diffraction grating with a period and one of the main diffraction maxima corresponds to a diffraction angle of 30°. In this case, the highest order of the observed spectrum is 5. Find the wavelength of the light incident on the grating and express it in angstroms.
Reference: 1 angstrom = 10 −10 m.
Solution.
The condition for observing the main maxima for a diffraction grating has the form In this problem, the unknown order of the main maximum corresponds to the diffraction angle so that where the wavelength is unknown, and is an integer.
The highest order of the observed spectrum corresponds to the diffraction angle such that the wavelength is equal to or
Substituting this inequality for the wavelength into the formula for the order of the diffraction maximum, we obtain The nearest integer greater than this value is 3, so the wavelength is
Answer:
The figure shows four diffraction gratings. The diffraction grating numbered has the maximum period
Solution.
The minimum distance through which the lines on the grating are repeated is called the period of the diffraction grating. It can be seen from the figure that on the first and second gratings the strokes are repeated after three divisions, on the third - after two, and on the fourth - after four. Thus, diffraction grating number 4 has the maximum period.
Answer: 4
Answer: 4
The figure shows four diffraction gratings. The diffraction grating numbered has the minimum period
Solution.
The minimum distance through which the lines on the grating are repeated is called the period of the diffraction grating. It can be seen from the figure that on the first and second gratings the strokes are repeated after three divisions, on the third - after two, and on the fourth - after four. Thus, diffraction grating number 3 has the minimum period.
Answer: 3
Answer: 3
A diffraction grating having 1000 lines per 1 mm of its length is illuminated by a parallel beam of monochromatic light with a wavelength of 420 nm. The light falls perpendicular to the grating. Close to the diffraction grating, immediately behind it, there is a thin collecting lens. Behind the grating, at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens, parallel to the grating, there is a screen on which the diffraction pattern is observed. Choose two true statements.
1) The maximum order of the observed diffraction maxima is 2.
2) If the wavelength of the incident light is increased, the maximum order of the observed diffraction maxima will increase.
3) If you reduce the wavelength of the incident light, then the distance on the screen between the zero and first diffraction maxima will increase.
4) If you replace the lens with another one, with a larger focal length, and position the screen so that the distance from the lens to the screen is still equal to the focal length of the lens, then the distance on the screen between the zero and first diffraction maxima will not change.
5) If you replace the diffraction grating with another one, with a larger period, then the angle at which the first diffraction maximum is observed from the side of the screen will decrease.
Solution.
First, let's plot the path of parallel rays from the source, going through the diffraction grating and lens to the screen, where a spectrum of the order of m(for some one spectral line of mercury with wavelength ). A beam of rays after a thin lens, according to the rules for constructing images in it, is collected at a point in the focal plane of the lens.
According to the basic equation for the angles of deflection of light with a wavelength by a grating with a period d after that it's ok m a parallel beam of light is obtained, traveling at such an angle that the maximum order will be observed at:
If the wavelength of the incident light is increased, then the maximum order of the observed diffraction maxima does not change or decreases. 2 - incorrect.
If you reduce the wavelength of the incident light, this will lead to a decrease in the angle between the zero and first diffraction maxima and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the distance between the zero and first maximum on the screen. 3 - incorrect.
According to the rules for constructing rays in a converging lens, a lens with a large focal length will increase the distance between the zero and the first maximum. 4 - incorrect.
If you replace the diffraction grating with a grating with a larger period, this will lead to a decrease in the angle at which the first diffraction maximum is observed. 5 is correct.
Answer: 15.
Answer: 15
Five experiments were carried out in the laboratory to observe diffraction using various diffraction gratings. Each of the gratings was illuminated by parallel beams of monochromatic light with a certain wavelength. In all cases, the light fell perpendicular to the grating. First indicate the number of the experiment in which the smallest number of main diffraction maxima was observed, and then the number of the experiment in which the largest number of main diffraction maxima were observed.
| Number experiment | Diffraction period | Wavelength incident light |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2d | |
| 2 | d | |
| 3 | 2d | |
| 4 | d/2 | |
| 5 | d/2 |
Solution.
The condition for interference maxima of a diffraction grating has the form: In this case, the more, the less diffraction maxima will be visible. Thus, the smallest number of main diffraction maxima was observed in experiment number 5, and the largest - in experiment number 1.
Answer: 51.
Answer: 51
Source: Physics training work 04/28/2017, version PH10504
A monochromatic beam of light falls normally on a diffraction grating with a period, and behind the grating there is a lens, in the focal plane of which diffraction maxima are observed (see figure). The dots show the diffraction maxima, and the numbers indicate their numbers. Diffraction angles are small.
This diffraction grating is alternately replaced by other diffraction gratings - A and B. Establish a correspondence between the patterns of diffraction maxima and the periods of the diffraction gratings used.
| SCHEME OF DIFFRACTION MAXIMUM | PERIOD OF THE DIFFRACTION GRATING | |
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