1st Russian Revolution 1905 1907. Causes, stages, course of the revolution. Bread was consumed almost three times less than overseas

The events that took place in Russia in 1905-1907 are usually called the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution. Relatively speaking, this revolution is the initial stage of preparation for a larger event in the history of the Russian people - the revolution of 1917. The events of these years revealed the wounds that had been ripening under the auspices of the absolute monarchy, outlined the path of development of events in history, and outlined the socio-historical conflict that was brewing among the people.

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The events of this era are preceded by several unresolved conflicts in the social structure of the empire. Let's figure out what was the task of the first Russian revolution. The most important reasons can be identified which were the catalyst for unrest in society:

Most of the country's population did not have political freedoms.
The abolition of serfdom in 1861 essentially remained on paper. The peasant class never experienced any special privileges.
Difficult work of workers in factories and factories.
The war with the Japanese weakened Russian Empire. The war will be discussed separately, since many historians believe that it was it that contributed to the reactionary unrest.
Oppression of national minorities in a multinational country. Any multinational country sooner or later comes to a civil war to defend its rights and freedoms.

At the initial stages, the revolution did not pursue the goals of armed confrontations. Its main goal is to limit the power of the king. There was no talk of even overthrowing the monarchy. The people politically and mentally could not exist without a king. Historians unanimously call all the events of this period preparations for larger scale events. historical events- February and October revolutions.

Any war, any unrest necessarily has a clear financial trace at its core. It cannot be said that priest Gapon rose up the masses to fight the autocracy, without having huge amounts of money, which were poured like oil into the fire to ignite modernization sentiments. And here it is appropriate to say that the Russo-Japanese War was going on. It would seem, what is the connection between these events? However, this is where we should look for that financial catalyst. The enemy is interested in weakening the enemy from within. And what, if not a revolution, can quickly ignite enemy forces, and then just as quickly extinguish them. Need I add that with the end of this war, the revolutionary unrest subsided.

IN national history It is customary to divide the movements of this period into three stages:

Beginning (01.1905 - 09.1905);
Takeoff (10.1905 - 12.1905);
The fading of unrest (10.1906 – 06.1907).

Let us consider the events of these periods in more detail. This is important for understanding the course of the revolutionary movement.

Start

In January 1905, several people were fired at the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg. This caused indignation among the workers. On January 3, under the leadership of the previously mentioned priest Gapon, a strike begins. It is she who will represent the prototype of the country's first revolution. The strike lasted only a week. The result of the confrontation was a petition to the monarch, which included several main points:

In essence, these are absolutely normal requirements of an adequate democratic society. But there is no need to talk about this in a country with an autocratic monarchy. There is no call for the overthrow of the tsar, there is still no that same slogan “down with the tsar”, there are no instructions to take up arms. All requirements are as loyal as possible. However, the tsarist authorities accepted this petition as an encroachment on their person and the foundations of autocratic power.

January 9, 1905 is called Bloody Sunday. On this day, people gather a crowd of 140 thousand and begin moving towards the Winter Palace. By order of the tsar, the crowd was shot, and this was the first wrong step of the monarch, for which years later he would pay with his life and the life of the entire royal family. Bloody Sunday 1905 can briefly be called the detonator of all subsequent revolutionary movements in Russia.

On January 19, 1905, Nicholas II speaks to the rebels, where he says in plain text that he forgives those who went against the tsar. However, if the situation with discontent repeats, the tsarist army, as on January 9, will use force and weapons to suppress the uprising.

Between February and March 1905, worker and peasant riots and strikes began in many counties. Until the end of September, various uprisings break out throughout the empire and beyond. So, on May 12, in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, a strike and strikes began at a textile factory under the management of the Bolshevik M. Frunze. Workers demand a reduction in the working day from 14 hours to 8 hours, decent level salaries (paid no more than 14 rubles), abolition of fines. The strike lasted 72 days. As a result, on June 3, demonstration executions took place. Famine and rampant disease (especially tuberculosis) forced workers back to the machines.

It should be mentioned that all these strikes gave the first result - in July, by order of the authorities, all workers' wages were increased. On August 31 – July 1, a congress of the peasant union took place.

Then the tsarist government commits a second offense: at the end of July - beginning of August, mass repression, arrests and exile to Siberia. At this point, the first stage of the 1905 revolution can be considered completed. A beginning had been made, and then the revolution began to gain strength and power.

Takeoff

The events of this period are often called the all-Russian strike. Historians associate this name with the fact that on September 19, in the central newspapers of Moscow, editors published information about the need for a number of changes in the political and economic structure of the country. These articles received active support from Moscow workers and railway workers. Major riots begin throughout the empire.

Strikes take place almost simultaneously countrywide. 55-60 involved major cities. The first ones begin to form political parties- Councils of People's Workers' Deputies. Calls for the overthrow of the king are heard everywhere. The tsarist government begins to gradually lose control over the ongoing mass unrest. On October 17, 1905, Nicholas II was forced to sign the manifesto “On the Improvement of State Order.” There are several important points in this document:

Democratic freedoms are proclaimed. All people have personal integrity and receive civil rights granted by law.
All classes of society are admitted to the State Duma.
All laws of the country can be adopted only through their approval in the State Duma.

From these provisions of the manifesto it becomes clear that autocracy as a form of power no longer has an absolute. From this moment until 1917, the form of government in Russia can be called a constitutional monarchy.

According to the convictions of the tsarist authorities, the manifesto was supposed to give the revolutionaries what they demanded, and the revolution was supposed to eradicate itself, because for this the demands of the will of the people were fulfilled. But the miracle did not happen.

The fact is that the manifesto was perceived by the existing political parties as an attempt by the tsar to suppress the uprisings. The people's leaders do not believe in the power of the manifesto and in the guarantor of its implementation. Instead of dying down, the revolution begins to gain new strength.

The October 17 Manifesto is a very important document in the history of Russia. It was with him that the formation of parliamentarism began in Russia and the first political parties were created. Anti-government camp from the general gray mass begins to split into three powerful currents, which in the foreseeable future will enter the battle of the Civil War, where brother will go with a gun against brother.

The liberal bourgeoisie stands out, which consists of the bourgeois intelligentsia and zemstvo liberals. The Mensheviks stand out - a social democratic layer that claims that revolution is useless.

In their opinion, the revolution must be stopped, since the country is not yet ready to accept socialism. And, finally, the Bolshevik Social Democrats, who advocate the socialization of society and the overthrow of the tsarist government.

These are the main three currents of antagonists of the tsarist regime. And if the first two camps are passive in relation to the tsar and even come to his defense, then the Bolshevik socialist camp advocates radical reforms, where there is no place for monarchy, much less autocracy.

On December 7, 1905, at the call of the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies, a strike of workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg began. On December 10, the authorities try to suppress the uprising with weapons. The fighting goes on for a week. Barricades are formed, workers seize entire city blocks. On December 15, the Semenovsky regiment arrives in Moscow and begins mass shelling of the protesters. As a result, on December 19, the unrest was crushed by the tsarist army.

During the same period, strikes took place in large cities. and regions throughout the country. As a result, many cities now have squares and streets with the names of the events of 1905-1907.

Fading unrest

The amount of unrest is decreasing and gradually disappearing. On February 2, 1906, the Tsar signed a decree on the formation of the State Duma. The Duma is created for a period of 5 years, but Nikolai still has the right to dissolve it ahead of schedule and form a new one, which, in fact, is what he did.

On April 23, 1906, based on the results of revolutionary changes and the signed manifesto, a new set of laws was published. In November of the same year, the tsar issued a decree allocating land plots to peasants.

What did the first Russian revolution lead to?

Despite mass unrest, many executions, exiles, the country’s way of life has not changed radically. For this reason, the events of 1905-1907 are called preparation or rehearsal for the 1917 revolution.

Autocracy, previously unrestrained by anything, has now turned into a semblance of a constitutional monarchy - the State Council and the State Duma appear. The poorest segments of the population receive certain rights and freedoms guaranteed by law. Thanks to the strikes, the working day was reduced to 8-9 hours, and the salary level was slightly increased. And finally, since 1861, the peasants received the land into their own hands. In fact, it was the first Russian revolution reforms political system countries.

Despite the positive changes, there is a point that the level of social security after these events decreased, corruption flourished, and the monarch continued to sit on the throne. It is a little illogical that after massive bloodshed and casualties, the way of life remained the same. It seems that what they fought for was what they ran into. Be that as it may, this stage in Russian history was the start of the 1917 revolution. The collective consciousness changed, the strength of the people was felt. This revolution was simply necessary so that 10 years later history would develop.

The main results of the revolution were: a change in the form of government in Russia, it became a constitutional (limited) monarchy; weakening the landowners and improving the lives of the peasants; improving workers' living standards; the national outskirts received representation in the Duma; permission for the legal activities of political parties, trade unions, and the press.

One of the main results of the revolution of 1905-1907. Changes have appeared in the mentality of the people. Patriarchal Russia was replaced by revolutionary Russia. The people gained experience in the struggle for freedom and democracy.

Some workers received voting rights. The proletariat was given the opportunity to form trade unions, and workers no longer bore criminal liability for participating in strikes.

The working day in many cases was reduced to 9-10 hours, and in some even to 8 hours. During the revolution, workers achieved a 12-14% increase in wages. A system of collective agreements between workers and entrepreneurs was introduced, and the procedure for organizing work and rest was regulated.

The created State Duma, despite its limited rights, still provided some opportunity for legal democratic propaganda. Tsarism had to come to terms with the existence in the country of such elements of bourgeois democracy as a multi-party system. Russian society has achieved recognition of fundamental individual rights (however, not in full and without guarantees of their observance).

Changes also occurred in the village: the government was forced to begin agrarian reform, redemption payments were cancelled, landlord arbitrariness was reduced, the rental and sale price of land decreased; peasants were equal to other classes in the right to movement and residence, admission to universities and the civil service. Officials and police did not interfere in the work of peasant gatherings.

However, the main agrarian question was never resolved: the peasants did not receive land.

The revolution of 1905 affected not only Russia, but also stirred up the peoples of the East. Revolutionary events and clashes between the masses and the authorities took place in Asian countries.

Revolution 1905-1907 did not solve the main problems of political and social economic development, but pushed Russia into a period of development in all spheres of society.

The Role of the Revolution

The first Russian revolution, having raised the broadest masses of the people (8) to fight, became a school of political education for workers and peasants. The revolution showed all classes of Russian society in action and allowed the working people to identify their friends and enemies.

Russia got a chance to move from an autocratic form of government to a constitutional monarchy and liberalization of the political regime.

One of the most important results of the revolution was the opportunity to create legal parties based on the manifesto “On Improving Public Order.” The liberal parties Constitutional Democratic (leader P.N. Milyukov) and “Union of October 17” (leader A.I. Guchkov) are created; monarchical (Black Hundred) organizations are formed - “Union of the Russian People” (leader A.I. Dubrovin), Russian Monarchist Party, etc.

Also, one of the most important results of the revolution was the main direction of Stolypin’s activity, the introduction of agrarian reform. And on November 9, 1906, the tsar approved the decree proposed by Stolypin, which began agrarian reform. Its main content was the destruction of the peasant community and giving the peasants the right to decide their own future fate. To eliminate the land shortage of peasants, Stolypin proposed to begin a large-scale resettlement of everyone who needed land to the eastern regions of the country, where there were vast uninhabited spaces. To support the settlers, it was planned to provide them with loans through the Peasant Bank and provide assistance in land development. In addition to agrarian reform, Stolypin developed projects for social reform (it was supposed to somewhat soften the situation of workers), restructuring the education system (it was supposed to ensure universal elementary education), adjustments to national policy (the introduction of zemstvo self-government in the western provinces), etc. However, Stolypin was not destined to fulfill his plans. In September 1911, he died in Kyiv at the hands of a terrorist. Many of his undertakings disappeared along with him.

During the revolution of 1905-1907, the foundations were laid for the creation, under the leadership of the proletariat, of a united revolutionary front of the oppressed peoples of Russia. The revolution weakened the liberal bourgeoisie as a political force, depriving it of a significant portion of its reserves and, above all, the peasantry. The revolution confirmed the correctness of the Bolshevik strategic plan developed by V.I. Lenin. It proved that the role of leader of the working class and all working people can only be fulfilled by a revolutionary Marxist party - a party of a new type.

The revolution of 1905-1907 had a huge impact on the development of the international revolutionary movement; the revolution raised the proletarian movement throughout the world to a new, higher level. Under its powerful influence, a powerful wave of strikes and strikes swept through all the countries of Western Europe.

At the beginning of the 20th century. A total of more than 150 political parties were created - all-Russian, regional and national. The basis for their legalization arose with the publication of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, which proclaimed the freedom to form unions and hold meetings. The growth of liberal parties was facilitated by election campaigns to the State Duma, and radical parties by mass popular uprisings.

The process of formation of the Russian multi-party system had specific features.

Firstly, political parties arose in Russia much later than in the advanced countries of Western Europe and America, where the process of the genesis of party movements and organizations was associated with the struggle of the nascent bourgeoisie against the feudal-absolutist system, which began in the 17th century.

Secondly, the sequence of the emergence of parties was different. IN Western Europe first of all arose conservative parties, then - liberal and only then - socialist. The order of their emergence was determined by the evolution of European capitalism: conservative parties expressed the interests of large farmers and traders of the pre-industrial era, liberal parties expressed the interests of the industrial, financial and commercial bourgeoisie associated with the development of industry, proletarian parties appeared in conditions of aggravated contradictions in bourgeois society. In Russia, where large capitalist industry coexisted with the remnants of feudalism, parties with a socialist orientation were the first to emerge, then liberal parties and others appeared. finally, conservative.

Thirdly, the organizers and leaders of the parties were a specifically Russian social stratum - the intelligentsia, which consisted of representatives of different classes. Most parties sought to present themselves as supra-class, national, expressing the general needs of the country's development, which was reflected in their names. Thus, the Cadet Party called itself the “people's freedom party.” Meanwhile, a typical feature of the Russian multi-party system was confrontation, which manifested itself in the relationships of parties among themselves and with the authorities.

The emergence of the Russian parliament took place in Russia under specific conditions and had its own characteristics:

the belated formation of the parliamentary system compared to that in Western Europe (in England in 1265, in France in 1302)
The prerequisites for the formation of parliament in Russia were the development of the zemstvo movement and the emergence of the so-called liberal zemstvo
the formation of the party system in Russia begins
the development of revolutionary events and failures in foreign policy (defeat in the Russo-Japanese War) forced the autocracy to make decisions to renew the monarchy

The development of the bill on the establishment of the State Duma was entrusted to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin. In July 1905, he presented a project for the creation of a supreme legislative advisory representative body (the so-called Bulygin Duma).

It was envisaged that the Duma would discuss laws, estimates of ministries and main departments, state revenues and expenses, and matters regarding the construction of railways. The procedure for elections to the Duma was established: by provinces and regions and large cities. Elections in the outskirts were to be carried out on the basis of special rules. The government's political maneuver was designed to attract monarchist and conservative forces and, above all, the peasantry. The high electoral qualification deprived workers, a significant part of the urban population, landless peasants and farm laborers from participating in elections. However, the Bulygin Duma was boycotted by the overwhelming majority of the Russian population. The revolution spread in breadth and depth, involving new groups of workers in the struggle, penetrated into the army and navy, and by the autumn of 1905 it reached its climax.

The complex and contradictory nature of the country's socio-economic and political development led to the emergence of a revolutionary crisis.

Causes of the revolution

1. economic:

the contradiction between the capitalist modernization that has begun in the country and the preservation of pre-capitalist forms of economy (landownership, commune, land shortage, agricultural overpopulation, handicraft industry);
the global economic crisis of the early 20th century, which had a particularly hard impact on the Russian economy

2. social:

a complex of contradictions that have developed in society both as a result of the development of capitalism and as a result of its immaturity

3. political:

crisis at the top, the struggle between reformist and reactionary lines in the government, failures in the Russo-Japanese War, activation of leftist forces in the country
aggravation of the socio-political situation in the country due to defeat in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

4. national:

complete political lack of rights, lack of democratic freedoms and a high degree of exploitation of workers of all nations

The alignment of socio-political forces on the eve of the revolution was represented by three main directions:

conservative, government direction

The basis is a significant part of the nobility and high officials. There were several movements - from reactionary to moderate or liberal-conservative (from K. P. Pobedonostsev to P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky).

The program is the preservation of the autocratic monarchy in Russia, the creation of a representative body with legislative functions, the protection of the economic and political interests of the nobility, the expansion of the social support of the autocracy at the expense of the big bourgeoisie and the peasantry. The authorities were ready to undertake reforms, but they waited, hesitated, and could not choose a specific model;

liberal direction

The basis is the nobility and bourgeoisie, as well as part of the intelligentsia (professors, lawyers). Liberal-conservative and moderate-liberal currents were distinguished. The main organizations were the “Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists” by I. I. Petrunkevich and the “Union of Liberation” by P. B. Struve.

The program is to ensure democratic rights and freedoms, abolish the political monopoly of the nobility, dialogue with the authorities and implement reforms “from above”;

radical democratic direction

The basis was the radical intelligentsia, who sought to express the interests of the working class and peasantry. The main parties were the Socialist Revolutionary Party (AKP) and the RSDLP.

The program is the destruction of autocracy and landownership, the convening of the Constituent Assembly, the proclamation of the Democratic Republic, the solution of the agrarian, labor and national Polls in a radical democratic way. They defended the revolutionary Model of transformation “from below”.

Tasks of the revolution

overthrow of the autocracy and establishment of a democratic republic
elimination of class inequality
introduction of freedom of speech, assembly, parties and associations
abolition of landownership and distribution of land to peasants
reduction of working hours to 8 hours
recognition of the right of workers to strike and the creation of trade unions
establishing the equality of the peoples of Russia

Wide sections of the population were interested in the implementation of these tasks. Participating in the revolution were: most of the middle and petty bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, workers, peasants, soldiers, and sailors. Hollow It was nationwide in its goals and composition of participants and had a bourgeois-democratic character. The revolution lasted 2.5 years (from January 9, 1905 to June 3, 1907). In the development of the revolution, two lines can be distinguished, ascending and descending.

Rising line (January - December 1905) - the growth of the revolutionary wave, the radicalization of demands, the massive nature of revolutionary actions. The range of forces advocating the development of the revolution is extremely wide - from liberals to radicals.

Main events: Bloody Sunday, January 9 (Gapon, petition from a documentary book) - shooting of a workers’ demonstration in St. Petersburg; January-February - a wave of strike movement in the country, intensification of Socialist Revolutionary terror; May - formation of the first workers' council in Ivanovo-Voznesensk; spring-summer - activation of the peasant movement, “fire epidemic”, 1st congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union, beginning of actions in the army and navy (June - uprising on the battleship Potemkin); autumn is the peak of the revolution: the All-Russian October political strike, the adoption of the Tsar's Manifesto on October 17 (democratic rights and freedoms are proclaimed in Russia, elections to the State Duma are guaranteed), liberals move to open criticism of the authorities, who form their own political parties (cadets and Octobrists). After October 17, liberals move away from the revolution and enter into dialogue with the authorities. Radical left forces, not satisfied with the Manifesto, are trying to ensure the further development of the revolution. But the balance of power in the country is already in favor of the authorities. The December armed uprising in Moscow was defeated, led to bloodshed and was considered premature by many revolutionaries.

The downward line of the revolution (1906 - June 3, 1907) - the authorities take the initiative into their own hands. In the spring, “Basic State Laws” are adopted, consolidating the change in the political system (Russia is being transformed into a “Duma” monarchy), and elections to the 1st and 2nd State Dumas are held. But the dialogue between the authorities and society turned out to be unproductive. The Duma actually did not receive legislative powers.

On June 3, 1907, with the dissolution of the Second Duma and the publication of a new electoral law, the revolution ends.

The revolution forced Nicholas II to sign the Manifesto “On the Improvement of State Order” on October 17, which proclaimed:

granting freedom of speech, conscience, assembly and association
attracting large sections of the population to elections
mandatory procedure for approval by the State Duma of all laws issued

Numerous political parties emerge and are legalized in the country, formulating in their programs demands and ways of political transformation of the existing system and participating in elections to the Duma. The Manifesto marked the beginning of the formation of parliamentarism in Russia. This was a new step towards transforming the feudal monarchy into a bourgeois one. According to the Manifesto, the State Duma was characterized by certain features of parliament. This is evidenced by the possibility of open discussion of government issues, the need to send various requests to the Council of Ministers, and to make attempts to declare no confidence in the government. The next step was to change the election law. According to the new law of December 1905, four electoral curiae were approved: from landowners, urban residents, peasants and workers. Women, soldiers, sailors, students, landless peasants, farm laborers and some “foreigners” were deprived of their rights to choose. The government, which continued to hope that the peasantry would be the support of the autocracy, provided it with 45% of all seats in the Duma. Members of the State Duma were elected for a term of 5 years. According to the Manifesto of October 17, the State Duma was established as a legislative body, although tsarism tried to evade this principle. The Duma's competence was to include issues requiring legislative solutions: state registration of income and expenses; state control report on the use of state registration; cases of alienation of property; cases concerning the construction of railways by the state; cases on the establishment of companies on shares. The State Duma had the right to query the government regarding illegal actions committed by ministers or chief executives. The Duma could not start a session on its own initiative, but was convened by decrees of the tsar.

On October 19, 1905, a decree was published on measures aimed at strengthening unity in the activities of ministries and main departments. In accordance with the decree, the Council of Ministers was reorganized, which was now entrusted with the leadership and unification of the actions of the main heads of departments on issues of management and legislation.

The meaning of revolution

the revolution changed the political situation in Russia: constitutional documents appeared (Manifesto of October 17 and “Basic State Laws”, the first parliament - the State Duma - was formed, the composition and functions of the State Council changed, legal political parties and trade unions were formed, the democratic press developed)
Some limitation of autocracy (temporary) has been achieved, although the possibility of making legislative decisions and the fullness of executive power remain
the socio-political situation of Russian citizens has changed: democratic freedoms have been introduced, censorship has been abolished, it is allowed to organize trade unions and political parties (temporarily)
the bourgeoisie received a wide opportunity to participate in political life countries
The financial and legal situation of workers has improved: in a number of industries, wages have increased and the working hours have decreased
peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments
During the revolution, the prerequisites were created for agrarian reform, which contributed to the further development of bourgeois relations in the countryside
the revolution changed the moral and psychological situation in the country: tsarist illusions in the countryside began to wane, unrest gripped part of the army and navy, the masses felt themselves to be subjects of history, the revolutionary forces accumulated significant experience in struggle, including realizing the effective role of violence

Bottom line

The end of the revolution led to the establishment of temporary internal political stabilization in the country. This time the authorities managed to take control of the situation and suppress the revolutionary wave. At the same time, the agrarian question remained unresolved, and many feudal remnants and privileges remained. Just as the bourgeois revolution, the revolution of 1905, did not fulfill all its tasks, it remained unfinished.

THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Causes of the revolution. Particularly acute at the beginning of the 20th century. acquired the agrarian question. Landowners, the royal family, monastery clergy and entrepreneurs, who made up a small part of the population (about 3 million people), owned 65% of all land. The peasantry, numbering almost 100 million people, had only 35% of the land. It was suffocating from the acute shortage of land. In addition, farmers continued to pay money to the state for their liberation. Peasants remained the most powerless category of the population. For them, local class courts and corporal punishment were preserved.

The labor issue was no less pressing. The law of June 14, 1897 reduced the working day to 11.5 hours and obligated employers to provide workers with a Sunday for rest. However, due to the lack of effective control, this law was not always observed. According to the press, the maximum earnings of a coal miner in the Donbass in 1902 were 24 rubles per month, and the minimum expenses, in addition to housing fees, for a family of 4 people monthly were 30 rubles. In addition, up to 30% of the salary was taken away by penalty deductions. As a rule, workers' families huddled in barracks built at factories and lived from hand to mouth.

The workers were outraged by their lack of basic civil rights. They were deprived of the opportunity to create organizations even to protect their economic interests. And for participation in strikes and labor strikes, prison sentences ranged from 2 to 8 months. In the national regions of the country, economic and political problems were aggravated by the Russification policy of the government.

With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, the situation in the country worsened sharply. Dissatisfaction with unsolvable social problems merged with a feeling of national humiliation due to failures at the front.

"Bloody Sunday". On January 3, 1905, in response to the dismissal of several workers, a strike broke out at the Putilov plant. Everyone supported her large enterprises St. Petersburg. The strike was under the control of the Zubatov organization “Meeting of Russian Factory Workers of the City of St. Petersburg,” which was headed by priest G. A. Gapon. He proposed organizing a meeting of the offended people with their only intercessor - the Tsar-Father, organizing for this purpose a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace to submit a petition to the Tsar about the needs of the workers. In the process of working on the text of the petition, which was joined by representatives of revolutionary organizations, it included demands of a political nature: the immediate declaration of freedom of speech, press, assembly, equality of all before the law; ministers' responsibility to the people; separation of church and state; ending the war with Japan, etc. However, in general, the petition was imbued with a naive faith in the king. In three days, more than 150 thousand signatures were collected under it.

On the morning of January 9, 1905, festively dressed workers, together with their wives and children, carrying icons and portraits of the Tsar, moved towards the Winter Palace. More than 140 thousand people took part in the peaceful march. But access to the palace was blocked by a chain of police and troops, who opened fire on the demonstrators. According to official data, 130 people became victims of the bloody tragedy, although newspapers wrote about thousands of dead and wounded.

The news of the execution of St. Petersburg workers swept across the country, causing anger and indignation in all segments of the population. The long-accumulated discontent resulted in a revolution. Already in the afternoon of January 9, mass riots began in St. Petersburg. The workers disarmed the police, seized gun stores, and built barricades. On January 10, the entire working class of the capital went on strike. Revolutionary organizations revived. Proclamations written by socialists appeared in the city.

Following the St. Petersburgers, workers in Moscow, Riga, and a number of cities in Ukraine, Poland, and Transcaucasia went on strike. In January-February 1905, 810 thousand workers went on strike throughout Russia. Most of the protests took place not only under economic, but also under political slogans. The peasantry also rose up to fight. Its main form remained spontaneous riots.

Nikolai was confident that the unrest could be suppressed by force. On January 11, he established the post of St. Petersburg Governor-General, with essentially dictatorial powers. To this post, the emperor appointed D. F. Trepov, the former Moscow chief of police, known for his demonstrative resignation due to disagreement with the policy of the Minister of Internal Affairs P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky. At the same time, as a result of unprecedented pressure on the tsar from the majority of ministers, Nicholas II was forced to sign a rescript addressed to the new Minister of Internal Affairs A.G. Bulygin: “from now on... to attract the most worthy people, endowed with the trust of the people, elected from the population to participation in the preliminary development and discussion of legislative proposals ... while maintaining the inviolability of the fundamental laws of the empire."

The development of the revolution in the spring and summer of 1905. A new reason for the growth of popular indignation was the news of the defeat of the Russian army near Mukden in February and the fleet in the Tsushima Strait in May 1905. Powerful May Day workers' strikes swept across the country. Up to 600 thousand people took part in them. The largest strike was by textile workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, which began in May. The Council of Workers' Representatives was elected, which became the body of workers' power in the city. The council enjoyed great influence among the workers. Under him, workers' squads and a fund to help strikers were created. The council forced shopkeepers to loan out food during the strike.

Entrepreneurs agreed to make a number of concessions: increasing wages by 20%, installing laundries and bathhouses, paying rent, etc. On July 27, the general meeting of workers decided to end the strike and begin work, “in order to, having strengthened our forces, begin the fight for our rights again.”

An attempt was made to organize the peasant movement. On July 31 - August 1, 1905, the founding congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union met in Moscow. His program provided for the gratuitous transfer of all state, appanage and monastic lands to the disposal of the peasantry, as well as the elimination of private ownership of land.

Mutiny on the battleship Potemkin. Bulyginskaya Duma. The wide scope of the revolutionary movement in the country captured the army and navy. In June 1905, the country was shocked by the news of an uprising of sailors on the battleship Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky, which was in a roadstead near Odessa. The reason for the uprising was the order of the ship's senior officer to shoot sailors who refused to eat borscht made from rotten meat. The outraged sailors raised their weapons against the officers. Seven people were killed on the spot. Then a quick court sentenced the commander and the ship's doctor to death. The overwhelming majority of the ships of the Black Sea squadron did not support the rebellious crew. The battleship was blocked, but managed to break through to the open sea. Lacking coal and food supplies, the ship's crew was forced to decide to leave for the Romanian shores and surrender to the Romanian authorities.

Under the pressure of the revolutionary movement, the government made new concessions. On August 6, 1905, the Tsar's manifesto on the establishment of the State Duma and the "Regulations on elections to the State Duma" were published. These documents were developed within the Ministry of Internal Affairs, so the Duma, after the minister’s surname, was called “Bulyginskaya”. The Duma was vested with only legislative functions. All voters were divided into three curia: landowners, townspeople and peasants. Moreover, the elections were multi-stage, and a fairly high property qualification was introduced. Many categories of the population were completely deprived of voting rights. The leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary and Bolshevik parties and the leaders of the Union of Unions called for a boycott of the Bulygin Duma. Its elections were disrupted by a new revolutionary wave.

What you need to know about this topic:

Socio-economic and political development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Nicholas II.

Domestic policy tsarism. Nicholas II. Increased repression. "Police Socialism"

Russo-Japanese War. Reasons, progress, results.

Revolution 1905 - 1907 Character, driving forces and features of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907. stages of the revolution. The reasons for the defeat and the significance of the revolution.

Elections to the State Duma. I State Duma. The agrarian question in the Duma. Dispersal of the Duma. II State Duma. Coup d'etat of June 3, 1907

Third June political system. Electoral law June 3, 1907 III State Duma. The alignment of political forces in the Duma. Activities of the Duma. Government terror. Decline of the labor movement in 1907-1910.

Stolypin agrarian reform.

IV State Duma. Party composition and Duma factions. Activities of the Duma.

Political crisis in Russia on the eve of the war. Labor movement in the summer of 1914. Crisis at the top.

International position of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

The beginning of the First World War. Origin and nature of the war. Russia's entry into the war. Attitude to the war of parties and classes.

Progress of military operations. Strategic forces and plans of the parties. Results of the war. Role Eastern Front in the first world war.

The Russian economy during the First World War.

Worker and peasant movement in 1915-1916. Revolutionary movement in the army and navy. The growth of anti-war sentiment. Formation of the bourgeois opposition.

Russian culture of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

The aggravation of socio-political contradictions in the country in January-February 1917. The beginning, prerequisites and nature of the revolution. Uprising in Petrograd. Formation of the Petrograd Soviet. Temporary Committee of the State Duma. Order N I. Formation of the Provisional Government. Abdication of Nicholas II. The reasons for the emergence of dual power and its essence. The February revolution in Moscow, at the front, in the provinces.

From February to October. The policy of the Provisional Government regarding war and peace, on agrarian, national, and labor issues. Relations between the Provisional Government and the Soviets. Arrival of V.I. Lenin in Petrograd.

Political parties (Kadets, Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks): political programs, influence among the masses.

Crises of the Provisional Government. Attempted military coup in the country. The growth of revolutionary sentiment among the masses. Bolshevization of the capital's Soviets.

Preparation and conduct of an armed uprising in Petrograd.

II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Decisions about power, peace, land. Formation of government and management bodies. Composition of the first Soviet government.

Victory of the armed uprising in Moscow. Government agreement with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. Elections to the Constituent Assembly, its convocation and dispersal.

The first socio-economic transformations in the field of industry, Agriculture, finance, labor and women's issues. Church and State.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, its terms and significance.

Economic tasks of the Soviet government in the spring of 1918. Aggravation of the food issue. Introduction of food dictatorship. Working food detachments. Combeds.

The revolt of the left Socialist Revolutionaries and the collapse of the two-party system in Russia.

The first Soviet Constitution.

Reasons for intervention and civil war. Progress of military operations. Human and material losses during the civil war and military intervention.

Domestic policy of the Soviet leadership during the war. "War communism". GOELRO plan.

The policy of the new government regarding culture.

Foreign policy. Treaties with border countries. Russia's participation in the Genoa, Hague, Moscow and Lausanne conferences. Diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the main capitalist countries.

Domestic policy. Socio-economic and political crisis of the early 20s. Famine 1921-1922 Transition to new economic policy. The essence of NEP. NEP in the field of agriculture, trade, industry. Financial reform. Economic recovery. Crises during the NEP period and its collapse.

Projects for the creation of the USSR. I Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The first government and the Constitution of the USSR.

Illness and death of V.I. Lenin. Intra-party struggle. The beginning of the formation of Stalin's regime.

Industrialization and collectivization. Development and implementation of the first five-year plans. Socialist competition - goal, forms, leaders.

Formation and strengthening of the state system of economic management.

The course towards complete collectivization. Dispossession.

Results of industrialization and collectivization.

Political, national-state development in the 30s. Intra-party struggle. Political repression. Formation of the nomenklatura as a layer of managers. Stalin's regime and the USSR Constitution of 1936

Soviet culture in the 20-30s.

Foreign policy of the second half of the 20s - mid-30s.

Domestic policy. Growth of military production. Emergency measures in the field of labor legislation. Measures to solve the grain problem. Armed forces. The growth of the Red Army. Military reform. Repressions against the command cadres of the Red Army and the Red Army.

Foreign policy. Non-aggression pact and treaty of friendship and borders between the USSR and Germany. The entry of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into the USSR. Soviet-Finnish war. Inclusion of the Baltic republics and other territories into the USSR.

Periodization of the Great Patriotic War. First stage war. Turning the country into a military camp. Military defeats 1941-1942 and their reasons. Major military events. Surrender fascist Germany. Participation of the USSR in the war with Japan.

Soviet rear during the war.

Deportation of peoples.

Guerrilla warfare.

Human and material losses during the war.

Creation of an anti-Hitler coalition. Declaration of the United Nations. The problem of the second front. "Big Three" conferences. Problems of post-war peace settlement and comprehensive cooperation. USSR and UN.

The beginning of the Cold War. The USSR's contribution to the creation of " socialist camp". Education of the CMEA.

Domestic policy of the USSR in the mid-40s - early 50s. Restoration of the national economy.

Social and political life. Policy in the field of science and culture. Continued repression. "Leningrad case". Campaign against cosmopolitanism. "The Doctors' Case"

Socio-economic development of Soviet society in the mid-50s - the first half of the 60s.

Socio-political development: XX Congress of the CPSU and condemnation of Stalin’s personality cult. Rehabilitation of victims of repression and deportation. Internal party struggle in the second half of the 50s.

Foreign policy: creation of the Department of Internal Affairs. Enter Soviet troops to Hungary. Exacerbation of Soviet-Chinese relations. Split of the "socialist camp". Soviet-American relations and the Cuban missile crisis. USSR and "third world" countries. Reduction in the size of the armed forces of the USSR. Moscow Treaty on the Limitation of Nuclear Tests.

USSR in the mid-60s - first half of the 80s.

Socio-economic development: economic reform of 1965

Increasing difficulties in economic development. Declining rates of socio-economic growth.

Constitution of the USSR 1977

Social and political life of the USSR in the 1970s - early 1980s.

Foreign policy: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Consolidation of post-war borders in Europe. Moscow Treaty with Germany. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Soviet-American treaties of the 70s. Soviet-Chinese relations. Entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan. Exacerbation of international tension and the USSR. Strengthening Soviet-American confrontation in the early 80s.

USSR in 1985-1991

Domestic policy: an attempt to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country. An attempt to reform the political system of Soviet society. Congresses of People's Deputies. Election of the President of the USSR. Multi-party system. Exacerbation of the political crisis.

Exacerbation of the national question. Attempts to reform the national-state structure of the USSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. "Novoogaryovsky trial". Collapse of the USSR.

Foreign policy: Soviet-American relations and the problem of disarmament. Agreements with leading capitalist countries. Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. Changing relations with the countries of the socialist community. Collapse of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact Organization.

Russian Federation in 1992-2000.

Domestic policy: “Shock therapy” in the economy: price liberalization, stages of privatization of commercial and industrial enterprises. Fall in production. Increased social tension. Growth and slowdown in financial inflation. Intensification of the struggle between the executive and legislative branches. Dissolution of the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies. October events of 1993. Abolition of local authorities Soviet power. Elections to the Federal Assembly. Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 Formation of a presidential republic. Exacerbation and overcoming national conflicts in the North Caucasus.

Parliamentary elections of 1995. Presidential elections of 1996. Power and opposition. An attempt to return to the course of liberal reforms (spring 1997) and its failure. Financial crisis of August 1998: causes, economic and political consequences. "Second Chechen War". Parliamentary elections of 1999 and early presidential elections of 2000. Foreign policy: Russia in the CIS. Participation Russian troops in the “hot spots” of the neighboring countries: Moldova, Georgia, Tajikistan. Relations between Russia and foreign countries. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Europe and neighboring countries. Russian-American agreements. Russia and NATO. Russia and the Council of Europe. Yugoslav crises (1999-2000) and Russia’s position.

Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of the state and peoples of Russia. XX century.

The Russian Revolution of 1905, or the First Russian Revolution, is the name of the events that took place between January 1905 and June 1907 in the Russian Empire.

The impetus for the start of mass protests under political slogans was “Bloody Sunday” - the shooting by imperial troops in St. Petersburg of a peaceful demonstration of workers led by priest Georgy Gapon on January 9 (22), 1905. During this period, the strike movement took on a particularly wide scale, in the army and There were unrest and uprisings in the fleet, which resulted in mass protests against the monarchy.

The result of the speeches was the enacted constitution - the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which granted civil liberties on the basis of personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions. A Parliament was established, consisting of the State Council and the State Duma. The revolution was followed by a reaction: the so-called “June Third Coup” of June 3 (16), 1907. The rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; local authorities did not respect the freedoms declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the most significant agrarian issue for the majority of the country's population was not resolved.

Thus, the social tension that caused the First Russian Revolution was not completely resolved, which determined the preconditions for the subsequent revolutionary uprising of 1917.

Causes and results of the revolution

Industrial decline, disorder money circulation, crop failure and the huge public debt that had grown since the Russo-Turkish War led to an increased need to reform activities and government bodies. The end of the period of significant importance of natural economy, an intensive form of progress of industrial methods, already in the 19th century required radical innovations in administration and law. Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution of legislative power was required.

Causes:

There was an increase in contradictions in the country associated with the preservation of the remnants of serfdom in the economic and political life of the country. These contradictions determined the nature of the revolution as bourgeois in its goals.

But at the same time, another “social war” arose, connected with the development of capitalist relations. This is the struggle of the working class and the peasant poor against exploitation, for the reconstruction of society on a new basis. Their situation was very bad.

The national question, the demands for political and cultural autonomy of the national. minorities.

The Russian intelligentsia had a sharply negative attitude towards autocracy, bureaucracy, and the backward system

Dissatisfaction with tsarism in the army, where, due to peasant composition mass of soldiers, relations between soldiers and officers were tense

Peculiarities:

Anti-feudal, because it demanded the destruction of feudal remnants

democratic, because its goal was to introduce democratic rights and freedoms, a constitution

Issues of the revolution: 1. agrarian (peasant) question; 2. political system in Russia (fight against autocracy); 3. national question.

Opposing forces:

workers and peasants, army, intelligentsia; wanted to improve their situation, social right They acted through the methods of strikes, strikes, uprisings

Tsar's government, landowners; did not want to give up its power, did not make any concessions

Conflict between government and society.

MAIN EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION

On June 3, 1907, with the dissolution of the Second Duma and the publication of a new electoral law, the revolution ends.

The revolution forced Nicholas II to sign the Manifesto “On the Improvement of State Order” on October 17, which proclaimed:

granting freedom of speech, conscience, assembly and association

attracting large sections of the population to elections

mandatory procedure for approval by the State Duma of all laws issued

The meaning of revolution

the revolution changed the political situation in Russia: constitutional documents appeared (Manifesto of October 17 and “Basic State Laws”, the first parliament - the State Duma - was formed, the composition and functions of the State Council changed, legal political parties and trade unions were formed, the democratic press developed)

Some limitation of autocracy (temporary) has been achieved, although the possibility of making legislative decisions and the fullness of executive power remain

the socio-political situation of Russian citizens has changed: democratic freedoms have been introduced, censorship has been abolished, it is allowed to organize trade unions and political parties (temporarily)

The bourgeoisie received a wide opportunity to participate in the political life of the country

The financial and legal situation of workers has improved: in a number of industries, wages have increased and the working hours have decreased

peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments

During the revolution, the prerequisites were created for agrarian reform, which contributed to the further development of bourgeois relations in the countryside

the revolution changed the moral and psychological situation in the country: tsarist illusions in the countryside began to wane, unrest gripped part of the army and navy, the masses felt themselves to be subjects of history, the revolutionary forces accumulated significant experience in struggle, including realizing the effective role of violence

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