What are antonyms? What are antonym words: specific examples Examples of contextual antonyms in Russian

Antonyms- these are words that belong to the same part of speech, differ in pronunciation and spelling, and have opposite meanings. For example, cold - hot, loud - quiet, friend - enemy, happy - sad.

Words whose meanings carry opposite properties can enter into antonymic relationships, while the comparison must be based on some common feature (size, weight, temperature, speed, etc.). Only words belonging to the same part are contrasted.

Antonymous pairs do not form the following categories of words:

• – nouns that have specific subject meanings(tree, cave, pencil);
• – proper names(Petya, Vasya);
• – most pronouns and numerals;
• – nouns indicating gender characteristics(granddaughter and grandson, aunt and uncle);
• – words from different stylistic categories(be silent and broadcast);
• – words with suffixes meaning increase or decrease(ship and boat, man and little man).

Antonyms are distinguished by structure:

- single-rooted-formed using prefixes with opposite meanings (friend - foe, come in - go out);

- multi-rooted(high - low, raise - lower, hot - cold).

Antonymy and polysemy of words

Polysemous words can form antonymous pairs with different words, depending on the meaning to which they are used in a given context:

soft sofa - hard sofa,

soft tone - sharp tone,

soft clay - hard clay.

A special phenomenon in language is antonymic relations in the structure of the meanings of a polysemantic word ( enantiosemy):

view report(meaning familiarize yourself) – view typo(skip),

borrow a book from a friend(borrow) - lend money to a colleague(to lend).

General linguistic and contextual antonyms

– general language(linguistic) antonyms exist in the language system and are reproduced regardless of the context ( darkness - light, big - small);

– contextual(speech, occasional) antonyms arise only in a certain context ( "Ice and fire"- the title of the story by R. Bradbury).

The role of antonyms in speech

Antonyms make our speech brighter and more expressive. They are often found in the titles of works of art (“War and Peace”, “Fathers and Sons”), in proverbs (“People are sweethearts, but houses are devils”), the use of antonyms underlies a number of stylistic devices.

One such technique is antithesis- rhetorical opposition:

- “They got along. Wave and stone

Poems and prose, ice and fire."(A.S. Pushkin);

– « I am the lonely son of the earth,

You are a radiant vision."(A. A. Blok).

Another trick: oxymoron– a combination of logically incompatible concepts:

– « Dead Souls» (N.V. Gogol);

– “An Ordinary Miracle” ( E. Schwartz);

- “Look, it’s fun for her to be sad,

So elegantly naked.” (A.A. Akhmatova).

Dictionaries

Special antonym dictionaries will help you choose an antonymous pair. We can recommend dictionaries edited by L.A. Vvedenskaya (more than 1,000 pairs of antonyms) and N.P. Kolesnikov (more than 1,300 pairs). In addition, there are highly specialized dictionaries, for example, a dictionary of antonyms-phraseological units or antonyms-dialectical units.

Antonyms- words with opposite meanings. For example: bright - dim, big - small, big - small, friend - foe, worlds - antiworlds. Ice - fire are not antonyms, because ice is cold, fire is hot, so hot and cold will be antonyms, Floor - ceiling are also not antonyms, because top - bottom (these are already antonyms), thick - thin are not antonyms, but fat - thin are antonyms .Contextual antonyms - it is in the context that they are opposite. For example: wolves and sheep, Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero. Antonyms are:

1) Direct2) Indirect3) Contextual

Russian vocabulary from the point of view of its origin

6th century BC (day of adoption of Orthodoxy) - Common Slavs. Until 6th century Indo-European language(Indo-Iranian branch (Italy, Franz, Romanian), Romano-Germanic (Scandinavia), Baltoslavs (common Slavic language). Baltoslavs (West Slavs (Czech Republic), South Slavs (Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria), East Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) .In 14th century East Slavs divided into (Great Russian, Little Russian (Ukrainians), Belarusian.). In 988 (adoption of Christianity) the oral East Slavs + Old Slavs language (South Slavs language). 1) Original Russian words. All words from the Common Slavs + all words from the Old Church Slavs + words that arose in the Russian language, regardless of the fact that they consist of borrowed parts (For example: manicure (French word) - manicurist (form in Russian), 90% original- Russian words. 2) Own Russian words(after the 14th century when they were divided into Russian, Belarusian and Great Russian) For example: mason, race, clamp, healed, intervention. 3) Loan words-came from outside, Old Slavonicisms were also borrowed. For example: city-grad (staroslav), daughter - vanity, oloto - gold. From Greek (idol, chaos, chamber, tower). 4) Lesich tracing paper use foreign language forms textures (sub-divis-ion (sub-division)). For example: audience, rector. Semantic tracings For example 6do land - agriculture.

Neologisms and ways of their emergence.

Neologisms- The words cat are not yet included in the dictionary, but the public knows them. For example: glamor- performance freaks about beauty outsourcing- use of an external source, resource, transfer by the organization of certain functions to the service of another company specializing in the field. And also: Wi-Fi, smartphone, tablet, device. Methods of education: 1) a word from outside, but formed with the help of Russian addition: PR (foreign word)– PR person (Russian word) – PR (Russian word). 2) formed by foreign words: device (device).

Historicisms

Historic words - cat are not used, and there is no replacement with new ones. For example: coachman (since there is no new replacement), jacket, For example: Bestuzhevka - a student of higher education educational institution for women, established in St. Petersburg in 1878; volosnik - a hair band entwined around the head, which women wore under a scarf or under a kokoshnik; chashnik - “a boyar who was in charge of the wine cellars and brought drinks to the royal table.”

Archaisms

These words cat are not used, but cat is replaced with new. For example: eyes - eyes, mouth - lips, know - know. Classification of outdated words: 1) the words cat came out of the language and were not used as a derivative of words and words in general. 2) the words cat came out but were used as a derivative layer: willow-rope, tax collector. 3) the words cat are not used but are part of the phraseological unit. For example: big boss(bump - goes back to the speech of barge haulers, cone is the name of the strongest barge hauler), goal like a falcon (falcon-tree weapon, meaning that naked is not like a falcon without feathers, but without weapons), I can't see you(the horse has a zga-bell, he hung on the cat and in the fog it is invisible), no stake, no yard(outskirts (stake) – a small piece of land).

Euphemisms

words (or expressions) that in certain situations replace unwanted, harsh, in the opinion of the speaker or writer, designations. For example: to leave this life instead of die, to evade the truth instead of to lie, etc. Euphemisms are used in spoken or printed texts to replace words considered rude. The phenomenon of euphemism is based on remnants of linguistic “taboos” (prohibitions to pronounce the direct names of such dangerous objects and phenomena, such as gods, diseases or the dead, since the phenomenon itself can cause according to old thinking) - these are euphemisms like: “unclean” instead “devil”, “deceased”, “deceased”;

Stylistic differentiation of vocabulary

Styles in Russian: journalistic (only in the USSR), scientific, colloquial, technical (instructions). By area of ​​use: dialectisms (by territory, patois), social jargon, professionalisms (because in the dictionary they are not called that way). From the point of view of the scope of use: Asset stock vocabulary - all words of the general people of consumption + words of the word are limited in their use (professionalism), jargon - an attribute of social life, professionalism - an attribute of professional life. Passive stock: obsolete words and neo-ogisms.

Jargonisms

Slang vocabulary is words that reflect the peculiarities of speech of people united by a common profession, social status, age, and interests. The purpose of the formation and use of slang words is to create “your own” language of communication. For example, in the speech of students: dorm (dormitory), tail (failed test or exam), teacher (teacher),

Especially a lot of jargon appeared before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes. In the speech of sailors, for example: training aircraft - ladybug, bottom of the fuselage - belly. Among the sailors: captain - cap, grandfather is called a mechanic. This is professional jargon, used only by people of one profession.

Dialectisms

Dialectal vocabulary (dialect) - words whose distribution is limited to a particular territory. Actually lexical dialectisms words are called that coincide with general literary ones in meaning, but differ in their sound complex. They name the same concepts, i.e. are synonyms. For example: golitsy, fur coats (northern) - mittens; basque (northern) - beautiful; veksha (northern) - squirrel; stitch (southern) - path; row (southern) - disdain, neglect; beam (southern) - ravine, gai (southern) - forest, etc.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms words that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with literary ones, but differ from them in their meaning. For example: cheerful(southern, Ryazan) - elegant, beautifully decorated and cheerful(lit.) - full of energy, roe(southern, Kaluga, Orlov, Kursk) - snake and roe(lit.) - wild goat; wad(Volzh.) - the bow of the ship, the very front of it and wad(lit.) - a bundle of hemp, fabric, paper for driving a charge.

Vernacular

This is another variety of the national Russian language. It has no attachment to the territory; it is the speech of the urban, poorly educated population who do not speak the norms of the Russian language. The vernacular developed as a result of mixing different dialects of speech in the city, where people moved from rural areas. Over time, the circle of speakers of vernacular narrows, thanks to secondary education. Therefore, there are two varieties: the old, traditional vernacular, associated with dialects, and the new, fed by social and professional jargons. For example in common parlance it is typical to soften consonants e.g.: candy, convert, five minutes, etc., hard pronunciation of r in words karyzny, princess., insertion of j or /v/ between adjacent vowels within a word for example: spien, piyanino, kakavo, etc., inserting a vowel inside the combinations agree: life, ruble., full form of an adjective or participle as part of a predicate: I don’t agree to this, I need you. Using nouns with decrease weasel suffixes: If you don’t want tea, your temples will be straight or slanted.

Taboo vocabulary

Taboo- restriction or complete ban on the use of words, determined by factors: religious considerations, superstitions and prejudices, censorship and political prohibitions, traditions. Thus, among peoples at an early stage of social development (Polynesians, Australians, Zulus, Eskimos, etc.), word taboos arise on the basis of mythological beliefs. The designation of death, the name of diseases, the names of gods and spirits are subject to prohibition (taboo); The name of the animal that serves as the main object of hunting for a given tribe is often taboo. All this is based on a naive identification of these “things” and the words that name them, which often leads to the taboo of other consonant words or the same words in other meanings. To replace taboo words, you need other words - euphemisms.

Types of phraseological units

Phraseological unit (phraseological unit) - This is a semantic (impossibility of words) non-free combination of words, which is reproduced in speech as something unified in terms of semantic content and lexical composition. Types: phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations. Phraseological fusions-undecomposable phraseological units. For example: getting into trouble (not using the word), getting into trouble (not using the department), sharpening your lasses. Phraseological unity-phraseological unit, the holistic meaning of the cat is motivated by the meanings of their components. For example: pull the strap, bury talent in the ground, suck it out of your finger, lead it by the nose. In phraseological unity, the individual meaning of the component words is absorbed and lost. This category of phraseology is characterized by semantic unity, or semantic integrity. With all this, the meaning of the whole is connected with the understanding of the “figurative core of the phrase.” Phraseological combinations-its elements easily break down into separate parts and can be used with other words. For example: does not lead with an eyebrow, does not lead with an ear, stay on a short leg - stay on an even leg, a sensitive question is a sensitive matter.

Antonyms in Russian language

Antonyms(gr. anti- against + onyma- name) are words that differ in sound and have directly opposite meanings: truth - heresy, good - evil, speak - remain silent.

Antonyms most often refer to one part of speech and form pairs.

Only words that are correlative on any basis - high-quality, quantitative, temporal, spatial and belonging to the same category of impartial reality as mutually exclusive concepts enter into antonymic matters: beautiful - ugly, much - not enough, morning - evening, remove - bring closer.

Words with other meanings usually do not have antonyms: house, thinking, write, 20, Kyiv, Caucasus.

Most antonyms characterize properties(good - bad, smart - stupid, dear - alien, thick - rare and under.); there are many similar ones that point to spatial And temporary affairs ( large - small, spacious - cramped, tall - small, wide - narrow; early - late, day - night) ; fewer antonymous pairs with quantitative value ( many - few; unique - countless). There are reverse names of actions, states (cry - laugh, rejoice - grieve), but there are only a few similar ones.

According to their structure, antonyms are divided into multi-rooted (day Night) And single-rooted (come - go, revolution - counter-revolution). The first ones make up the group actually lexical antonymov, 2nd - lexico-grammatical. In single-root antonyms, the opposite meaning is caused by different prefixes, which are also capable of entering into antonymic affairs: V lay down - You lay down at put - from put, behind cover - from cover.

Antonyms, as already mentioned, usually form a pair in a language. But this does not mean that one or another word can have the same antonym. Antonymous cases make it possible to express the opposition of concepts in an “open”, polynomial series: definite - abstract, abstract; joyful - sad, melancholy, gloomy, sour.

In addition, each member of an antonymic pair or antonymic series can have its own synonyms that do not intersect in antonymy. Then there is some a system in which synonymous units are placed vertically and antonymous ones horizontally. Eg:

smart - stupid
intelligent - stupid
wisest - brainless
big-headed - headless
smart - stupid

to be sad - to rejoice

to be sad - to have fun

to be sad - to rejoice

The antonymic deeds of words are also reflected in their abilities lexical compatibility. In this case, antonymic opposition is formed by words that have wide boundaries of lexical compatibility, which means they can be used in various antonymic combinations: left - right(arm, shoulder, ear, eye, side, wing, paw, side, part, half, shore, flank, party, slope, etc.). For words that have limited lexical combinability abilities, the zone of antonymy is small: freshest - stale(loaf, bread, roll).

In modern linguistics they sometimes talk about contextual antonyms, i.e. words contrasted in a certain context, for example: "Wolves and Sheep". The polarity of the meanings of such words is not fixed in the language; their opposition is individual author's character. The writer can reveal inverse properties have different concepts and on this basis contrast them in speech: not a mother, but a daughter; sunlight- Moonlight; one year is a lifetime. But words that name such concepts are not antonyms, because their opposition is not reproduced in language, it is occasional.

Antonyms are located at the last points of the lexical paradigm, but between them in the language there can be words that reflect the designated feature to varying degrees, i.e. its decrease or increase. Eg: wealthy - rich - poor - poor - beggar; harmful - harmless - worthless - necessary. This opposition implies the probable degree of strengthening of a sign, property, action, or gradation(lat. gradatio- gradual increase). Semantic gradation (graduality), similarly, is characteristic only of those antonyms whose semantic structure contains an indication of the degree of the property: young - old, big - small, small - big and under. Other antonymous pairs lack the graduality feature: up - down, day - night, life - death, man - woman.

Antonyms that have the property of gradualism can be interchanged in speech to give an expression a courteous form; so, it's better to say slender, how skinny; old, how old. Words used to remove the harshness or rudeness of a phrase are called euphemisms(gr. eu- excellent + phemi- I say). On this basis, from time to time they talk about antonyms-euphemisms, which express the meaning of the opposite in a softened form.

In the lexical system of a language it is possible to distinguish and antonyms-converts(lat. conversio- change). These are words expressing the relation of opposition in the initial (direct) and modified (reverse) expression: Alexander gave the book to Dmitry. — Dmitry took the book from Alexander; Doctor takes test from trainee. — An intern passes a test to a doctor.

Certain meanings of ambiguous words can also be antonymous. There is a language intraword antonymy- antonymy of the meanings of ambiguous words, or enantiosemy(gr. enantios- reverse + sema- symbol). This phenomenon is observed in ambiguous words that develop mutually exclusive meanings. For example, the verb move away can mean “come to a normal state, feel better,” but it can also mean “die, say goodbye to life.” Enantiosemy becomes a prerequisite for the ambiguity of such expressions, for example: The editor looked at these lines; I listened to the divertissement; The speaker let slip and under.

Different meanings of the same word can have different antonyms. For example, the word close in the meanings “located at a small distance” and “remote by a small period of time” has the antonym further (close distance - distant distance, close years - distant years) . And in the meaning of “blood related” this word is antonymous with the word stranger (close people - strangers). Speaking in the meaning of “similar, similar”, it forms an antonymic pair with the word different (works that are similar in content, but different in form).

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What are contextual antonyms?

Antonyms in the Russian language Antonyms (gr. anti - against + onyma - name) are words that are different in sound and have directly opposite meanings: truth - heresy, good - evil, speak - remain silent. Antonyms most often refer to one part of speech and form pairs. Only words that are correlative according to some attribute - high-quality,...

Megamind

Antonyms (Greek αντί- - against + όνομα - name) are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “good” - “evil”, “speak” - “be silent”. Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of polysemantic words. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function. Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common sign (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words related to different parts speech or lexical levels. Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning, which, in principle, is known to every schoolchild. The area of ​​use of antonyms is quite extensive; they can be used in any style of speech communication, from official documents to colloquial speech. However, in addition to, let’s say, traditional antonymy, there is also a phenomenon that in philology is defined as contextual antonymy. In some sources it is also called the author's. The essence of contextual antonyms is that, unlike ordinary ones, they become such only in a certain context, since in linguistics such pairs of words are not fixed. As an example, we can cite a pair of contextual antonyms “one year - a whole life.” This pair is not fixed in the language, which can be checked in any dictionary of antonyms in the Russian language. Their opposite meaning can only arise in a certain context, for example, “Only a year has passed, but it seemed to me like a whole life.” The phenomenon of contextual antonyms is based on the fact that different nominations may have characteristics that, in the author’s opinion, are of an opposite nature , and this is precisely the reason for using them in this sense in a certain context, in order to give it expressiveness. In general, contextual antonyms are so-called occasional, that is, random in nature, since in ordinary verbal communication their opposite meaning is simply lost, while in a literary work they emphasize some author’s thought, and therefore are purely individual. There are only a few repeated cases of using the same contextual antonym; among the most famous, the pair “sheep - wolves” can be cited. In other words, the use of contextual antonyms is one of the means of enriching vocabulary literary work, giving greater expression to the narrative. IN in this case systemic relationships between pairs of words with opposite meanings are untenable, since this phenomenon is of an author’s, individual nature.

Antonyms (Greek αντί - - against + όνομα - name) are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “good” - “evil”, "to speak" - "to remain silent." Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function. Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms. Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning, which, in principle, is known to every schoolchild. The area of ​​use of antonyms is quite extensive; they can be used in any style of speech communication, from official documents to colloquial speech. However, in addition to, let’s say, traditional antonymy, there is also a phenomenon that in philology is defined as contextual antonymy. In some sources it is also called the author's. The essence of contextual antonyms is that, unlike ordinary ones, they become such only in a certain context, since in linguistics such pairs of words are not fixed. As an example, we can cite a pair of contextual antonyms “one year - a whole life”. This pair is not fixed in the language, which can be checked in any dictionary of antonyms in the Russian language. Their opposite meaning can only arise in a certain context, for example, “Only a year has passed, but it seemed to me like a whole life.” The phenomenon of contextual antonyms is based on the fact that various nominations may have features that, in the author’s opinion, are of an opposite nature, and this is precisely the basis for using them in this sense in a certain context in order to give it expressiveness. In general, contextual antonyms are so-called occasional, that is, random in nature, since in ordinary verbal communication their opposite meaning is simply lost, while in a literary work they emphasize some author’s thought, and therefore are purely individual. There are only a few repeated cases of using the same contextual antonym for the entire unit; among the most famous, the pair “sheep - wolves” can be cited as an example. In other words, the use of contextual antonyms is one of the means of enriching the vocabulary of a literary work, giving greater expression to the narrative. In this case, the systemic relationships of pairs of words with opposite meanings are untenable, since this phenomenon is of the author’s, individual nature.