The verb to be is the past tense in Polish. Past tense of verbs in Polish. It seems to me that this very clear and obvious analogy can help you and me with the verb iść in the past tense

In this lesson we continue to work with verbs.

As you know, the principle of working with verbs is always the same, regardless of the group:

removed the ending from the infinitive and put the correct endings for I, You, We, They etc.

IN Polish language 4 groups of verbs. We tried to give a fairly simple and structured explanation of this topic in this lesson. Understand the principle, learn the endings, and then type lexicon and learn verbs and their conjugations as you work with the Polish language.

Correct endings allow us to correctly say “I’m listening.” Yu", "we understand eat", not "I'm listening t", "we understand t».

Group 1. Verbs ending -ować

kupować (buy), pracować (work), studiować (study at higher educational institution) , drukować (to print), znajdować się (to be), marznąć (to freeze)

This group of verbs will be characterized by endings - esz , -iesz for pronoun You:

pracować – to work

Pracuję na pół etatu. – I work part time.
Gdzie pracujesz? – Where do you work?
On nie prakuje. - He does not work.
Ona pracuje od ósmej do czwartej. – She works from eight to four.
Pracujemy w weekend. – We work on weekends.
Do której pracujecie? – What time do you work until?
Oni pracują w brygadzie. – They work in a team.

Group 2. Verbs that end in -ić, -eć, -yć (as well as a few words ending in -ać)

prosić (to ask), mówić (to speak), dzwonić (to call)
myśleć (think), milczeć (be silent)
patrzyć (watch), uczyć (learn)
stać (stand), spać (sleep)

Such verbs are characterized by endings - ysz , -isz for pronoun You:

mówić – to speak

myśleć – to think

Ja tak nie myślę – I don’t think so.
Czy myślisz, że ona dzisiaj do nas przyjdzie? – Do you think she'll come today?
Co pani o tym myśli? – What do you think of it? (address to a woman)
Myślicie, że jutro będzie zimno? – Do you think it will be cold tomorrow?
Skoro (jeżeli) oni o tym nie myślą, musimy to zrobić sami – If they don't think about it, we have to do it ourselves.

prosić – to ask

Proszę cię. - I beg you.
Dlaczego nie poprosisz go? – Why don't you ask him?
Nikt o to (tym) ciebie nie prosi. – Nobody is asking you to do this.
Prosimy przyjść jutro wcześniej. – We ask you to come early tomorrow.
Dobrze, skoro tak prosicie. – Okay, if that's what you ask.
Oni nie proszą. Oni robią. – They don't ask. They make.

Group 3. Verbs ending in -ać

podobać się (like), czekać (wait), szukać (search), czytać (read), mieszkać (live),
zaczynać (to begin).

Such verbs will have the ending - am for pronoun I and the ending - asz For You:

czekać – to wait

Czekam na ciebie. - I'm waiting for you.
Poczekasz na mnie z pracy? – Will you wait for me from work?
Ona czeka na nas o dwunastej. – She's expecting us at twelve o'clock.
Niepotrzebnie czekamy tak długo. – We are waiting so long in vain.
Też czekacie państwo na ten pociąg? – Are you also waiting for this train?
Oni czekają na samolot z Berlina. – They are waiting for a plane from Berlin.

Group 4. Exceptions, they are easier to learn

jeść (to eat), umieć (to be able to), być (to be), rozumieć (to understand)

For pronoun I characteristic ending - em. But very often the basis itself changes.

rozumieć – to understand

Rozumiem cię doskonale. – I understand exactly what u mean.
Dlaczego ty tego nie rozumiesz? To jest takie łatwe (tak łatwo)! – Why don't you understand this? It's so easy!
Nikt tego nie rozumie. – Nobody understands this.
Czy wszystko rozumiecie? – Do you understand everything?
Rozumiemy o czym nas prosicie. – We understand what you are asking of us.
Oni nie rozumieją po polsku. – They don't understand Polish.

All we have to do is do the exercises to practice the correct endings, gain vocabulary from the sentences and listen to the Polish language in the answers to the exercises - this is excellent practice for listening.

Tip for the exercises: if you can’t conjugate a verb, listen to the voiceover and take dictation.

Studies foreign language can be quite challenging, especially when it comes to grammar. From the very beginning you must start practicing different times, cases, and conjugations of Polish verbs. Knowledge of the conjugations of Polish verbs is really necessary in spoken Polish, as in any other foreign language. But refreshing your knowledge of grammar, especially in conjugating Polish verbs, is important not only for beginners, but also for those who already have enough high level language knowledge. The Polish verb conjugation feature from bab.la is a good way to learn Polish verb conjugations. After use search engine You can learn Polish verb conjugation and find the correct Polish verb conjugation, or refresh your knowledge. If you're looking for a more fun way to learn Polish verb conjugations or review ones you already know, you can try games and tests from bab.la. With Polish Tests from bab.la you can brush up on your knowledge of Polish verb conjugation by taking various tests on the topic of Polish verb conjugation. Also, you can try funny Polish bab.la

There are verbs perfect form And imperfect form. They are practically no different from the corresponding ones in Russian. A small number of verbs have two specific meanings at once ( ofiarować"sacrifice", anulować, kazać“command, force/force”). There are also words that do not have an aspectual pair, for example, imperfective verbs miec"have", móc"to be able" dyszeć, owocować"fruit", rozkoszować; or perfect verbs opaść, osierocić, osłupieć"to be dumbfounded" owdowieć. There may be cases when different meanings the same verb will correspond to different aspectual forms ( cisnąć“throw” is the perfect form, “reap” is the imperfect form).

However, most Polish verbs form aspectual pairs using prefixes, suffixes, and changes in the stem:

Imperfective verbs can form the present and future complex tenses ( piszę, będę pisał), active present participle ( piszący), participle with suffix -ąc (pisząc), while perfective verbs form simple future tense forms ( napiszę), participles with suffixes -wszy-/-łszy- (pisawszy), and do not have present tense forms. The forms of the past tense, conditional and imperative moods form verbs of both types.

With the help of suffixes, verbs also express the meaning of once and repeatedly:

• nieść"carry" - nosić,
• mowić"speak" - mawiać,
• ciąć"cut" - wycinać,
• płakać"cry" - popłаkiwać,
• ćrapacć"snore" - pochrapywać,
• jeść"There is" - jadać,
• czytać"read" - czytywać,
• spać"sleep" - sypiać,
• widzieć się"to see each other" - widywać się,
• być"be" - bywać,
• siedzieć"sit" - siadywać,
• miec"have" - miewać,
• Chodzić"walk" - chadzać,
• płynąć"swim" - pływać.

Mood category

As in Russian, there are the following moods: indicative, which represents the action as actually happening ( piszę), conditional, in which the action is recognized as possible ( pisałby), imperative when the listener is called to perform a specific action ( pisz!).

Time category

This category combines the following grammatical meanings: present time (widzę), past tense (Widziałem, napisałaś), Future tense (będę widział, napiszesz). These meanings are practically no different from those existing in the Russian language.

Pledge category

The active and passive voice coexist in sentences where the predicate is a transitive verb, i.e. a verb that combines with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. In such sentences, the subject represents either the subject performing the action or the object towards which the action is directed ( on niesie sztandar"he carries the flag" - sztandar jest niesiony przez niego, koń pije wodę“the horse drinks water” - woda jest pita przez konia). The passive voice in Polish is expressed exclusively by the passive participle form ( niesiony, pita).

Face category

As in the Russian language, the grammatical meanings of 3 persons are combined here, but, unlike the Russian language, they apply to all conjugated forms, including the past tense and the conditional mood.

Number category

Genus category

This category includes values masculine, feminine and neuter and appears in the past tense and conditional mood, as well as in the system of participles and gerunds. In the plural, these forms implement the category of a male person, which depends on the category of the male person of the subject. Participles also have a case category.

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The past tense of a verb in Polish is formed by cutting off its ending from the infinitive and adding a past tense suffix to the resulting infinitive stem. ł .

For example, from the infinitive czytać cut off the ending ć , we get the stem of the infinitive czyta-, add a past tense suffix ł and we get the 3rd person singular form czytał(read).

However, with the verb forms of other persons in the singular and plural of the past tense, everything is a little more complicated.

In the singular, the following personal endings are added to them: -em, -eś(for masculine forms) and -am, aś(for feminine forms), and in the plural: -liśmy, -liście, -li(męskosobowy (for personally male forms) and -łyśmy, -łyście, -ły(niemęskosobowy (for non-personal masculine forms).

Let me remind you that the personal-male form is used in cases where we are talking about men or a group of people in which there is at least 1 man. The impersonal masculine form is used in all other cases, that is, when talking about women, children, animals or inanimate objects.

Let's take a closer look:

robić- do

But, unfortunately, as with all rules, there are exceptions. Some forms of Polish verbs in the past tense just need to be remembered: jeść, móc, iść, usiąść, nieść,wieźć, znaleźć and etc.

jeść- There is

móc- be able

iść- go

usiąść- sit down

nieść- carry

wieźć- to carry

znaleźć- find

The alternation of vowels also poses some difficulty. e → a, which occurs in some verbs ending in eć:chcieć(want) , leżeć(lie) , miec(have) , musić(must) , rozumieć(understand) , umieć(be able to) , widzieć(see) , wiedzieć (to know) . Vowel a appears in the masculine, feminine and neuter singular and impersonal masculine form plural. For example:

miec- have

Let's also look at verbs ending in -ąć, they alternate vowels ą → ę . Vowel ę appears in feminine and neuter gender singular, as well as in the impersonal masculine and personal masculine plural form. For example:

ciągnąć- to pull

płynąć- swim

Since the personal endings of verb forms signal what person and number we are talking about, the use of personal pronouns with them is not necessary, and even unnecessary. For example, if in Russian: “We worked together,” then in Polish the equivalent is “Pracowaliśmy razem.”

It is also worth considering that in the 1st and 2nd person plural forms of past tense verbs, the stress falls on the third syllable from the end (and not on the penultimate): czyt a liśmy, czyt a Liście.

It's time to talk about the Polish verb in a very serious way. Until now, we have, as they say, hit the verbs point-by-point: we figured it out from the Polish language, and also according to the case. However, it’s not for nothing that I myself constantly say that the No. 1 key to success in learning a foreign language is consistency.

Today it's time to get acquainted with the system of conjugations of the Polish verb in the present tense. The simplest conjugation of a Polish verb is the am conjugation. Since quite objectively, this is the simplest conjugation, with minimum quantity exceptions, then it is predominantly considered the first, although in Polish grammars it is officially called the third (). In order not to get confused in the numbers of conjugations, in Polish they can also be called by their characteristic endings: am-conjugation, ę-conjugation, i-conjugation, and sometimes there is also a fourth (em-conjugation). This makes it much easier to navigate and remember.

The biggest challenge

What's the hardest thing about conjugating a Polish verb? Of course, these are not endings or even alternations. The fact is that in Polish it is completely impossible to determine which conjugation a verb belongs to by the external gender of the infinitive.

I am sure that after such a statement, you have a completely logical question: What should we do?

In fact, I admit that neither I nor anyone else has a clear answer to this question. At least I haven't met anyone like that. But there is definitely a way out.

Solutions

Firstly, in order to defuse the situation and the problem does not seem so terrible to you, I will say that in Russian the situation completely similar. We just don’t notice it (Thank God!). After all, if you remember, at school we learned to determine the conjugation of a Russian verb by the ending of this very verb in the third person (-ать (-ят); -уть (-уть). And how, please, tell a poor Pole or an unfortunate German to find out the endings 3l . plural, because this is precisely why he needs to learn the conjugation! In short, the situation is the same as in Polish, but at the same time you and I do not get confused in verb endings and do not say: “sleep”, “work” and etc. So there are ways not to get confused in Polish.

Secondly, my 7-year teaching practice reveals very interesting observations. By following all the recommendations, this problem practically disappears for almost all of my students by the 12-15th lesson. This is despite the fact that we get acquainted with the last conjugation somewhere in lesson 5-7! To be honest, you have to deal with some particularly complex verbs later, but these are rather interesting exceptions to the rule.

Thirdly, there are secrets that will help you understand the conjugation of Polish verbs. They can hardly be called rules, but these tendencies are often very useful for putting things in order in your head. I will introduce you to some of them in articles devoted to the corresponding conjugations, some in separate materials, and some within the framework.

In the end, in order not to leave you with anything at all, before going into detail with each of the conjugations separately, I will give arbitrary examples conjugations in each of the 3 conjugations of the Polish verb.