Introduction

Subject test work– “Ecological emergencies.” It will reveal answers to the following questions: the concept of emergency situations, the concept of ecology, the term ecological nature, the classification of environmental emergency situations, conclusion, list of references, etc.

The purpose of studying the discipline of BJD is to provide rules of behavior in emergency situations (ES). The impact of emergencies on human life and health, the formation of the necessary skills to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergencies, the protection of people and the environment - all this is the subject of study in the discipline of life safety. The discipline of BJD is included in the cycle of disciplines in the specialty “Socio-cultural service and tourism”.

The phrase “emergency situations (ES)” has become firmly established in life and consciousness. modern man. This is due to the fact that the history of the development of earthly civilization and modern world are inextricably linked with emergencies: earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, cold, heat, fires, etc. On our planet, something constantly explodes, is flooded, damaged, destroyed, and people are injured and killed. The history of the development of human society is inextricably linked with real emergencies. Often, emergencies caused the death and suffering of people, the destruction of material assets, changes in the environment, and the usual way of life. Sometimes emergencies led to the decline of civilizations and states and served as an impetus for the development of peoples and regions. Large-scale emergencies led to disruption of economic and political systems, reconsidering the issues of interaction between man and nature, man and technology, and people among themselves.

1. Emergency situation. Basic Concepts

An emergency situation (ES) is a situation in a certain territory or water area that has arisen as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster, which may result in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of people's living conditions. Emergency situations are distinguished by the nature of the source: natural, man-made, biological-social and military. And also by scale: local, local, territorial, regional, federal and cross-border (from GOST R 22.0.02–94 as amended in 2000 “Safety in emergency situations”).

The source of emergency situations is a dangerous natural phenomenon, an accident or a dangerous man-made incident, widespread infectious diseases of people, farm animals and plants, as well as the use of modern means of destruction, resulting in an emergency. A source of danger is any activity or state of the environment that can lead to the realization of a hazard or the emergence of hazard factors. By origin, sources of danger can be natural or anthropogenic.

Sources of danger

Natural sources of danger arise from natural phenomena in nature, and they can also arise in the internal environment of a person (aging, some diseases associated with the aging of the body, etc.). The sources of anthropogenic hazards are people themselves, as well as technical means, buildings and structures, transport routes - everything that is created by man. Emergency events underlying emergency situations can be classified according to a significant number of characteristics:

– according to signs of manifestation (type and appearance);

– by the nature of the damaging factors or sources of danger (thermal, chemical, radiation, biological, etc.);

– by place of occurrence (structural, production, operational, weather, geophysical, etc.);

– according to the intensity of the flow;

– by the scale of impact (damage);

– by the nature of the impact on the main targets (destruction, contamination, flooding, etc.);

– in terms of longevity and reversibility of consequences, etc.

The first classification of emergency situations in our country was developed by the Scientific and Technical Committee of the USSR Civil Defense and approved in the instructions “On the procedure for exchanging information about emergency situations in the Russian Federation” by order of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated April 13, 1992 No. 49.

In accordance with GOST R 22.0.02–94, several signs are identified that make it possible to classify a certain event as an emergency: the presence of a source of emergency; threat to human health; disruption of normal living conditions of people; damage (to human property, economic facilities and the natural environment); presence of emergency boundaries. GOST R 22.0.02–94 is this standard, which establishes terms and definitions of basic concepts in the field of safety in emergency situations. The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation and literature on safety in emergency situations that are within the scope of standardization work or using the results of this work. Developer: All-Russian Research Institute for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations. Document status: valid. Date of publication: 01.11.2000. Effective date: 01/01/1996. Last modified date: 06/23/2009.

All emergencies are classified as conflict and non-conflict, characterized by the speed and scale of spread.

Conflict situations include military clashes, economic crises, social explosions, national and religious conflicts, rampant criminality, terrorist attacks, etc.

Non-conflict emergencies include man-made, environmental and natural phenomena that cause emergencies. According to the speed of spread, all emergencies are divided into: sudden, fast, moderate and slow spreading.

According to the scale of distribution, all emergencies are divided into local, local, territorial, regional, federal and transboundary.

2. Relationship between emergencies and ecology

All environmental emergencies occur as a result of man-made and natural emergencies. An emergency situation that arises as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster, the situation in a certain territory, may entail human casualties, damage to human health and the environment, significant material losses and disruption of people's living conditions.

Environmental emergencies include:

– changes in the condition of soils, subsoil, landscapes;

– changes in the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere.

Environmental emergencies are associated with:

1) with changes in land conditions:

– catastrophic subsidence, landslides, collapses of the earth’s surface due to the development of subsoil during mining and other human activities;

– the presence of heavy metals (radionuclides) and other harmful substances in the soil in excess of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC);

– intensive soil degradation, desertification over vast areas due to erosion, salinization, and waterlogging;

– crisis situations associated with the depletion of non-renewable natural resources;

– critical situations associated with overfilling of storage sites (landfills) with industrial and household waste and pollution of the environment. Structural landslides (structure – homogeneous cohesive clayey rocks: clays, loams, clayey marls).

The main causes of landslides are:

– excessive steepness of the slope (slope);

– overloading the upper part of the slope with various dumps and engineering structures;

– violation of the integrity of slope rocks by trenches, upland ditches or ravines;

– trimming the slope and its base;

– moisturizing the bottom of the slope.

Places where landslides occur:

– natural slopes of hills and river valleys (on slopes);

– slopes of excavations consisting of layered rocks, in which the fall of the layers is directed towards the slope or towards the excavation.

Conditions for landslides:

– artificial earthen structures with steep slopes;

– excavations formed in homogeneous clayey soils in watershed areas of the upland;

– deep cuts for open-pit mining of mineral deposits;

– embankments filled with the same rocks when the soil is waterlogged vegetation cover and clayey rocks lying near the surface.

Hurricanes, storms, storms are meteorological hazards characterized by high wind speeds. These phenomena are caused by the uneven distribution of atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth and the passage of atmospheric fronts separating air masses with different physical properties. The most important characteristics of hurricanes, storms and storms that determine the volume of possible destruction and losses are: wind speed, the width of the zone covered by the hurricane, and the duration of its action. In areas of the European part of the Russian Federation, wind speed during hurricanes, storms and storms varies from 20 to 50 m/s, and in Far East from 60 to 90 m/s.

Intensive soil degradation– gradual deterioration of soil properties under the influence of natural causes or economic activity humans (improper agricultural practices, pollution, depletion). Degradation occurs when fertilizers and pesticides are used incorrectly. For example, increasing doses of pesticides containing heavy metal salts can reduce soil fertility, and improper treatment leads to the destruction of microorganisms and worms in the soil. Thoughtless reclamation work reduces the humus layer, fertile soils are covered with unproductive soil.

Soil erosion– various processes of destruction of soils and underlying rocks by various natural and anthropogenic factors. There are: water erosion, wind, glacial, landslide, river, biological.

2) with changes in the composition and properties of the atmosphere:

– sudden changes in weather or climate as a result of anthropogenic activities;

– exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of harmful impurities in the atmosphere;

– temperature inversions over cities;

– acute “oxygen” hunger in cities;

– significant excess of the maximum permissible level of urban noise;

– formation of a vast zone of acid precipitation;

– destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

– significant changes in atmospheric transparency.

3) associated with changes in the state of the hydrosphere:

- a sharp shortage drinking water due to water depletion or pollution;

– depletion of water resources necessary for organizing domestic water supply and ensuring technological processes;

– disruption of economic activity and ecological balance due to pollution of inland seas and the world ocean.

4) associated with changes in the state of the biosphere :

– extinction of species (animals, plants) sensitive to changes in environmental conditions;

– death of vegetation over a wide area;

– a sharp change in the ability of the biosphere to reproduce renewable resources;

– mass death of animals.

Earthquakes cause fires, gas explosions, and dam breaks.

Volcanic eruptions– poisoning of pastures, death of livestock, famine. Flooding leads to contamination of soil water, poisoning of wells, infections, and mass diseases.

Protective measures against environmental disasters

When planning protective measures against environmental disasters, it is necessary to limit secondary consequences as much as possible and, through appropriate preparation, try to completely eliminate them. A prerequisite for successful protection against natural and environmental emergencies is the study of their causes and mechanisms. Knowing the essence of processes, you can predict them. And timely and accurate forecast of dangerous phenomena is the most important condition for effective protection. Protection against natural hazards can be active (construction of engineering structures, mobilization (activation, concentration of forces and means to achieve a certain goal) of natural resources, reconstruction of natural objects, etc.) and passive (use of shelters). In most cases, active and passive methods are combined. The source of the emergency affects the person and environment damaging factors. Depending on the environment, sources of danger may include:

– human internal environment;

– natural habitat;

– artificial habitat; professional activity;

– unprofessional activity;

- social environment.

Water pollution

The intensive development of industry, transport, and overpopulation of a number of regions of the planet have led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of all infectious diseases in the world are associated with unsatisfactory quality of drinking water and violations of sanitary and hygienic water supply standards. Pollution of the surface of reservoirs with films of oil, fats, and lubricants interferes with gas exchange between water and the atmosphere, which reduces the saturation of water with oxygen and negatively affects the state of phytoplankton and leads to massive death of fish and birds.

Fresh surface waters on land (rivers, lakes, swamps, soil and groundwater) are subject to the most intense anthropogenic impact.

Water exchange activity is the rate of renewal of individual water resources of the hydrosphere, which is expressed by the number of years or days required for complete renewal of water resources. River waters are used especially intensively. A special place in the use of water resources is occupied by water consumption by the population . Household and drinking purposes in our country account for 10% of total water consumption. Rivers are needed to satisfy the drinking and domestic needs of the population. This is predetermined by the enormous physiological and hygienic importance of water, its exceptional role in the normal course of the most complex physiological processes in the human body, in creating the most favorable living conditions for people.

The amount of water required for one resident per day depends on the climate of the area, the cultural level of the population, the degree of improvement of the city and the housing stock. On its basis, consumption standards have been developed, which include water consumption in apartments, cultural and public service enterprises, public services and Catering. Water used for watering green spaces and washing streets is accounted for separately.

The total capacity of the city water supply must provide for the immediate needs of the population, water consumption in public buildings (children's institutions, public catering establishments, etc.), watering of green spaces and household and drinking needs industrial enterprises. Use of public water supply prepared for drinking purposes for the technological needs of industrial enterprises, except for enterprises Food Industry, should be considered irrational. In practice, it is also not uncommon for industrial enterprises to consume from 25 to 67% of drinking water, and the national average is up to 40% of the water from city water supply systems. Pathogenic microbes penetrate into open water bodies when sewage is discharged from river vessels, when the banks are polluted and when pollution is washed off from the soil surface by precipitation, when watering livestock, washing clothes and bathing.

Infectious morbidity in the population associated with water supply reaches 500 million cases per year.

Therefore, water quality is one of the most important problems. Technogenic pollution has a great influence on the composition of natural waters, both surface and underground.

Therefore, the role of water in the development of non-infectious diseases is determined by the content of chemical impurities in it, the presence and quantity of which is determined by technogenic and anthropogenic factors. (From the basics of the current water legislation in the Russian Federation).

By the mid-90s. More than 1,000 sources of groundwater pollution have already been identified, 75% of which are in the most populated part of Russia. In general, the condition of groundwater is assessed as critical and has a dangerous tendency to further deteriorate.

Groundwater suffers from pollution from oil fields, mining enterprises, waste from filtration fields, dumps of metallurgical plants, chemical waste and fertilizer storage facilities, landfills, livestock complexes, and sewage drains from populated areas. Of the substances polluting groundwater, petroleum products, phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides and nitrogen compounds predominate. Lower levels of pollution do not lead to the development of the disease, but affect the health of the population, causing nonspecific signs of its impairment and weakening the body's defenses.

3. Environmental emergencies in different areas

The duration of the soil formation process for various continents and latitudes ranges from several hundred to several thousand years.

Human economic activity is currently becoming a dominant factor in the destruction of soils, reducing and increasing their fertility. Under the influence of humans, the parameters and factors of soil formation - reliefs, microclimate - change, reservoirs are created, and land reclamation is carried out.

The main property of soil is fertility. It is related to soil quality. The following processes are distinguished in the destruction of soils and a decrease in their fertility.

Aridization of sushi – a complex of processes of reducing the humidity of vast territories and the resulting reduction in the biological productivity of ecological systems. Under the influence of primitive agriculture, irrational use of pastures, and indiscriminate use of technology on land, soils turn into deserts.

Soil erosion.

Soil erosion is the destruction of soil by wind, water, machinery and irrigation. The most dangerous is water erosion - the washing away of soil by melt, rain and storm water - water erosion is observed at a steepness of already 1-2°. Water erosion is promoted by the destruction of forests and plowing on slopes.

There are three types of erosions:

– wind erosion is characterized by wind removal of the smallest parts. Wind erosion is facilitated by the destruction of vegetation in areas with insufficient humidity, strong winds, and continuous grazing.

– technical erosion (associated with soil destruction under the influence of transport, earth-moving machines and equipment);

– irrigation erosion (develops as a result of violation of irrigation rules in irrigated agriculture). Soil salinization is mainly associated with these disturbances.

Currently, at least 50% of the area of ​​irrigated land is salinized, and millions of hectares of previously fertile land have been lost.

Changes in the content of microelements in the soil affect the health of herbivores and humans, lead to metabolic disorders, and cause various endemic diseases of a local nature. For example, a lack of iodine in the soil leads to thyroid disease, a lack of calcium in drinking water and food leads to joint damage, deformation, and growth retardation. In podzolic soils with a high iron content, when it interacts with sulfur, iron sulfide is formed, which is a strong poison. As a result, microflora (algae, bacteria) are destroyed in the soil, which leads to loss of fertility. The soil becomes dead at a lead content of 2–3 g per 1 kg of soil (around some enterprises the lead content in the soil reaches 10–15 g/kg).

Soil always contains carcinogenic (chemical, physical, biological) substances that cause tumor diseases in living organisms, including cancer.

The main sources of regional soil pollution with carcinogenic substances are vehicle exhausts, emissions from industrial enterprises, and oil refining products. The removal of industrial and household waste to landfills leads to pollution and irrational use of land, creates real threats of significant pollution of the atmosphere, surface and ground waters, increased transportation costs and irretrievable loss of valuable materials and substances.

Demographic and social consequences of the emergency

An ecological crisis is the stage of interaction between society and nature at which the contradictions between human economic activity and ecology, the economic interests of society in the development of natural resources and environmental requirements for environmental protection are exacerbated to the limit. According to its structure, the environmental crisis is usually divided into two parts: natural and social. The natural part indicates the onset of degradation and destruction of the natural environment. The social side of the environmental crisis lies in the inability of state and public structures to stop environmental degradation and improve its health. Both sides of the environmental crisis are closely interconnected. The onset of the environmental crisis can only be stopped with a rational government structure, a developed economy and as a result of emergency measures for environmental protection.

Despite the stabilization of salt concentrations over last years, The Sea of ​​Azov has lost its unique fishing value.

The most unfavorable environmental situation was created due to the drying out of the Aral Sea.

They have become exceptionally acute in our country. ecological problems large cities. They are often associated with economic helplessness and mismanagement. For example, scientists associate the environmental problems of St. Petersburg with the situation on Ladoga, which is reminiscent of Lake Baikal, with the only difference being that Ladoga is smaller than Lake Baikal, and there are more polluting objects on it. At the same time, Ladoga is the largest freshwater lake in Europe and the main source of water supply for a city of five million. It holds about 900 km 3 of water, twice as fresh as the waters of Lake Baikal.

Ladoga water was considered very tasty and had a special softness. Currently, due to pollution from waste from pulp and paper mills and livestock farms, many areas of Ladoga are “blooming” due to the massive development of blue-green algae. Ladoga water now contains nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Toxic algae secretions poison Ladoga water. Algae, dying and decomposing, take oxygen from the water. And household wastewater from adjacent cities and towns also ends up in Ladoga.

Radioactive contamination of the environment

A particular danger to all life on earth is ionizing radiation, which is an “achievement” of humanity XX - radioactive contamination of the environment. The main sources of radioactive contamination are nuclear reactors power plants, naval ships and military-industrial complex enterprises. As a result of exposure to radiation, radiation sickness develops and genetic patterns are disrupted. Claims for excess radiation exposure in our country can also be addressed to enterprises that use radiation materials or deal with their processing and disposal. Pollution from radioactive waste in the world's oceans poses a great danger to life on earth. Discharge of low-level solid waste into the sea has been carried out in almost all countries since the beginning of the development of nuclear energy and industry. Until 1971, radioactive waste was discharged without outside control international organizations. The first discharges of such waste in our country were associated with sea trials of nuclear submarines and the Lenin icebreaker.

Forest

In general, in Siberia, forests are cut down annually on an area of ​​600 thousand hectares, and the same area is burned by fires. Artificial reforestation does not exceed 200 thousand hectares. Thus, only 1/6 of what is lost is restored. Almost uncontrolled self-harvesting of timber is widespread, accounting for up to 1/5 of the total volume of deforestation in the country. Acid rain completes the deplorable picture of massive forest loss. They dry out. Acid increases the mobility of aluminum in soils, which is toxic to small roots, and this leads to oppression of foliage and needles, and brittleness of branches. Natural regeneration of coniferous and deciduous forests does not occur. These symptoms are accompanied by secondary damage from insects and tree diseases. Forest damage is increasingly affecting young trees.

The reduction of agricultural land, especially arable land, continues. Over 50 years, over 1 million hectares of arable land have been withdrawn from agricultural production. The main reasons: wind and water erosion of soils, the encroachment of cities and towns on the best arable lands, depletion of soil biopotential due to improper use of mineral fertilizers and fungicides, massive soil salinization due to irrigated agriculture. The processes of waterlogging and overgrowing of land with shrubs and small forests have acquired dangerous proportions. In Russia there are about 13% of such lands. A lot of disturbed land was obtained as a result of mining, during the construction of highways and river dams. Currently, 1.5 million hectares of land need restoration.

Conclusion

Danger lurks on all sides. Under certain conditions, negative factors may arise that can lead to one or a combination of undesirable consequences for a person:

– deterioration of human health, i.e. illness, injury, death of a person;

– deterioration of the environment.

The danger of an emergency can come from both the environment and the internal environment of a person. Source of danger– any activity or state of the environment (including internal) that can lead to the realization of a hazard or the emergence of hazard factors. By origin, sources of danger are of two types: natural and anthropogenic. Natural sources of danger arise from natural phenomena in nature, and they can also arise in the internal environment of a person (aging, some diseases associated with the aging of the body, etc.). The sources of anthropogenic hazards are people themselves, as well as technical means, buildings and structures, transport routes - everything that is created by man. Speaking about environmental emergencies, it is necessary to emphasize the role of anthropogenic influence on their manifestation. There are numerous known facts of imbalance in the natural environment as a result of human activity, leading to increased hazardous impacts. Currently, the scale of use of environmental resources has increased significantly, as a result, the features of a global environmental crisis have begun to manifest themselves. Nature knows how to respond to man for his gross intrusion into her. It's worth being careful. Environmental emergencies are complex in their specificity, since they are irreparable and together create the concept of an environmental crisis.

List of used literature

1. Rusak O.N., Malayan K.R., Zanko N.G. "Life Safety". Tutorial. Lan, 2000;

2. Kukin L.P., Lapin V.L., Podgornykh E.A. “Life safety. Safety of technological processes and production (Labor safety).” Textbook for universities. graduate School, 1999;

3. Mastryukov B.S. "Safety in Emergency Situations", 1998;

4. http://www./referat‑33913.html;

5. Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations of natural and technogenic nature"(dated December 21, 1994 No. 68-FZ, as amended by Federal Laws dated October 28, 2002 No. 129-FZ, dated August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ, dated December 4, 2006 No. 206-FZ, dated December 18, 2006 No. 232 -FZ, dated October 30, 2007 No. 241-FZ);

6. State standard RF "Safety in emergency situations". (Introduction date 1996-01-01);

7 . Azimov B.V., Navitniy A.M. “Problems of eliminating environmental consequences during environmental emergencies.” “Environmental regulation of economic activities of enterprises: technical, legal, tax, investment issues.” Digest of articles. (Perm, 2000);

8 . Ecological doctrine Russian Federation, M., 2001;

9 . Brinchuk M.M. "Environmental Law", 1998.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Reasons
occurrence of environmental emergencies

1.1.
The essence of environmental pollution

1.2.
Specifics of environmental pollution

Chapter 2. Environmental emergencies

2.1. Emergency
environmental nature in the field of water pollution

2.2. Emergency
environmental nature in the field of soil pollution

2.3. "Greenhouse
effect" as a global environmental disaster

Chapter 3. Emergency
environmental nature; its demographic and social consequences

Conclusion

List
literature used

Introduction

divided into local And global . Local pollution
associated with cities and industrial regions. Global pollution affects
biosphere processes in general on Earth and extend over vast distances.
Since the air is in constant motion, harmful substances transferred to
hundreds and thousands of kilometers. Global air pollution is increasing due to
with the fact that harmful substances from it enter the soil, water bodies, and then enter again
in atmosphere.

Physical pollution includes thermal pollution (receipt into
atmosphere of heated gases); light (deterioration of natural light
areas under the influence of artificial light sources); noise (as
consequence of anthropogenic noise); electromagnetic (from power lines,
radio and television, operation of industrial installations); radioactive associated with

asbestos processing.

All environmental pollution of this type leads to the appearance
environmental hazards and the occurrence of environmental emergencies
character, currently the solution of which is given a huge amount of space both in
national ecology, and in the works of foreign specialists.

Chapter 1. Causes of environmental emergencies
character

1.1. The essence of environmental pollution

In addition to gases, the atmosphere contains water and aerosols. The atmosphere contains water.
is in hard(ice, snow), liquid(drops) and gaseous
(steam) condition. When water vapor condenses, clouds form. Complete
renewal of water vapor in the atmosphere occurs within 9-10 days.

Substances also occur in the atmosphere in ionic states up to several
tens of thousands per 1 cm3 of air.

To understand and solve the problem of atmospheric protection, it is necessary
study its features. The current atmosphere of the Earth is
the result of diverse geological and biological processes that continue
currently.

The uneven heating of the air determines the horizontal
movement in the atmosphere from an area of ​​high pressure to an area of ​​low, i.e.
from cold to warm zones. The rotation of the Earth changes their pattern of movement. Except
pressure is acted by the Coriolis force arising from the rotation of the Earth, which
depends on wind speed, latitude and angular speed.

The atmosphere is heterogeneous not only vertically, but also
horizontal direction. Air moving over different areas
surfaces (continents, oceans, mountains, forests, swamps, steppes, deserts), changes
its physical properties, i.e., transformation of air occurs. Because the
The air is never completely at rest; it is constantly being transformed.
The physical properties of air change especially intensively when it moves
from one latitude to another - from land to ocean, and vice versa.

Uneven air directions over different areas
The surface of the Earth forms warm and cold, stable and unstable masses
air. When transported horizontally, warm and cold air currents can
move closer or further away from each other. When air volumes approach
different physical properties, horizontal temperature gradients,
humidity, pressure increase, wind speed increases. When deleting a friend
gradients and wind speed decrease from each other.

The zones in which air masses converge are called
fronts. They constantly arise and collapse. Width of frontal zones
relatively small, but large reserves of energy are concentrated in them,
the largest vortex-cyclones and anticyclones are formed. They, in turn,
have a great influence on the dispersion or high concentration of pollutants
in the atmosphere.

A pollutant can be any physical agent, chemical
substance or biological species (mainly microorganisms) that enters
environment or formed in it in quantities higher than natural ones. Under
Atmospheric pollution refers to the presence in the air of gases, vapors, particles,
solid and liquid substances, heat, vibrations, radiation that are unfavorably
affect humans, animals, plants, climate, materials, buildings and structures.

Based on their origin, pollution is divided into natural, caused
natural, often anomalous processes in nature, and anthropogenic,
related to human activities.

1.2. Specifics of environmental pollution

With the development of human production activity, more and more
A share of atmospheric pollution comes from anthropogenic pollution. Their
divided into local and global. Local pollution is associated with
cities and industrial regions. Global pollution affects the biosphere
processes in general on Earth and extend over vast distances. Because
the air is in constant motion, harmful substances are transferred to hundreds and
thousands of kilometers. Global air pollution is increasing due to
that harmful substances from it enter the soil, water bodies, and then enter again
in atmosphere.

Physical pollution includes thermal (emission into the atmosphere
heated gases); light (deterioration of natural illumination of the area under
exposure to artificial light sources); noise (as a consequence
anthropogenic noise); electromagnetic (from power lines, radio and
television, operation of industrial installations); radioactive associated with
an increase in the level of radioactive substances entering the atmosphere.

Biological pollution is mainly a consequence of
reproduction of microorganisms and anthropogenic activities (thermal power engineering,
industry, transport, military operations). Production of construction materials
materials produces up to 10% of all contaminants. A large amount of pollution
enters the atmosphere during the operation of the cement industry, during mining and
asbestos processing.

The most common toxic pollutants
atmosphere are carbon monoxide CO, sulfur dioxide SO2, nitrogen oxide NOx, hydrocarbons
SN.

Pollutants enter the body through the respiratory system.
The daily volume of inhaled air for one person is 6-12 m3.
During normal breathing, with each breath, the human body receives from 0.5 to
2 liters of air.

The inhaled air enters the alveoli of the lungs through the trachea and bronchi,
where gas exchange occurs between blood and lymph. Depending on the size and
properties of pollutants, their absorption occurs in different ways.

Coarse particles are retained in the upper respiratory tract and, if
they are not toxic, they can cause a disease called field
bronchitis. Fine dust particles (0.5-5 microns) reach the alveoli and can lead to
an occupational disease commonly called pneumoconiosis. His
varieties: silicosis (inhalation of dust containing SiO2), anthracor
(inhalation of coal dust), asbestosis (inhalation of asbestos dust), etc.

A person can live for a long time without food (30-45 days), without water - 5
days, without air for only 5 minutes. Harmful effects of various and
dusty industrial emissions per person are determined by the amount
pollutants entering the body, their condition, composition and
exposure time. Air pollution can affect health
a person has little influence, but can lead to complete intoxication of the body.

The destructive effects of industrial pollution depend on
type of substance. Chlorine causes damage to the organs of vision and breathing. Fluorides, getting into
into the human body through the digestive tract, wash calcium from bones and
reduce its content in the blood. Fluorides have negative effects when inhaled
on the respiratory tract. Hydrosulfide affects the cornea and organs
breathing, causes headaches. Can be lethal at high concentrations
Exodus. Carbon disulfide is a nerve poison and can
cause mental disorder. The acute form of poisoning leads to
drug-induced loss of consciousness. Hazardous for inhalation of vapor or compound heavy
metals Beryllium compounds are harmful to health. Sulfur dioxide amazes
Airways. Carbon monoxide interferes with the transfer of oxygen, which is why
oxygen starvation of the body occurs. Prolonged inhalation of oxide
carbon can be lethal to humans.

Dangerous in low concentrations in the atmosphere aldehydes And ketones.
Aldehydes have an irritating effect on the organs of vision and smell,
are drugs that destroy nervous system, the nervous system is affected
also phenolic compounds and organic sulfides.

The presence of dust in the atmosphere, in addition to the above negative
consequences, reduces the flow of ultraviolet rays to the Earth's surface.
The greatest impact of pollution on human health is manifested in period
smog. At this time, people’s well-being worsens, the number of
pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, influenza epidemics occur.

Air pollution also has a harmful effect on plants. Different
gases have different effects on plants, and the susceptibility of plants to
the same gases are not the same. The most harmful to them are sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, ozone, chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, hydrochloric acid.

Air pollutants negatively affect
agricultural plants due to direct poisoning of green
mass and soil intoxication.

They act similarly acid rain: reduce fertility
soils, negatively affect flora and fauna, reduce service life
electrochemical coatings, especially chromium-nickel paints, is reduced
reliability of machines and mechanisms, more than 100 thousand are at risk.
types of colored glass used.

One of the serious problems associated with air pollution is
is possible climate change from the impact of anthropogenic factors,
which call:

* direct impact on the state of the atmosphere associated with
increase or decrease in air temperature and humidity;

* change in physical and chemical properties atmosphere, its
radiation and electrical characteristics, changes in the composition of the troposphere
(increased concentrations of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chlorofluorocarbons,
methane, ozone, krypton, dust aerosols);

– change in the state and properties of the upper layers of the atmosphere, ozone
screen under the influence of freons and nitrogen oxides, as well as the appearance of aerosol in
stratosphere (volcanic eruptions);

– change in the reflectivity of the Earth, affecting
interaction of elements of the climate system (gas exchange between the ocean and
atmosphere, changes in atmospheric humidity).

Climate fluctuations affect health and livelihoods
person. When air temperature and precipitation change, the distributions change
water resources, conditions for the development of the human body.

Climate change is having an impact on agriculture. At
warming increases the duration of the growing season (by 10 days per
every °C increase in temperature). Increased carbon dioxide concentration
leads to increased productivity.

As a result of anthropogenic activities in the upper atmosphere
(ionosphere) zones with reduced electron concentration appear (ionospheric
holes). This occurs due to the accumulation of diffusion of various substances during
launching powerful rockets, under the influence electromagnetic radiation powerful transmitting
devices. Emissions of water and water-containing compounds during startup cause harm.
rockets. In this regard, the state of the ionosphere may change significantly,
the ability to transmit radio signals over long distances will deteriorate.

Anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere leads to ionization
air, which determines the electrical properties of the atmosphere. Change electrical
atmospheric properties by more than 10% will lead to undesirable effects and
worsening problems of electrical injuries.

Chapter 2. Emergency
environmental situations

2.1. Environmental emergencies in the region
water pollution

Intensive development of industry, transport, overpopulation
a number of regions of the planet have led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere. According to
World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of all infectious diseases
diseases in the world are associated with unsatisfactory quality of drinking water and
violations of sanitary and hygienic water supply standards. Surface contamination
reservoirs films of oil, fats, lubricants interfere with gas exchange
water and atmosphere, which reduces the saturation of water with oxygen and negatively
affects the state of phytoplankton and leads to massive death of fish and birds.

The most intense anthropogenic impacts are
fresh surface water sushi (rivers, lakes, swamps, soil and
groundwater). Although their share in the total mass of the hydrosphere is small (less than 0.4%),
high water exchange activity increases their reserves many times over. Under
water exchange activity refers to the rate of renewal of individual water resources
hydrosphere, which is expressed by the number of years or days required for complete
renewal of water resources.

River waters are used especially intensively. Although
river beds contain only 1200 kmj
water,
high water exchange activity of river waters (once every 11-14 days) multiplies them
resources. To this should be added the annually renewable useful volume
reservoirs of the world, estimated at 3200 km3.

A special place in the use of water resources is occupied by consumption
water by the population. For household and drinking purposes in our country we account for
10% of total water consumption.

In the Fundamentals of the current water legislation in the Russian Federation
it is emphasized that rivers are used primarily to satisfy drinking water
and household needs of the population. This is predetermined by the enormous physiological and
hygienic importance of water, its exclusive role in the normal flow
the most complex physiological processes in the human body, in the creation of people
the most favorable living conditions.

The amount of water required per inhabitant per day depends on
climate of the area, cultural level of the population, degree of improvement of the city
and housing stock. Based on it, consumption standards have been developed, which include
water consumption in apartments, cultural and public services enterprises
and public catering.

Water used for watering green spaces and cleaning streets
is taken into account separately. The total capacity of the city water supply should
meet the immediate needs of the population, water consumption in public buildings
(children's institutions, catering establishments, etc.), watering green
plantings and household and drinking needs of industrial enterprises.

Use of public water supply prepared for
for drinking purposes, for the technological needs of industrial enterprises, except
food industry enterprises should be considered irrational. Together with
However, in practice there are often cases when industrial enterprises spend from 25
up to 67% of drinking water, and on average in the country - up to 40% of urban water
water pipelines.

Pathogenic microbes penetrate into open water bodies when discharged
sewage from river vessels, when the banks are polluted and when pollution is washed away from
soil surface by precipitation, when watering livestock, washing clothes and
bathing.

Infectious morbidity of the population associated with water supply,
reaches 500 million cases per year. Therefore, water quality is one of the
the most important problems.

Great influence on the composition of natural waters, both surface and
underground is caused by technogenic pollution. Therefore, the role of water in the development
diseases of non-infectious nature is determined by the content of chemicals in it
impurities, the presence and quantity of which is due to man-made and
anthropogenic factors...

Experimental and clinical medical studies have established
adverse effects of water hardness on the body caused by the total
content of calcium and magnesium salts. High rigidity can play
etiological role in the development of human urolithiasis. Urologists highlight
so-called “stone” zones - areas where urolithiasis
may be considered an endemic disease.

Not only surface but also underground soils are exposed to pollution.
water. By the mid-90s. More than 1,000 sources of underground pollution have already been identified.
waters, 75% of which are in the most populated part of Russia. Generally
state groundwater is estimated as critical and has
dangerous trend of further deterioration.

Groundwater suffers from pollution from oil fields,
mining industry enterprises, waste filtration fields,
slag accumulators and dumps of metallurgical plants, chemical storage facilities
waste and fertilizers, landfills, livestock complexes, sewerage
drainage from populated areas.

The predominant substances polluting groundwater are petroleum products,
phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates,
chlorides, nitrogen compounds.

Lower levels of pollution do not lead to the development of disease, but
affect the health of the population, causing nonspecific symptoms
its disruption and weakening the body's defenses.

2.2. Environmental emergencies in the region
soil pollution

The duration of the soil formation process for different
continents and latitudes ranges from several hundred to several thousand years.

Human economic activity is currently becoming
a dominant factor in soil destruction, decrease and increase in soil fertility.
Under the influence of humans, the parameters and factors of soil formation change - reliefs,
microclimate, reservoirs are created, land reclamation is carried out.

Land aridization is a complex of processes for reducing the humidity of extensive
territories and the resulting reduction in biological productivity
ecological systems. Under the influence of primitive agriculture, irrational
use of pastures, indiscriminate use of machinery on land
turn into deserts.

Soil erosion is the destruction of soil under the influence of wind, water, machinery and
irrigation. The most dangerous is water erosion- soil washing away by melt and rain
and storm water. Water erosion is observed at a steepness of already 1-2°. One
Erosion is promoted by the destruction of forests and plowing on slopes.

Wind erosion characterized by wind removal most
small parts. Wind erosion contributes to the destruction of vegetation on
areas with insufficient humidity, strong winds, continuous grazing
livestock

Technical erosion associated with the destruction of the soil under
exposure to transport, earth-moving machinery and equipment.

Irrigation erosion develops as a result
violations of watering rules in irrigated agriculture. Soil salinization is mainly
associated with these disorders. Currently, at least 50% of the area is irrigated
the lands have been salinized, millions of hectares of previously fertile land have been lost.

Changes in the content of microelements in the soil affect
health of herbivores and humans, leads to metabolic disorders,
causes various endemic local diseases. For example,
lack of iodine in the soil leads to thyroid disease, lack of calcium in
drinking water and food - to damage to joints, their deformation,
growth retardation.

In podzolic soils with a high iron content, when
interaction with sulfur forms iron sulfide, which is strong
poison. As a result, microflora (algae, bacteria) are destroyed in the soil, which
leads to loss of fertility.

The soil becomes dead at a content of 2-3 g of lead per 1 kg
soil (around some enterprises the lead content in the soil reaches 10-15
g/kg).

The soil always contains carcinogenic (chemical, physical,
biological) substances that cause tumor diseases in living organisms,
including cancer. Main sources of regional soil pollution
carcinogenic substances - vehicle exhausts, industrial emissions
enterprises, petroleum products.

Disposal of industrial and household waste to landfills leads to
pollution and irrational use of land, creates real
threats of significant pollution of the atmosphere, surface and ground waters, the growth
transportation costs and irretrievable loss of valuable materials and substances.

2.3. "Greenhouse effect" as a global
ecological catastrophy

Sulfur oxides are the main pollutant, the source of which is
thermal stations, boiler houses, heavy industry plants. Sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides, when interacting with water vapor (clouds), generate acidic rains,
which destroy crops, vegetation, and fish stocks.

Along with sulfur dioxide, a negative impact on the condition
the atmosphere is affected by carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide produced from combustion
hydrocarbons (coal, oil and other organic fuels). Here the main
The source of pollution is transport. For all previous years the share
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by 20% and to beginning of XXI V. may amount to
30-40%,

Such a physicochemical change in the atmosphere can lead to
the phenomenon of the greenhouse effect. Its essence is that the accumulation of carbon dioxide in
upper layers of the atmosphere will interfere with the normal heat exchange process
between the Earth and Space, restrain the heat accumulated by the Earth as a result
human economic activity, as well as during volcanic eruptions and
geothermal waters.

The greenhouse effect is expressed in an increase in temperature, a change in
weather and climate. Already in our time, with modern anthropogenic loads,
every 10 years the temperature will rise by 0.5°C, which will increase the level
of the world ocean due to the melting of ice every 10 years by 1-1.2 m. It is known that
A rise in the level of the World Ocean by 6 m will lead to the flooding of 1/6 of the Earth's land mass.
Another consequence of the greenhouse effect is the increase in desertification of lands
due to intense evaporation of moisture contained in the soil. Already 6 million hectares
lands turn into desert every year.

Air pollution is also associated with deterioration
ozone layer, the main function of which is to protect humans and natural
the Earth's environment from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation from Space.
Under the influence of ozone-depleting substances - freon, chlorine, carbon,
emitted by refrigeration units, cars, aerosol cans,
There is a gradual destruction of this layer. It is known that in the northern regions
of the European continent over populated areas, its thickness
decreased by 3%. A 1% reduction in the ozone layer leads to an increase in
oncological diseases by 6%.

Other equally important objects of pollution are bodies of water,
rivers, lakes, oceans. Billions of dollars flow into the oceans every year
tons of liquid and solid waste. Among them, oil takes precedence, which ends up in
ocean from ships, as a result of oil production in the marine environment, as well as due to
numerous tanker accidents and ruptures of oil pipelines and tanks. Spill
oil leads to the formation of a thin film on the surface of open water bodies,
preventing natural gas exchange between the waters of the World Ocean and
atmosphere. This leads to the death of living sea resources, including algae,
plankton that produce oxygen.

Oxygen in the atmosphere is replenished from two sources -
vegetation (40%) and the World Ocean (60%). According to the famous
researcher of the World Ocean Jacques Yves Cousteau, it is the seas and oceans that are
the main lungs of planet Earth.

As a result of oil and other pollution of the World Ocean
There are also such negative phenomena as the reproduction of unicellular
golden algae, which during development absorbs oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide. rna is very prolific and develops at lightning speed. Usually
its belt reaches a width of 10 km and a thickness of 35 m; the speed of such
belt - 25 km per day. As it moves, this mass of algae destroys everything
living in the ocean. Such phenomena are observed in the North Sea and southern Scandinavia.

Pollution of the World Ocean leads not only to a reduction in
food supplies and seafood, but also their contamination with harmful
human substances. It was found that Baltic cod weighs up to 1 kg
800 mg of mercury, i.e. more than in a medical thermometer.

Chemicals have become a major source of environmental pollution.
used in agriculture, construction and in everyday life: mineral
fertilizers, pesticides, solvents, aerosols, varnishes and paints. On the planet
5 million of various types are produced or used chemical substances And
connections. The toxicity of action has been studied only in 40 thousand substances.

These and other consequences of environmental pollution
negatively affect a person’s physical health, his nervous,
mental state, on the health of future generations. Some data: 20%
of the population constantly suffers from allergies, and 35% of the population of industrial cities -
diseases as a result of the harmful effects of a polluted environment;
every day 25 thousand people die on the planet due to poor-quality water (containing
high concentration of harmful substances).

This is confirmed by data on nervous diseases, increasing
percentage of births of defective children (from 4 to 11%).

Due to intensive economic activity there is
gradual depletion and destruction of the natural environment, i.e. loss of those natural
irreplaceable resources that serve as a source for humans
economic activity. At the current rate of consumption of proven reserves
coal, oil, natural gas and other minerals, according to scientists,
enough for industrial use for 50-500 years. Moreover, a lower figure
We concern liquid hydrocarbons, i.e. oil.

True, society has the prospect of using other types
energy, in particular nuclear, wind, solar, tidal energy,
geothermal waters, hydrogen energy, the reserves of which are still considered
inexhaustible. However, the use of nuclear energy on a large scale
production is hampered by the unresolved problem of nuclear waste disposal
industry. The development of hydrogen as an energy source is currently only possible
theoretically, since technologically this problem has not yet been solved.

Chapter 3. Environmental emergencies; his
demographic

and social consequences

An ecological crisis is the stage of interaction of society
and nature, in which the contradictions between economic
human activity and ecology, economic interests of society in
development of natural resources and environmental requirements for environmental protection
environment. According to its structure, the environmental crisis is usually divided into two parts:
natural and social. Natural part indicates
the onset of degradation and destruction of the natural environment. Social side
environmental crisis lies in the inability of government and
public structures to stop environmental degradation and improve its health.
Both sides of the environmental crisis are closely interconnected. Offensive
environmental crisis can only be stopped with rational
state structure, developed economy and as a result of emergency measures to
environmental protection.

The sanitary condition of the Neva Bay is causing concern, where without
sufficient cleaning and disinfection of wastewater discharge. As a result
the indicator of bacterial contamination of water exceeds 100 times the established ones
hygienic standards.

Cultural, historical and environmental expeditions of recent years
showed that the Volga and Caspian Sea are on the verge of disaster Negative
environmental consequences have reached gigantic proportions. Artificial
reservoirs contribute to the development of drought at a distance of up to 30 km from the coastal
lines. Due to irreversible water consumption, the runoff of small
rivers and the Volga itself. In conditions of reduced water exchange by 12 times and
simultaneous increase in the volume of contaminated wastewater from fields and territories
industrial enterprises, a difficult hydrochemical situation has arisen, impending
threat to the Volga Delta ecosystem, fisheries resources, human health and
plant world.

Despite the stabilization of salt concentrations in recent years,
The Sea of ​​Azov has also lost its unique fishing value.

The most unfavorable environmental situation was created in
connection with the drying up of the Aral Sea.

They have become exceptionally acute in our country. environmental
problems of big cities. They are often associated with economic
helplessness and mismanagement. For example, environmental problems
Scientists associate St. Petersburg with the situation on Ladoga, reminiscent
Baikal, with the only difference that Ladoga is smaller than Baikal, and polluting
there are more objects on it. At the same time, Ladoga is the largest freshwater
lake of Europe and the main source of water supply for a city of five million. She
holds about 900 km3 of water, twice as fresh as water
Baikal.

Ladoga water was considered very tasty and its softness was close to
to the rain. Currently, due to pollution from pulp and paper waste
enterprises and livestock farms, many areas of Ladoga are “blooming”
due to the massive development of blue-green algae. The waters of Ladoga are over-enriched
compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. Toxic algae secretions poison Ladoga
water, and, dying and decomposing, algae take oxygen from it. Finish it off
case of domestic wastewater from adjacent cities and towns.

The ecological balance in the North Sea is also seriously disturbed.
Every year it supplies about 11 thousand tons of lead, 28 thousand tons of zinc, 950 tons
arsenic, 335 tons of cadmium, 75 tons of mercury, 150 thousand tons of oil. According to reports from various
sources, on Earth, about 2 million tons fall annually from the atmosphere into the sea
solutions of various acids, 100 thousand tons of phosphates, 1.5 million tons of nitrogenous compounds,
that are nutrient medium for intensive algae growth. in spring
1988 thousands of tons of fish became victims of the “algae plague”, 10%
seal population. Killer algae infestation should probably be considered
as a kind of response from nature to the ongoing pollution of the seas.

A particular danger to all life on Earth is radioactive
environmental contamination- ionizing radiation, which is
"achievement" of humanity in the 20th century. The main sources of radioactive
contamination are nuclear reactors of power plants, sea ships and
enterprises of the military-industrial complex. As a result of exposure to radiation
Radiation sickness develops and genetic patterns are disrupted. Claims
on excess radiation radiation in our country can also be addressed
enterprises using or dealing with radiation materials
processing and disposal.

Pollution poses a major threat to life on Earth.
radioactive waste of the World Ocean. Discharge of low-level solid waste into the sea
level of activity has been carried out in almost all countries since the beginning of development
nuclear energy and industry. Before 1971, radioactive waste discharges
were carried out without control from international organizations. The first discharges of such
waste in our country were associated with sea trials of nuclear submarines
boats and icebreaker "Lenin".

In general, in Siberia, forests are cut down annually on an area of ​​600 thousand hectares,
and in approximately the same area it dies from fires. Artificial
forest restoration does not exceed 200 thousand hectares. Thus, it is restored
only 1/6 of what perishes. A. Isaev believes that with such management, forest
Siberia's resources will be completely exhausted in 30-40 years. Then
an ecological catastrophe will occur, because following the disappearance of the great
the Siberian taiga with all its original inhabitants will begin the destruction of forest
soils, the hydrological regime will change, river flow will decrease, and the
climate of the region.

A lot of damage is caused to forests, especially in the European part of Russia,
methods used to control insect pests; they often cause
serious damage to other forest inhabitants, disrupting sustainable ecological
chains. Almost uncontrolled self-harvesting of timber is widespread,
which account for up to 1/5 of the total volume of deforestation in the country.

Acid rain completes the deplorable picture of massive forest loss.
They dry out and dry tops develop over large areas. Acid
increases the mobility of aluminum in soils, which is toxic to small roots,
and this leads to oppression of foliage and needles, fragility of branches. Not happening
natural regeneration of coniferous and deciduous forests. These symptoms
accompanied by secondary damage from insects and tree diseases.
Forest damage is increasingly affecting young trees.

The reduction of agricultural land continues, especially
arable land. Over 50 years, over 1 million hectares of arable land have been withdrawn from agricultural production.
lands. Main reasons: wind and water erosion of soils, the advance of cities and
settlements for the best arable land, depletion of soil biopotential due to
improper use of mineral fertilizers, fungicides, mass
soil salinization due to irrigated agriculture. Acquired dangerous proportions
processes of waterlogging, overgrowing of land with shrubs and small forests. In Russia
such lands are about 13%, many disturbed lands are obtained as a result of mining
minerals, during the construction of highways, river dams B
currently in urgent need of reclamation, i.e. restoration, 1.5
million hectares of land.

Conclusion

The current environmentally unhealthy situation around the world
today requires special attention from both the representatives themselves
innovative developments and production technologies, as well as specialists
environmental monitoring.

Environmental emergencies are complex in their specificity, since they
irreparable and together create the concept of an environmental crisis.

According to its structure, the environmental crisis is usually divided into two
parts: natural and social.

Natural part indicates the onset
degradation, destruction of the natural environment.

Social side of the environmental crisis lies in
inability of state and public structures to stop the degradation
environment and improve its health. Both sides of the environmental crisis are closely
interconnected. The onset of the environmental crisis can only be stopped
with a rational government structure, a developed economy and, as a result,
emergency measures for environmental protection.

The need to comply with environmental safety measures in
the present time requires serious consideration and decision as a national
level within each individual state, and at the international level, since
environmental disasters are widespread and affect huge
territory, causing colossal damage to both the economy and taking away
represents the lives of thousands and millions of people.

List of used literature

1.
Andreeva
T.A. Environmental monitoring. – M., 2005

2.
Arustamov
E.A. Life safety. – M., 2000

3.
Safety
and nature conservation /Ed. Anastasyuka D.M. – M., 2001

4.
Mamontov
T.N. Threat to Russia's environmental security. – St. Petersburg, 2006

5.
Basics
life safety./Ed. Solovyova - M., 2001

6.
Sergeev
D.V. Environmental disasters and emergencies. – M., 2005

7.
Ustinova
T.M. Life safety. – M., 2003

Environmental emergency

In accordance with the Federal Law “On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies” - an emergency situation (hereinafter referred to as an emergency situation) is a situation in a certain territory that has arisen as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may result or have resulted in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of people's living conditions.

Emergencies are classified according to various criteria. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 304 of May 21, 2007 “On the classification of emergency situations of a natural and man-made nature,” according to the scale of distribution and severity of the consequences, emergencies of a natural and man-made nature are divided into local emergencies, municipal emergencies, intermunicipal emergencies, emergencies regional emergency, interregional emergency, federal emergency.

For local emergencies include emergencies, as a result of which the territory in which an emergency situation has arisen and the living conditions of people are disrupted (hereinafter referred to as the emergency zone) does not extend beyond the territory of the facility, while the number of people killed or injured in health (hereinafter referred to as the number of victims), is no more than 10 people or the amount of damage to the environment and material losses (hereinafter referred to as the amount of material damage) is no more than 100 thousand rubles.

Municipal emergency- those emergencies as a result of which the emergency zone does not extend beyond the territory of one settlement or the intracity territory of a city of federal significance, while the number of victims is no more than 50 people or the amount of material damage is no more than 5 million rubles, and also this emergency cannot be classified as a local emergency.

For intermunicipal emergencies include emergencies as a result of which the emergency zone affects the territory of two or more settlements, intracity territories of a federal city or inter-settlement territory, while the number of victims is more than 50 people or the amount of material damage is no more than 5 million rubles.

Regional emergency- those emergencies as a result of which the emergency zone does not extend beyond the boundaries of one subject of the Russian Federation, while the number of victims is over 50 people, but not more than 500 people, or the amount of material damage is over 5 million rubles, but not more than 500 million rubles.

For federal emergencies include emergencies that result in more than 500 casualties or more than 500 million rubles in material damage.

Based on the nature of emergencies, emergencies can be divided into technogenic, natural, environmental, anthropogenic, social and combined.

To man-made include emergency situations, the origin of which is associated with technical objects: explosions, fires, accidents at chemically hazardous objects, releases of radiation substances at radiation hazardous objects, accidents with the release of environmentally hazardous substances, building collapses, accidents on life support systems, transport accidents, etc.

Towards natural include emergencies associated with the manifestation of natural forces: earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms, natural fires, etc.

Towards environmental disasters (emergency situations) include abnormal changes in the state of the natural environment: pollution of the biosphere, destruction of the ozone layer, desertification, acid rain, etc.

To biological Emergencies include: epidemics, epizootics, epiphytoties.

Towards social emergencies- events generated by society and occurring in society: interethnic conflicts with the use of force, terrorism, robberies, violence, contradictions between states (wars), famine, etc.

Man-made emergencies- consequences of people's erroneous actions.

Based on the reason for their occurrence, emergencies are divided into accidental (unintentional) and intentional. The last group includes terrorist acts, extremist actions, and other deliberate actions. Most emergencies are random. However, this does not mean that the occurrence and development of emergency situations does not obey any laws.

According to the time regime, emergencies are divided into peacetime and wartime emergencies.

According to the speed of development, emergencies are divided into: sudden(earthquakes, explosions, transport accidents); swift(related to fires, releases of toxic substances, hazardous substances); moderate(floods, floods, volcanic eruptions, etc.).

Emergency situations are characterized by qualitative and quantitative criteria. Quality criteria include: temporal(suddenness and speed of events); socio-ecological(human casualties, removal of large areas from economic circulation); socio-psychological.

The main causes of emergencies:

internal: complexity of technology, insufficient qualifications of personnel, design flaws, physical and moral wear and tear of equipment, low labor and technological discipline;

external: natural disasters, unexpected cessation of energy supplies, technological products, terrorism, wars.

The nature of emergency development.

The occurrence of an emergency is due to the presence of residual risk. According to the concept of residual risk, absolute safety cannot be ensured. Therefore, such security is accepted as is acceptable and can be provided by society in a given period of time.

Conditions for an emergency: presence of a source of risk(pressure, explosive, poisonous, RV); risk factor action(gas release, explosion, fire); being in the affected area of ​​people, farm animals and land.

Sources of emergency situations

The sources of emergencies can be dangerous natural phenomena, man-made incidents, especially dangerous infectious diseases of people and animals, as well as modern means of destruction.

Based on their occurrence, emergency sources are divided into three groups: natural, anthropogenic and mixed.

Natural sources of emergencies

They arise as a result of various kinds of disturbances in natural environment human habitats and are divided into: geological and geophysical, hydrometeorological, aerometeorological, biological.

Geological and geophysical sources of emergencies arise as a result of disturbances inside and on the surface earth's crust. These include: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, dust storms, etc.

Hydrometeorological sources of emergencies are formed in the hydrosphere. These are, first of all, cyclones, tsunamis, storms, floods, etc.

Aerometeorological sources of emergencies arise due to disturbances in the lower layers of the atmosphere. These include: hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, showers, snowfalls, etc.

Biological sources of emergencies are especially dangerous infectious diseases and mass poisonings of people, infectious diseases of farm animals and plants, mass spread of pests, etc.

Anthropogenic sources of emergency situations

They arise in an artificial habitat created by man and are divided into two groups: technogenic and social.

Man-made sources of emergencies include, first of all, fires, accidents at radiation and chemically hazardous facilities, transport, utility networks, hydraulic engineering and other life support facilities.

Social sources of emergencies include armed clashes based on interstate, interethnic, and interreligious conflicts; terrorism, crime, drug addiction, etc.

Mixed sources of emergencies

They are caused by active anthropogenic impact on the environment, under the influence of which new natural sources of emergencies arise or intensively develop. These include sources of emergency situations associated with changes in the state of the land, atmosphere, hydrosphere, due to the negative impact of humans on the biosphere, etc.

A natural-man-made disaster is a destructive process that develops as a result of disruption of the normal interaction of technological objects with components of the natural environment, leading to the death of people, destruction and damage to economic facilities and components of the natural environment.

Quite often the concept of “ecological disaster” (ecological catastrophe) is used - an emergency event of a particularly large scale, caused by a change in the state of the land, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere and negatively affecting human health, habitat, economy or gene pool.

In some cases, an environmental disaster becomes a consequence of dangerous natural phenomena. For example, in 1980, Mount St. Helens (USA) erupted, resulting in the destruction of coniferous forest over an area of ​​several tens of thousands of hectares.

The group of environmental emergencies includes events associated with changes in various environments:

1. Emergencies associated with changes in the state of land (soil, subsoil, landscape):

1. catastrophic subsidence, landslides, collapses of the earth's surface due to the development of subsoil during mining and other human activities;
2. the presence of heavy metals (including radionuclides) and other harmful substances in the soil (soil) in excess of the maximum permissible concentrations;
3. intensive soil degradation, desertification over vast areas due to erosion, salinization, waterlogging, etc.;
4. crisis situations associated with the depletion of non-renewable natural resources;
5. critical situations caused by overfilling of storage facilities (landfills) with industrial and household waste and their pollution of the environment.

2. Emergencies associated with changes in the composition and properties of the atmosphere (air):

1. sudden changes in weather or climate as a result of anthropogenic activities;
2. exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful impurities in the atmosphere;
3. temperature inversions over cities;
4. “oxygen” starvation in cities;
5. significant excess of the maximum permissible level of urban noise;
6. the formation of a vast zone of acid precipitation; destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere;
7. change in atmospheric transparency.

3. Emergencies associated with changes in the state of the hydrosphere (water environment):

1. a sharp shortage of drinking water due to depletion of water sources or their pollution,
2. depletion of water resources necessary for organizing domestic water supply and ensuring technological processes;
3. disruption of economic activity and ecological balance due to pollution of inland seas and the World Ocean.

4. Emergencies associated with changes in the state of the biosphere:

1. extinction of animal and plant species sensitive to changes in environmental conditions;
2. death of vegetation over a wide area;
3. a sharp change in the ability of the biosphere to reproduce renewable resources.

Self-test questions

1. Define an emergency. What are its sources?
2. Give a classification of emergency situations. What signs underlie it?
3. What is a natural disaster? What types of natural emergencies do you know?
4. What are the socio-economic consequences of the emergency?
5. What explains the rapid increase in the number of man-made emergencies in recent decades?
6. Is there a connection between natural and man-made emergencies?

Literature

• 1. Life safety, ed. Arustamova E.A., M.: Publishing House "Dashkov and K", 2000, p. 367.

Environmental emergencies are very diverse and practically cover all aspects of human life and activity. According to the nature of the phenomena, they are divided into four main groups:

¦ changes in the state of land (soil degradation, erosion, desertification);

¦ changes in the properties of the air environment (climate, lack of oxygen, harmful substances, acid rain, noise, destruction of the ozone layer);

¦ changes in the state of the hydrosphere (depletion and pollution of the aquatic environment);

¦ change in the state of the biosphere.

Question 2. Changes in the state of land (varieties, characteristics)

Literature

• 1. Life safety, ed. Arustamova E.A., M.: Publishing House "Dashkov and K", 2000, pp. 194-195.
• 2. www.sufit.narod.ru - Types of environmental emergencies.

Changes in land conditions:

¦ soil degradation,

¦ erosion,

¦ desertification.

Intensive soil degradation is a gradual deterioration of soil properties under the influence of natural causes or human economic activities (improper agricultural practices, pollution, depletion). Degradation occurs when fertilizers and pesticides are used incorrectly.

Thoughtless reclamation work reduces the humus layer, fertile soils are covered with unproductive soil.

During logging, undergrowth and grass cover are damaged and destroyed. Tractor drags cause especially great damage to the soil. When a forest is uprooted, a large amount of humus is carried away along with the roots.

Soil degradation includes processes of erosion, accompanied by changes in soil flora and fauna, decreased fertility, and the formation of barren, desert lands.

Soil erosion refers to the various processes of destruction of soils and underlying rocks by various natural and anthropogenic factors. According to the reasons, they distinguish between water erosion, wind, glacial, landslide, river, and biological.

Desertification is the reduction or destruction of the biological potential of a land space, accompanied by a reduction in its water resources, the disappearance of its continuous vegetation cover, and the depletion and restructuring of its fauna. Desertification is the result of the impact of the unstable environment of arid (dry) lands with irrational use by humans. For example, excessive grazing of livestock, lack of rational relationships between agriculture and livestock, destruction of vegetation during fuel procurement, road construction, and geological exploration.