All forms of pronouns in English. All pronouns in English with rules. Special cases of using personal pronouns in English

The pronoun is used instead of a noun to avoid repetition in speech. If you've just started learning English, you might be intimidated by the large number of pronouns. However, they are all divided into groups, each of which has its own functions. Check them out and you will never get confused in all the variety of English pronouns.

Types of pronouns in English

Let's take a closer look at the types of pronouns. Pronouns in English language are divided into the following groups:

In this article we will talk about the first four types of pronouns, because you cannot do without them even at the elementary level. If you are interested in a detailed description of each type, then you can always read our articles.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns ( Personal Pronouns) stand in place of the subject (the one who performs the action) in the sentence. Pronoun I(i) is always written with a capital letter. Pronoun you refers to the singular (you) and the plural (you). Let's look at the table:

I speak English well. – I I speak excellent English.

He is a student. – He student.

They are clever. – They smart.

Pronouns he And she used in relation to animate persons (people); it– in relation to inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals.

This group of English pronouns varies by case. If a pronoun is used as a subject (that is, it comes first in a sentence), then it is used in the nominative case. If a pronoun is used as an object (it comes after the verb), then it is used in the objective case. In English, the objective case corresponds to all cases of the Russian language, except the nominative. For example, “I” is the nominative case, and “me”, “me”, “about me” is the objective case. Please note that the form of the pronoun you coincides in the nominative and objective cases.

Listen to me! - Listen me!

I don't believe him. - I to him I do not believe.

They know you. - They know you.

I suggest watching the teacher's video Rebecca, where she talks about the differences in these two forms of pronouns.

Possessive pronouns

If someone owns something, they use possessive pronouns ( Possessive Pronouns). They serve as a definition of a noun and always come before it. In this case, the article is not used before the noun.

My book is on the shelf. – My book on the shelf.

His pen is blue. – His blue pen.

Their cars are fast. – Their the cars are fast.

Teacher Ronnie says English learners often get confused I And my, so I suggest watching the following video to understand the difference between these two forms.

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns in English ( Reflexive Pronouns) are used when a person or thing performs an action directed at itself. In Russian, they correspond to the pronouns “sam” and “yourself” or the particle - Xia at verbs. For example, “hurt someone” is a direct action aimed at someone, while “hurt Xia" – reflexive. And here are the forms of reflexive pronouns:

He cut himself. - He cut Xia.

I did it myself. - I myself did it.

I hope you didn't hurt yourself. - I hope you didn't hurt Xia.

And here another video from the teacher will come to our aid. Rebecca. It will help you figure out when to use these pronouns in English.

Demonstrative pronouns

From the name itself “demonstrative pronouns” ( Demonstrative Pronouns) it is clear that they will point to some object or face. Imagine that you are pointing your finger at someone or something, although they say it’s ugly to do that :-)

When one object is near us, they say this(this), and if the object is far away - that(That). For plural there are also two forms: objects close - these(these), objects are far away - those(those).

I think the picture will show how we should use these pronouns in English.

Although this is fairly simple material, I still suggest you watch a video from a native English teacher who will tell you about this phenomenon from his point of view.

Pronouns in English help avoid repetition, so their use in speech plays an important role. Do you want to check how well you have understood the material in our article? Then be sure to take our test!

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Pronouns in English

Do you want your speech to sound not only competent, but also concise and beautiful? This means you shouldn’t duplicate the same noun in every sentence. Try replacing it, especially since English grammar There is such a part of speech as a pronoun.

The Pronoun replaces a noun or adjective. Sometimes it is quite clear from the context who or what is being said, or maybe we need to point to a certain object or show that it belongs to someone. In these cases we use a pronoun.

Classification

The number of pronouns in the English language is quite large, which allows you to choose the right one based on the situation. But there is a small problem. How to understand everything? Remember? After all, some of them absolutely do not correspond to the Russian translation, and their use has so many peculiarities. But there is nothing complicated here. First, let's get acquainted with the classifications that you need to understand.

1. Personal or Personal. In another way, they can be called noun pronouns, which have two cases: nominative and objective: I - me, she - her, he - him, we - us, they - them. The first of them are used as the subject, the second as complements (corresponding to the Russian accusative case: me, him, them, us).

2. Possessive pronouns in English or Possessive Pronouns answer whose question? (whose?) and show who and what belongs. They also have two forms, which depend on the place in the sentence and the accompanying words: I - my, mine; he - his, his; she - her - hers; we - our, ours; you - your, yours; they - theirs, theirs.

3. Another group is distinguished reflexive , which are formed by adding the endings self (singular) or selves (plural) to personal pronouns. They can be translated as sam, sama, sami, or they can be expressed in Russian by the endings of the verb: defended Xia, hurt s.

4. K reciprocal pronouns include each other, one another.

5. Demonstrative or demonstrative pronouns in English they are called those that indicate a particular object, person, phenomenon, and correspond to Russian: those, these, that, this. This group has a number (singular and plural): this - these, that - those.

6. Interrogative Pronouns : who, whom, which, what, whose. They are used as nouns or adjectives. Depending on the context, they can stand together with prepositions.

7. To the category indefinite pronouns (Indefinite Pronoun) include: some, any, something, anything, somebody, something; one, no, none, nothing, nobody, no one, much, many, few, little, all, both, either, neither, each, every, other. How much! All of them belong to this group, since they do not indicate or designate something or someone specific, but convey the meaning of something unknown, vague, generalized.

Main characteristics and categories of English pronouns

The whole difficulty of studying this part of speech is that they cannot be lumped together with the same brush. After all, some of them have certain properties, and some do not.

• Number. Some pronouns have a number category: this - these (these), that - those (that - those). The rest can be characterized either only in the singular or in the plural.
• Case. Like nouns, some indefinite pronouns (somebody, anybody, nobody) can have a possessive case (a 's is added) and a general case. Personal ones can be in the nominative or objective cases (I - me). But the majority still do not accept this category.

English pronouns in a sentence

I would like to immediately note that they are very significant in any phrase. So, these parts of speech perform the functions:

1. Subject- come first (noun pronouns).

He is a shy boy with a lot of hang-ups. - He is a timid guy with many complexes.

2. Nominal part of the predicate- form one whole with the verb.

This car is mine. - This is my car.

3. Can act as a direct additions, indirect with and without preposition.

I haven't visited him today. But I am going to. - I didn't visit him today. But I'm going to. (Direct)

I didn't speak to him. — I didn’t talk to him (indirect with preposition).

Give me your skirt, please. - Give me your skirt, please (indirect without preposition).

4. Well, one more function is definition.

I can paint your house. — I can paint your house (whose?).

This is the basic information. All pronouns in English are used VERY often in speech, sometimes two or three at once, but of course different types. Therefore, carefully consider and analyze each case.

How important are personal pronouns in English? We can safely say that personal pronouns are the basis of any language, especially English.

If they didn't exist, even the most famous phrase I love you(Russian: I love you) could not exist! After all, it already contains two personal pronouns: I- Me and you- You.

The pronoun is one of the most terrifying masks man has invented.

The pronoun is one of the most terrifying masks created by man

Personal pronouns in English have many similarities with Russian pronouns: they also change according to gender, number, and even cases. But there are also pitfalls to be aware of when learning personal pronouns on your own.

Today we will tell you what personal pronouns are there in English, we will give examples of sentences and reveal all the secrets of their use.

Personal pronouns in English!

Comparative table of personal pronouns in the nominative and objective cases, English.

As you know from the Russian language course, personal pronouns replace a noun. These can be names of people, places or objects. Mostly, personal pronouns are used instead of a noun to avoid repetition and make speech easier.

We usually add personal pronouns to a sentence when the noun has been mentioned before, that is, when the reader or listener knows what we are talking about.

For example:

Liz bought a new car two months ago. She absolutely loves it.(Russian Liz bought the car two months ago. She is crazy about it)

In the second sentence She absolutely loves it two pronouns are used: personal pronoun she replaces proper name Liz, and the personal pronoun it used instead of a noun car .

Important!

Personal pronouns in English help avoid repeating the same noun over and over again in a story.

The noun that is replaced is called antecedent(eng. antecedent). If you know the antecedent, you can always choose the correct personal pronoun that agrees on numbers (singular or plural), persons (first, second or third), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and cases (nominative, objective, ).

Basic grammatical features of personal pronouns in English:

English personal pronouns have a singular ( I, he, it etc.) and plural ( we, they and etc.);

Personal pronouns in the English language change according to gender in the 3rd person singular: husband. ( he- he), female ( she-she), sr.( it-it);

• This type of pronoun varies by person: 1st person ( I,we), 2nd person ( you), 3rd person ( he, she, it, they)
• Personal pronouns in English have two cases: nominative ( he, she, we, they etc.) and object ( me, them, us and etc.).

But first things first. Let's first look at How do personal pronouns change in English? by persons, genders and numbers in various cases.

Personal pronouns in English: nominative case

English personal pronouns in the nominative case are called Subject Pronouns. Word subject the subject is translated into Russian, and in linguistics the term is used Subjective Case(Russian subject case).

The English subject case corresponds to the Russian nominative, which answers questions Who? So what? and acts as the subject of a sentence.

Therefore, English personal pronouns in the nominative case perform the function of the subject.

Pronouns I, we(Rus. I, we) are the first person singular and plural and are used on behalf of the speakers.

Remember!

Pronoun I(Russian я) is always written with a capital letter, regardless of its place in the sentence.

Pronoun you is the second person singular and plural and corresponds to the Russian pronouns “you”, “you”, “You” (polite form). This pronoun is used in relation to the interlocutor or interlocutors.

Quite a large number of people learning English from scratch are trying to use the English pronoun you with a singular verb, but this is incorrect. Even when addressing one interlocutor, personal pronoun you always bears the characteristic of the plural.

Compare:

You are a student(Russian: You are a student.)

You are students(Russian: You are students)

Pronouns he, she, it(Russian he. she, it) and they(Russian they) are representatives of the third person singular and plural.

As you probably already know, the verb is in the 3rd person singular. numbers (that is, when used with personal pronouns he, she, it) has a number of features in the formation of sentences in a number of other times.

Let's look at how personal pronouns are used in a sentence with examples.

Examples of sentences with personal pronouns in English with translation

Object case of personal pronouns in English

Objective case Objective Case) in English performs functions similar to those performed in Russian by other cases except the nominative.

Therefore, there are quite a few options for translating personal pronouns in the objective case into Russian, as you can see in the table.

Table of personal pronouns in the nominative case:

As you can see from the table, we can draw an analogy between pronoun her(objective case of personal pronoun she) in a sentence I see her with Russian accusative I see (who, what?) her.

English personal pronouns in the objective case often appear in sentences as direct or indirect object .

Compare:

I phoned him to congratulate him.(Russian: I called him to congratulate him), where is the pronoun him is a direct complement.

She apologized to me.(Russian: She apologized to me) - where is the pronoun (to) me used with a preposition and is an indirect object

Personal pronouns with prepositions in English

An example of the use of personal pronouns as subject, direct and indirect object in English

English personal pronouns in the subjective (nominative) case serve as the subject of a sentence.

For example:

I like your flowers.- I like your (your) flowers.

They are working in the garden.- They are working in the garden.

We go to the cinema.- We're going to the cinema.

But with personal pronouns in the objective case, not everything is so simple. Let's consider the main functions in the sentence of object pronouns in English, and with which Russian cases they are more similar.

• Object pronouns in English as direct object corresponds to the accusative case in Russian (whom? what?)

Doesn't love me(Russian: He loves me)

Do you know him?(Russian. Do you know him?)

I see her everywhere(Russian. I see her everywhere)

• Personal pronouns in the objective case can serve as non-prepositional indirect object and are similar to the Russian dative case, answering the question to whom? what?:

He have her book(Russian: He gave her a book)

Mary told us to choose a dish(Russian Mary told us to choose a dish)

• Sometimes English object pronouns perform role of the subject in short remarks, which is typical for spoken language, which is not entirely grammatically correct:

Who did it? - Not me! /Me(Russian. Who did this? - Not me! / I)

I am feeling tired - Me too(Russian: I'm very tired. - Me too)

• Combination of pronoun with preposition to corresponds to the dative case in Russian (to whom?) and performs the function indirect (indirect) object:

Show the book to him(Russian: Show the book to him)

I sent a letter to them(Russian: I sent a letter to them)

• Pronoun combination with prepositions by and with corresponds to the instrumental case in Russian (by whom? what?) and is indirect object:

This article was translated by her(Russian. This article was translated by her)

I want to go with you(Russian: I want to go with you/with you)

• After the words except(Russian except) and but(Russian except) only object pronouns should be used:

Nobody but him helped me(Russian. Nobody but him helped me.)

Everyone except me went home(Russian. Everyone except me went home.)

Personal pronouns in English: sentences with examples

Only I can change my life. No one can do it for me. (Russian: Only I can change my life. No one can do this for me).

In this section we will talk about the generally accepted rules for using personal pronouns in English.

When to use I and me, we and us, he and him, etc.

As we have already written, English pronouns are in the nominative case ( I, you, he, she, it, we, they) act as the subject.

They are typically used before a verb to show who is doing the action.

For example:

Peter complained to the chef about the meal.(Russian Peter complained to the chef about the dish.)

She wasn’t very helpful so he spoke to the manager.(Russian. She didn’t really help, so he turned to the manager)

In the second sentence the pronouns she And he indicate who directly performed the action (she didn’t help, he turned).

Pronouns in the objective case ( me, you, him, her, it, us, them) are additions. In a sentence they are usually used after a verb or preposition.

Also, they can be used as short answers, mainly in colloquial speech.

For example:

A: Where’s the knife? I can't find it(Russian. Where is the knife? I can’t find it)

B: It is in the drawer.(Russian: He is in the box)

In the first sentence pronoun it used in the objective case, and is the object on which the action is performed (I can’t find it=knife). In the second sentence this is the same pronoun it is in the nominative case and is the subject (He = knife in the drawer)

Examples of using personal pronouns in English

Personal pronouns he, she, it

Personal pronouns he, she, it are representatives of a third party singular, and determine the form of feminine, masculine and neuter gender.

Nowadays in colloquial speech you can notice the use of several pronouns, a kind of “neutral form”, if the speaker is not sure about a person’s belonging to a certain gender, for example: he or she, he/she, s/he, (s)he.

For example:

The bank manager could help with your problem. He or she will probably be able to give you a loan.(Russian: The bank manager can help you. He or she will probably be able to give you a loan.)

It is necessary to remember some features of the use of the pronoun “it” in English.

Personal pronoun it defines objects and is often translated as “he/she” in Russian. The English pronoun it denotes not only inanimate objects, but often even animals.

Pronoun it often used in impersonal sentences when there is no subject:

gives an assessment of some action, for example: It is important to know this(Russian. It is important to know this);

indicates space and time: It is 10 km to the airport(Russian: 10 km to the airport), It is 10 o"clock now.(Russian: It’s 10 o’clock now.)

• indicates the weather: It is getting dark(Russian: It’s getting dark)

Example sentences with pronouns he, she, it

Using it and that, it and this

Many English language learners are interested in how sentences like this differ This is a pen from It is a pen, since both sentences are translated This is a pen.

Difference in usage this and it often underestimated, since many believe that there is no difference and “they will understand you either way.” But it's not that simple...

Pronoun this

when refers to a person, thing or thing that is spoken of or which is nearby or implied or has recently been mentioned: These are my pens(Russian. These are my hands)

• when indicating something that is being researched or discussed nearby or is currently being explored: This is iron and that is tin.(Russian: This is iron, and that is tin)

Pronoun it used in the following cases:

when identifying an inanimate object: Took a quick look at the house and noticed it was very old(Russian: I looked at the house and noticed that it was old)

refers to a person or animal whose sex is unknown or irrelevant: I don't know who it is(Russian. I don’t know who it is)

• defines a group of people or things, or an abstract entity: Beauty is everywhere and it is a source of joy.(Russian: Beauty is everywhere and it is a source of admiration)

Remember!

Definitive pronoun this used in relation to a person or thing that is being spoken about, which is implied or which will be discussed later, while personal pronoun it usually refers to an inanimate thing, or is used in relation to a person, thing, idea, etc., taken in a more abstract way.

There are other special uses pronouns it and that in English.

1. Pronoun this used as a definition and comes before a noun:

This cat is black(Russian. This cat is black).

Pronoun It cannot be used in this function.

2. Pronoun it used in impersonal sentences as a formal subject that is not translated:

It is dark(Russian: Dark).

If you use in this sentence this, there will be no error, but the meaning will change, since now the sentence is not impersonal, but personal, in which this will be translated because it replaces the above noun: This is my room and that is yours. This (one) is dark and that (one) is not.(Russian. This is my room, and that one is yours. Mine (this room) is dark, but yours (that room) is not)

3. Pronoun it can also be a substitute word for the above-mentioned noun and act as a subject and as an object:

This is a cat. This cat is black = It is black(Russian. This is a cat. This cat is black. = She is black)

I will take this (book) not that (one)(Russian. I buy this book, but not that one). The semantic emphasis on this particular book is this, and not on that one - that .

I will take it.(Russian: Buying/Taking), semantic emphasis on taking – will take

Choice it or this V in this case depends on what task the speaker faces:

nessesary to use this, if you need to point to a specific object in the field of view or highlight this object against the background of other “distant” objects;

• nessesary to use it, if you need to generalize without transferring the semantic load to the addition, as if we said: “everything that you already know from the previous sentence, so I won’t be specific.”

4. Pronoun it used in intensifying sentences as a formal subject:

Roll call response: It's me (I)(Russian: I / Here / I am present)

Answer to the question Who's there? when knocking on the door: It's me, Tom!(Russian: I / It's me, Tom)

In fact, these sentences are intensifying: It is I who has been called over. It is I, Tom, who has knocked at your door.(Russian. It’s me, the one you called. It’s me, the one who knocked on the door.) In this function this cannot be used.

Also, one of the differences between the pronouns under consideration is that this introduces new information (rheme), and it– known information (topic), therefore this always translated, but it- No.

Another significant difference is that the word it used in expressions related to time and weather, as well as in some fixed expressions, for example:

It's five past twelve(Russian: Time is five minutes past twelve)

It often rains in our region(Russian: It often rains in our region)

It isn’t easy to believe him again(Russian: It's not easy to trust him again)

Using the pronoun they

Pronoun they used to identify people, animals and objects in the plural.

Also, pronoun they refers to institutions, authorities, or groups of people in general.

Example sentences with the pronoun they

Special cases of using personal pronouns in English

In colloquial speech, the rules for using personal pronouns in English may not be followed. The picture shows the inscription I do. Me too instead of I do. So do I.

Using personal pronouns in informal conversation

• You and me or you and I?

Sometimes there is a difficult choice between: You and me or you and I? It seems that both options sound familiar and correct. But in fact, one option is correct (and therefore standard), and the second is grammatically incorrect, but still used in informal speech.

To determine the correct option, look at which part of the sentence this combination is: subject or object:

You and I will work tomorrow

(Russian: You and I will work tomorrow)

Now take it away you and we get: I will work tomorrow(Russian: I will work tomorrow) or Me will work tomorrow(Russian: I will be working tomorrow)

The second sentence is incorrect because the object pronoun me cannot be a subject. However, in informal conversation, you can hear You and me will work tomorrow, even though it is grammatically incorrect.

Another example:

They invited you and I

They invited you and me(Russian: They invited you and me)

Now let's remove the pronoun you :

They invited I(Russian: They invited me)

They invited me(Russian: They invited me)

Here the second sentence is correct because subject pronoun I cannot be an addition.

• Personal pronouns after “Than” and “As”

The correct grammatical form is the use of personal pronouns in the nominative case followed by auxiliary verb:

You are taller than I am(Russian: You are taller than me)

I earn as much money as he does

However, quite often a simple pronoun in the objective case is used; this option is simply considered typical for a colloquial, informal style:

You are taller than me(Russian: You are taller than me)

I earn as much money as him(Russian: I earn as much money as he does)

• Using personal pronouns in short answers

An object pronoun cannot be the subject of a sentence, but such use can be found after verb to be in short answers:

Who is there? - (It is) me!(Russian. Who's there? - (It's) me)

Who gave you this? - (It was) him.(Russian. Who gave you this? - (It was) him)

• “Omitting” a personal pronoun

Sometimes, a personal pronoun next to an auxiliary verb can be omitted in colloquial speech.

Don't know = I don't know(Russian: I don’t understand = I don’t understand)

Just kidding = I am just kidding(Russian: I'm kidding = I'm kidding)

Understand? = Do you understand?(Russian: Got it? = Do you understand?)

When are personal pronouns not used?

One of the features of personal pronouns is that they are not used after infinitive constructions if the subject and object are the same person:

This phone is easy to use (it).(Russian. This phone is easy to use.)

You are easy to understand (you).(Russian. You are easy to understand.)

But, the pronoun should be used if the impersonal pronoun it begins:

It is easy to understand you.(Russian: You are easy to understand)

Video about English personal pronouns

If there was anything unclear to you in our article, we recommend watching a video about personal pronouns in English.

Video on Personal Pronouns

Instead of a conclusion:

Pronouns help replace a person or thing, you need to be extremely careful not to confuse them, because this can confuse the listener or completely change the meaning of the sentence.

However, due to the fact that grammatically English personal pronouns They are very similar to Russian ones; their study and use does not cause serious problems.

We hope that after reading this article you will be able to use personal pronouns in English with ease!

Exercises on personal pronouns in English

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the personal pronoun:

Sample: Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her?

“Do you know that man?’ “Yes, I work with _ .’

Where are the tickets? I can't find_.

I can't find my keys. Where are _?

We're going out. You can come with _.

Margaret likes music. _ plays the piano.

I don't like dogs. I'm afraid of _ .

I"m talking to you. Please listen to _.

Where is Ann? I want to talk to_.

My brother has a new job. He doesn’t like _ very much.

In contact with

From this article you will learn what types of pronouns in English exist, as well as how to use them correctly. Let's divide all the material on pronouns into 2 parts: for beginners(level 1) and for those who continue(level 2).

Table No. 1. Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns

All pronouns are connected and have initial form , which is also the main one - this is the first column of the table.

Let's start studying English pronouns with the most important pronouns: personal and possessive.

Pronouns in English

Part 1. Pronouns in English for beginners

1. Personal pronouns. Personal and Objective Pronouns

Personal pronouns can be in the nominative and objective case (see table No. 2)

1. The pronoun in the nominative case ONLY performs the function of the subject, so let’s call it subject pronoun. It answers the question in the nominative case: who? (What?)

2. The pronoun in the objective case performs the function of a complement in a sentence, let’s call it object pronoun. It answers the questions of indirect cases: whom? to whom? whom? by whom? about whom?

Pronouns - Objects are sometimes called Objective Pronouns.

Table 2. Personal pronouns in the nominative and objective cases.

EXAMPLE. He met him near the cinema. He(who?) met (who?) his near the cinema.

2. Possessive pronouns. Possessive pronouns

Each personal pronoun has a corresponding possessive pronoun that answers the question Whose? -Whose?

Basic form of the possessive pronoun used in cases where it is followed by the noun it defines.

EXAMPLE. This is my book, and that is your book. This my book, and that one - yours book.

Independent form of pronoun used when the defined noun is omitted to avoid repetition.

3. Interrogative pronouns. Wh-words

Part 2. Pronouns in English for advanced students

We just have to study reflexive and relative pronouns. As for reflexive pronouns, they are not so common and play a rather minor role. Knowing relative pronouns is important! They are used in composing complex sentences and writing various types written works.

4. Reflexive pronouns. Reflexive Pronouns or Self-pronouns

Reflexive pronouns correspond to Russian pronouns himself, by himself, to himself, as well as return particles -sya (sya), added to a series of verbs.

1. Pronoun (the pronoun) is a part of speech that is used instead of a noun or. The pronoun indicates a person, objects, their characteristics, quantity, but does not name them.

2. Pronouns can be used in a sentence in the following functions:

• In function subject:

Examples:She is a teacher. - She is a teacher.

• In function nominal part of the predicate:

Examples: The violet dress is hers. - Her purple dress.

• In function additions:

Examples: Show me the book. - Show me the book.

• In function definitions:

Examples: I can't find my wallet. - I can't find my wallet.

3. Pronouns used as subjects, nominal parts of predicates and objects are pronouns-nouns, since they perform syntactically the functions of a noun. And the pronouns used in the defining function are pronouns-adjectives, since they perform the syntactic function of an adjective.
Very often the same pronouns can act as noun pronouns and adjective pronouns.

Examples:This is a folding umbrella. - This is a folding umbrella. (Pronoun-noun, serves as subject)
I'll take this umbrella - I'll take this umbrella. (Pronoun-adjective, serves as a definition)

4. In English, some pronouns have singular forms ( this– singular) and plural ( these– plural). Others are just one common form for singular and plural ( all- all, everything, whose– whose, whose). And third pronouns have the meaning of only one number - singular ( every– each) or plural ( both- both).

5. Some pronouns in English have common case forms ( somebody– general case) and possessive case ( somebody's- possessive). Others have nominative case forms ( he– nominative case) and objective case ( him– objective case). And third pronouns (the majority of them) do not have case forms ( each, every- every, all- everything, everything, what- what, which, both- both).

Groups of pronouns in English