Borders of the region in modern historiography. Methodological problems of regional history. Collection output

Regional history in modern historical science

O.I. Lazarev, GBPOU ATSP Arzamas, Russia

One of the features of Russian history is that it has its own development characteristics. The development of Russia was influenced by a huge number of factors. Nature and climate, the ratio of the territory's area and its population, the multinational and religious composition of the population, the need to develop the territory, huge external factors. The history of the Fatherland is a history that conquered new territories and annexed new peoples.

The borders of Russia were formed by the middle of the 19th century. And the main result was that in the middle of the 20th century our country occupied almost 1/6 of the landmass, on whose territory lived more than a hundred nations and various nationalities that professed almost all the world’s religions and had their own culture.

It followed that one of the urgent tasks in educational policy would be a competent combination of the federal and national-regional components: teaching the history of peoples, the development of original cultures and languages.

In studying the history of Russia it is impossible to consider events and phenomena only “through” history major cities. Being an integral part national history, the history of individual regions of Russia confirms the fact that the political and civilizational choice in the localities could differ significantly from large cities, demonstrating both general and special features.

Considering the concepts of the national-regional component historical education in the republics, territories and regions of the Russian Federation, indicates that an active search is underway in this direction. At the same time, regional culture should not be considered as a “weak” element of Russian history. This is a special story, which differs in many ways from the history of large cities and capitals. “Russia is strong in its provinces” - this authoritative opinion of the great historian Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin is still relevant.

Regional history as a discipline covers everything related to the region, its history and modernity. But if local history attracts everyone interested in the present and past of their native land, then the second is the work of professional specialists in both the humanities and natural sciences. It can be emphasized that the course of national history should include the history of the Russian state, the peoples inhabiting it, and the history of regions and local history (local history). It is this approach that will contribute to students’ awareness of their social identity in a wide range - as citizens of the Russian Federation, residents of their native land, hometown, and most importantly, as guardians and legal successors of the traditions of the clan and family.

Modern cultural studies provide a huge perspective for creating the content of a course in Russian history. Characteristics of the diversity and interaction of cultures of peoples who at different stages of history became part of the multinational Russian state help to form in students a sense of belonging to a rich common cultural and historical space, respect for the cultural achievements and best traditions of their own and other peoples. This, in turn, serves as the basis for the ability to dialogue in school and out-of-school communication and social practice.

The approach to teaching regional history presupposes the unity of knowledge, value relations and cognitive activity of students. The current Federal State Educational Standards LLC names the tasks of studying history:

Formation of guidelines for civil, ethno-national, social, cultural self-identification among the younger generation;

Students acquiring knowledge about the main stages of development human society from antiquity to the present day, with special attention to the place and role of Russia in the world historical process;

Educating students in the spirit of patriotism, respect for their Fatherland, the multinational Russian state, in accordance with the ideas of mutual understanding, harmony and peace between people and nations, in the spirit of democratic values modern society;

Developing students’ abilities to analyze information contained in various sources about events and phenomena of the past and present, to consider events in accordance with the principle of historicism, in their dynamics, interconnection and interdependence;

Regional history includes everything that relates to the region, past, present and future. Regional studies is a complex of broader and more generalized knowledge than local history, focused primarily on local features: natural, historical, artistic, memorial itself, that is, reminiscent of outstanding events, natives, local figures, monuments, etc. But doing regional history is a matter professional specialists. Local history is usually carried out by local history museums, research institutions, and local governments. In educational local history, the main role in studying their native land is given to students under the direct guidance of the teacher. The amateur population, non-professional local historians, and folk museums can also study the region. But at the same time, when studying regional history, one is usually not limited to the territory of the region itself: relationships with other regions, with the capital, and determining the region’s place in the territorial

School programs in the history of Russia provides for the study of the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region from ancient times to the present. Regional material has become a mandatory part of studying the course of Russian history.

Teaching the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the context of Russian history is a necessary component of the development of a democratic state, the formation of a modern tolerant personality, ready to perceive the ethnic and religious diversity of the world. To study regional history, a list of historical topics should be formed, based on a balance between the history of the Fatherland, society and individuals, between political, social and cultural history, between national, world and local history.

Regional history is not an independent subject, but a course that includes the principle of teaching and personal development based on the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Modern society requires a graduate of an educational institution to have the ability to practically apply knowledge in order to actively participate in the construction of a modern information society.

Without knowing the history, economy and natural resources of the region, it is impossible to correctly manage the local construction of a modern society. Therefore, the school is called upon to prepare a worthy succession of young builders modern Russia who know their region well. The process of education and upbringing is inextricably linked with the life of the native land.

The absence of a regional component greatly impoverishes the course of history, leaving only political history in the center of the country. And the life of the people, culture different nations does not reach the student.

Globalization and regionalization as trends in world development. Increasing the public role of knowledge of local history. The influence of the formation of a new historiographical culture on increasing the status of regional history. Foreign and domestic experience in determining the subject and object of regional history. Interdisciplinarity of regional history. Regionalology (regional studies), regional history and historical local history: differences and relationships in the intellectual space of studying local history. Regional and local history/new local history: differentiation of subject fields and disciplinary powers. Historiographic complex of regional history. The phenomenon of provincial historiography. The role of lay historical knowledge in the study of local history. Auxiliary historical and regional studies disciplines: cartography, topography, toponymy, hydronymy, demography, regional heraldry, etc.

The concept of “region” in various scientific disciplines. Dualism of natural and human. Specifics of interpretation of the concept of region in historical science, genesis of the term. Spatial and temporal parameters of the concept. Factors in the formation of the region: natural landscape, socio-historical and general cultural. The influence of historical and cultural approaches on determining the content of the concept of region. Typology of regions. Correlation of the concepts “region”, “district”, “region”. The main approaches to determining the boundaries of a region in modern historiography: ontological, conventionalist, socio-psychological. The problem of the mobility of regional borders in different historical time.
2. Regional approach in historical research: theoretical problems and historiographic practice.

The emergence of a regional approach in social sciences. History of individual regions in the works of Russian historians of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. (V.N. Tatishchev, G.F. Miller, provincial historical writing, V.V. Krestinin, M.P. Pogodin). The connection between the regional approach in historical research and the formation and development of historical geography. Role public school XIX-early XX centuries. Historical and regional problems in the works of V.O. Klyuchevsky, M.K. Lyubavsky, P.N. Milyukova, A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky. The key meaning of the concept of colonization. Regional theory A.P. Shchapova. “Regionalism” as a form of historical knowledge. Soviet school of historical geography (A.I. Andreev, V.K. Yatsunsky, O.M. Medushevskaya). Contribution of cultural and historical local history of the 1920s. (I.M. Grevs, N.P. Antsiferov). Problems of Russian regionality in Soviet historiography. Study of local history in the 1950s-1980s. Modern historical regional studies. The main centers of domestic regional studies. University departments and scientific divisions. Public organizations.

Modern understanding of regional history not only as the history of a separate region, but also as the history of relationships with capitals and other regions, the organization of the territorial structure of the state, its management, and the socio-psychological perception of spatial organization. Consideration of the functioning of the region as an integral system and a subsystem of a larger system (international or national, international or state). The “center-periphery” relationship is the basis for identifying the balance of interests in the region on various stages stories. Mechanisms of regional development: main parameters and their interaction. The problem of studying regional structure. Analysis of the social dynamics of the functioning of the region in the context of the processes of decentralization and centralization. Constructing the image of a region: formation, perception and functioning. Physical and symbolic existence of the region in time. The phenomenon of border regions (“frontier concept”).

Updating the problem of territorial (regional) identity. Components of regional identity: regional self-awareness, regional values ​​(ethos) and regional mentality. Functions of regional identity: consolidating, instrumental, regulatory, motivational, psychological, informational. Regional culture as a form of regional self-awareness. Culturological concepts in regional history: sociocultural integrity, cultural landscape, multi-layered culture of the region.

Studying the economic, political, social, cultural, personalized history of individual regions. Urban and rural history. New problems of regional history within the framework of intellectual, gender, everyday, oral history, “new biographical history,” microhistory.
3. Methodological problems of modern regional historical research.

Possibilities of using formational, civilizational and modernization approaches in studying the history of Russian regions. Synergetic paradigm. The importance of historical-geographical and cultural approaches. Macro- and microhistorical approaches in regional history. The problem of choosing the most effective forms, techniques and methods of combining the theory of history with the experience of concrete historical research. Regional history in the light of narratology. Types of historical writing in regional history: erudite, antiquarian, classical, etc.

Determination and possibilities of using methods of historical and regional research within the framework of various methodological systems. General scientific methods and their place in regional historical research. The importance of systemic-typological and comparative analysis. Features of the application of methods humanities(contextual, semantic, psychological penetration, etc.) and special historical methods in the study of the history of regions. Mathematical methods and statistical analysis, experience of their application in regional historical research.

Procedures and techniques for studying a region as an “independent reality”. Techniques of spatial differentiation and localization. Methodology for detecting internal connections of regional integrity: extrapolation, historical reconstruction and modeling, comparative analysis.

Historiographic methods for studying the history of regional studies. Taking into account the levels and hierarchies of historiographical phenomena of a regional nature. Biographical method in regional historiographical research.
4. History of the regional structure of Russia.

Economic-geographical and cultural-historical traditions of regionalization of Russia. Development of theoretical problems of zoning Russia in the pre-revolutionary period. Problems of economic-geographical zoning in the works of Soviet scientists. Theoretical understanding of the process of regionalization of Russia in modern historiography. Characteristic features of the process: the formation of an integral territory, taking into account features when including territories in a unitary system, the special role of Russian settlers as the bonds of regions, the connection of cultural dynamics with the processes of modernization and specialization of regions, intercivilizational dialogue, the formation of a new civilizational quality. The question of the role of regional bases in determining the overall trajectory of state development: economics, power-political relations, regions as nodes of “crystallization” of new social opportunities. Model of the Russian sociocultural system as a system of regions. The concept of “world-empire” regions. Factors that determined the specificity of sociocultural regionalism in Russia: physical-geographical, ethnic, confessional, geocultural differentiation, etc.

Features of regionalism in ancient and medieval Rus'. The process of regionalization of Russia in the XVI-XIX centuries. as a result of the annexation of new territories. The problem is their entry into the general imperial space. Defining the roles of Russian regions during historical development Russia. Specifics of the historical development of the eastern regions. Characteristic features of regional policy in Soviet period. Regionalism in modern Russia.
5. Support archaeological sites Saratov Volga region.

The initial settlement of the Volga region in the Middle Paleolithic - the Mousterian era (120-100 thousand - 40 thousand years ago). Sites, locations and paleoanthropological finds of the Upper (Late) Paleolithic (40 - 10 thousand years BC). The origin of cattle breeding – Neolithic settlements. Burial grounds of the Samara, Caspian and Khalyn Eneolithic cultures, anthropological type of population. The most ancient burial mounds of the Indo-European pastoral cultures. Archaeological cultures of the early and middle bronze ages. Settlements, burial grounds and treasures of metal products of the Late Bronze Age. Funerary and household monuments of the Indo-Iranian tribes of the early Iron Age. Settlements of the Finno-Ugrians, the ancestors of the Mordovians. Pre-Slavic antiquities in the Khoper region. Monuments of the Turkic nomads of the Middle Ages. Golden Horde: fortifications and burial grounds.
6. The main problems of historiography and history of the Saratov Volga region in the second half of the 16th - 17th centuries.
Annexation of the Lower Volga region to Russia. Factors that make the region attractive to central government. Military-strategic and commercial importance of the region. Natural resources of the Lower Volga region. Difficulties in developing a new territory. Big Nogai horde. Volga Cossacks. Government policy towards the Volga Cossacks and nomads. Remoteness of newly annexed lands from developed territories.

The beginning of the development of the Middle and Lower Volga region. Construction of Samara, Tsaritsyn and Saratov. The time of the founding of Saratov. Versions about the place of foundation of the city and the origin of the toponym. The founders of Saratov are Prince. G. O. Zasekin and F. M. Turov. Military guard functions of fortresses on the Volga.

Events of the “time of troubles” in the region. Uprising in Astrakhan. The campaign of “Tsarevich Peter” in 1606, the siege of Saratov by impostors in 1607, the arrival of I. Zarutsky in Astrakhan and the death of Saratov and Tsaritsyn in the winter of 1613/14. The main directions of colonization of the region in the 17th century. The appearance of the seasonal population of the region in the second half of the 16th - first half of the 17th century. Construction of abatis defensive lines to the west and north of the Saratov Volga region and their influence on the settlement of the region. Free and government colonization. Monastic and palace estates. Crafts and trade. Development economic ties Saratov and the region with other regions of Russia. Left Bank Saratov. Service and townspeople population of the city. Participation of the urban lower classes of Saratov in the uprising of S. Razin.

Development of local land ownership in the region in the second half of the 17th century. National composition population. Transfer of Saratov to the right bank of the Volga.
7. Saratov Volga region in the 18th century: discussions, opinions, facts

The increase in the military-strategic importance of the Lower Volga region at the end of the 17th - first quarter of the 18th century. The role of Saratov and the region in the foreign policy activities of Peter I. Azov campaigns, relations with the Kalmyks. Construction of the Tsaritsyn line. Persian campaign. Volga Cossack army.

Growth of the rural agricultural population. Cities, industries and trade. Results of the development of the region by the middle of the 18th century. Astrakhan uprising 1705-1706 Saratov region in the uprising of K. Bulavin. Siege of Saratov by the detachments of L. Khokhlach and I. Nekrasov in May 1708. The defeat of the rebels.

Strengthening the colonization of the region from the middle of the 18th century. The composition of the settlers: runaways, serfs and state-owned peasants, schismatics.

Development of the regional economy. State, monastic and merchant fisheries. The reasons for the decline of the fishing industry and the shift of its center to the lower reaches of the Volga and the Caspian Sea. Organization and development of salt production. Ukrainians are salt carriers. Agriculture. Mass grants and sale of lands to nobles. Formation of a large noble landholding on the right bank of the Volga. Relocation of German colonists to the Saratov Volga region and their role in the economic development of the region.

Saratov region during the war under the leadership of E. Pugachev. Imposture in Russia on the Volga. Pugachev's first appearance in the region. The uprising on Yaik and subsequent events. An army of rebels in the region. Capture of Saratov by the Pugachevites. Siege of Tsaritsyn. Complete defeat of Pugachev's troops. Peasant movement in the region in 1774 - 1775.

Administrative reform of 1775. Formation of the Saratov governorship in 1781. Formation of districts (districts) and new cities. Coats of arms of Saratov and other cities.
8. Saratov province in the 19th – early 20th centuries: completion

colonization, economic evolution

Territory and administrative boundaries of the Saratov province until 1850. Formation of new counties and cities. Separation of the Volga region from the province.

Relocations to the Saratov region: reasons for relocations, changes in the composition of migrants. Development of the Volga region. Completion of mass migrations by the middle of the 19th century. The situation of migrants. Population dynamics of the Saratov Volga region according to audits and population censuses. The emergence of new cities in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Urban population. Relocation and expansion of emigration from the region to late XIX– early 20th century

Agriculture in the first half of the 19th century. Development of commercial arable farming. Productivity and tools. Cattle breeding. Features of the emergence of capitalist relations in agriculture of the Right Bank and Trans-Volga region.

Preparation and implementation of the reform of 1861 in the region. The attitude of the peasants towards her. Analysis of charter documents. Results of the reform. Land tenure and land use after the reform. The agrarian question at the end of the 19th century. Social processes within the peasant community.

Deepening the grain specialization of the region by the beginning of the 20th century. Agricultural technology, agriculture and productivity: old and new. The problem of land reclamation.

Industry. The formation of industries for the processing of local agricultural raw materials at the beginning of the 19th century. Free and forced labor. Manufactures and small commodity production.

Peasant crafts in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. New features in the geography of industry. Impact of the crisis of 1900 – 1903 on the economy. and the all-Russian economic recovery of 1910 – 1913. Industrial zoning at the beginning of the 20th century.

Trade. Fair trade form of the 19th century. Progressivity of stationary trade. The most important items of trade. Development of market relations in the region. Water transport arteries of the region: Volga, Khoper, Medveditsa, Bolshaya Irgiz.

State of transport by the 1870s. Technical revolution in water transport. Penetration of large capital into the Volga shipping company. Construction of a railway network. Activities of the Ryazan-Ural Railway. The influence of railway construction on the pace of economic life in the region and on strengthening ties with other regions. The role of the banking system in the regional economy. Control by the largest monopolies of the Volga market. Results of the socio-economic development of the region by 1914
9. Current problems of historiography of the socio-political history of the Saratov region in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Participation of Saratov residents in the Patriotic War of 1812: recruitment into the militia, donations for the needs of the army. French prisoners in Saratov and the province.

N. G. Chernyshevsky and Saratov. The peasant movement and its forms in the first half of the 19th century.

Organization of zemstvo institutions in the province. Activities of the zemstvo. City councils and their activities: economic, health, cultural and educational. Saratov governors. P. A. Stolypin: biography and political portrait.

Revolutionary-democratic movement in Saratov and the province in 1862 - 1866. Circle of A. Kh. Khristoforov. Connections between Ishutin residents and Saratov. Revolutionary and liberal populism in the 70-80s. “Walking among the people” in 1874 and its failure. F. Heraclitov's circle. Landlord settlements and their collapse. Activities of the Saratov Central Circle of the People's Will Party. Populism of the 1890s. The emergence and activities of the first social democratic organizations.

Events of the first Russian revolution in the region. January protest strike in Saratov and other cities. The workers' and peasants' movement in the first half of 1905. Activities of radical left parties. The growth of the revolutionary mood of the masses in the second half of 1905. Saratov province during the days of the All-Russian political strike. The emergence of trade unions. Saratov Council of Workers' Deputies. Features of the peasant movement in the fall of 1905. Positions of various political forces and segments of the population in the revolution. Local administration in the fight against the revolution. The decline of the revolutionary movement in 1906–1907. Elections to the I and II State Dumas.

Political reaction and its manifestations. Stolypin's move agrarian reform. The attitude of the peasantry towards it. Revival of the workers', peasants' and democratic movements in 1910 - 1913.

Saratov region during the First World War. Changing the structure of industry. Decline in production. Changes in the composition and number of workers. Village during the war. Refugees in the province. Food issue. The German question in Russia and the region.

The growth of the mass worker, peasant and general democratic movement during the war. February Revolution. The birth of revolutionary power in Saratov and the region.
10. The main problems of the development of culture in the Saratov region in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Development of public education in the first half of the 19th century. The first Saratov local historians. Fortress theaters. Public city theater. Architectural monuments of the period of Russian classicism in Saratov, Volsk. Improvement of Saratov and district towns. Life of residents of Saratov and other cities of the region.

Development of culture in the post-reform period: Zemstvo, ministerial, parish schools. Secondary and secondary specialized educational institutions. The struggle of the progressive public for the introduction of universal primary education. Opening of higher educational institutions(university, conservatory, higher agricultural courses). Saratov residents are scientists and cultural figures.

Musically-dramatic art of the Saratov region in the second halfXIX– beginningXXV. Saratov City Theater in the 1850-1860s. Theater Association P.M. Medvedev. Theater business in Saratov at the endXIX-beginningXXcenturies Opera art in Saratov. Public drama theatre.Ochkin Theater.

Opening of the Radishchevsky Museum - the first publicly accessible museum and art gallery in the country. The first Russian national circus of the Nikitin brothers. Architectural styles (eclectic and modern) and architectural monuments of the region’s cities.

“Silver Age” in the artistic culture of the Saratov region. Creativity V.E. Borisova-Musatova. Symbolist artists (P.V. Kuznetsov, P.S. Utkin) and the exhibition “Scarlet Rose”. K.S. Petrov-Vodkin.
11. Saratov Volga region in the first decade Soviet power(1917 – 1928): history and historiography.
Economic and socio-political situation in Saratov and the province on the eve of the October events. Public sentiment and political situation. October days in Saratov. Regional Congress of Soviets of the Volga region in Saratov on October 15-16. Confrontation between the Saratov Council and the City Duma. Establishment of Soviet power in Saratov. Cooperation between the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries in the Saratov Volga region. The establishment of Soviet power in the province and the main factors of its strengthening. Formation of the Soviet state apparatus. The first socio-economic measures of the new government. Main activities of local authorities in the cultural sphere. Creation of the Labor Commune of the Volga Germans.

Dragging the province into a zone of military conflicts. The fight against the Astrakhan and Ural Cossacks. Suppression of the Socialist Revolutionary revolt in Saratov on May 16-18, 1918. Fighting with Czechoslovaks and troops People's Army Samara Komuch. Clashes with the Urals, battles for Tsaritsyn. The Saratov province and the Kolchak offensive, measures to stabilize the rear in the spring of 1919. The transformation of the Saratov province by the Bolsheviks into one of the most important springboards for the fight against Denikin’s troops. The struggle of local authorities against the growing peasant anti-Bolshevik movement in the region. The formation of the system of “war communism” in the Saratov Volga region. The main trends in the study of various aspects of the revolution and civil war in the region by Soviet and post-Soviet historians.

The crisis of the policy of “war communism” in the province at the beginning of 1921. Tenth Congress of the RCP (b). The transition to NEP in the region: differences in this process in the Saratov province and in the German autonomy. Impact of the 1921−1922 famine to this process. The drought of 1924 and its consequences. Restructuring the urban economy on the NEP rails. Stabilization of the socio-political situation in the region. Socio-economic development of the region in the conditions of the New Economic Policy. Class-differentiated approach of the state to the private sector. Liquidation of the Socialist Revolutionary and Menshevik organizations. The situation in the organizations of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Political education. Communists and Soviets. Trade unions and Komsomol. The position of the church. The problem of child homelessness. Life and medical care. Education ASSR NP. The main directions of cultural development of the region in the 1920s. Regional historiography of the problems of the new economic policy.
12. History of the Saratov Volga region during the years of Stalinist modernization (1929 – 1941)
Reasons for the creation and disaggregation of the Lower Volga region. Education of the Saratov Territory and the Saratov Region. Achievements and costs of industrialization in the Saratov region (1928−1940). Labor enthusiasm of the masses: the phenomenon of socialist competition. Changes in the composition of the working class. Social consequences of industrialization. Life and income of the urban population. Implementation of complete collectivization in the Saratov region: stages, methods, features. The problem of dispossession. Peasant resistance. The results of complete collectivization and the cost of transformation. Famine 1932−1933 Strengthening the collective and state farm system in 1934−1940. Financial situation of the peasantry. Political processes of the late 1920s - early 1930s. Repressions of the mid-thirties. Councils, trade unions, Komsomol. Constitution of 1936. Persecution of the Church. The main directions of cultural development of the region in 1929 - early 1941. Strengthening ideological pressure in the sphere of culture. Saratov region on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. Features of the socio-economic, socio-political, political and cultural history of the ASSR NP. Regional historiographic tradition of studying socio-economic, political and cultural processes in the Saratov Volga region in the 1930s.
13. Saratov region in the post-war years (1941 – 1953): history and historiography.
Saratov region during the Great Patriotic War. Mobilization to the front. Saratov residents on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Restructuring the economy on a war footing. Accommodation of evacuated enterprises and institutions. Deportation of Volga Germans. Changing the administrative-territorial division of the region. The situation in new areas of the region. Defense measures 1941−1943 Saratov industry during the war years. Transport work. Collective farm village during the war. Labor problem. Cultural life of Saratov and the region. Participation of Saratov residents in the nationwide movement to help the front. Help for hospitals. The role of the Saratov region in the restoration of Stalingrad and Donbass. The diverse nature of regional historiography of military topics in the Soviet and post-Soviet years.

Saratov region in 1945−1953. Difficulties of post-war development. Socio-political atmosphere in society. The mood of Saratov residents. Work of authorities. Industry of the Saratov region in new conditions. Transport work. Lagging agricultural production: causes and consequences. Crop failure and famine 1946−1947. Working and living conditions of Saratov collective farmers in the post-war period. The influence of ideological campaigns of the post-war period on the state of cultural life of the region. Power and artistic intelligentsia of Saratov. Studying the problems of development of the Saratov region in 1945−1953. Soviet and post-Soviet historians.
14. Saratov region in 1953 – 1985: problems of history and historiography
Saratov region during the “Khrushchev decade”. Changes in the socio-political situation after the death of Stalin. Construction of new gas factories, construction industry, Saratov hydroelectric power station, development of new oil fields. Transformation of Saratov into the most important center of the defense industry. Development of transport infrastructure. Growth in the production of consumer goods. Basic ways and methods of increasing labor productivity. Development of virgin lands in the Trans-Volga production areas in the second half of the 1950s. Material and technical base of MTS, personnel policy in the field of agricultural production. Slowdown in development Agriculture during the seven-year plan: causes and consequences. Changes in the financial situation and cultural level of the population of the Saratov region. Expansion of housing construction. The impact of the crisis situation in agriculture on the food supply of residents of the region in the mid-1960s. Cultural life of Saratov and the region. Studying the problems of development of the Saratov region in 1953−1964. Soviet and post-Soviet historians.

Saratov region in 1965−1985. Industry and agriculture of the region in terms of implementation economic reform 1965: achievements and controversies. “Saratov quality system”. Construction of new industrial facilities of heavy and light industry, thermal power plants, hydroelectric power stations, nuclear power plants in the region. All-Union importance of Saratov industry products. Development of railway, river, road and air transport. Agriculture of the region in the 1970s - 1980s: achievements and main problems. Development of agricultural land reclamation. Material and living conditions of the region's population. Cultural life of Saratov and the region. Manifestations of dissidence. The state of the local CPSU organization. Heads of the region A. I. Shibaev, V. K. Gusev. Studying the problems of development of the Saratov region in 1965−1985. Soviet and post-Soviet historians.

15. History of the Saratov region during the years of perestroika and modern stage.
The state of the region's economy by the mid-1980s. The development of perestroika processes in industry and the agricultural sector (general and specific), the increase in crisis phenomena (causes, manifestations, consequences). The emergence of informal structures. Activation of religious organizations National processes. "The German Question". Organizations of the CPSU and the democratic opposition. Elections of union and republican authorities on an alternative basis in 1989−1991. Formation of new local councils. August 1991 in the Saratov region. Termination of the activities of CPSU structures. Activities of local councils in new conditions. Saratov party organizations and social movements. Formation of the vertical of executive power after the collapse of the USSR. Dissolution of local councils in October 1993. Elections of governor in 1996 and 2000. Saratov Regional Duma and representative bodies of local government. Initiatives of governors D. Ayatskov, P. Ipatov, V. Radaev.

Introduction of market relations into the regional economy. The emergence of new financial and banking structures. A fall industrial production in the 1990s. Carrying out privatization in the Saratov region. Unemployment. Curtailment of production in the mechanical engineering, radio engineering, and chemical industries. Rapid development of trade and service. The impact of the transition to a market on agricultural production. Reorganization of collective farms. Deterioration of the material and technical base of agriculture. Decrease in production volumes of local crop and livestock products. Destruction of livestock complexes, reclamation systems, rural infrastructure. Efforts by local authorities to revive industry and agriculture. Construction of a new bridge across the Volga.

Difficulties in adapting the population to new socio-economic conditions. Deterioration of the financial situation of the main part of the population in the 1990s. Saturation of the consumer goods market. Decrease in housing construction. Social stratification of the population. Saratov “new Russians”. Complications of the crime situation. Education, science, culture. Construction of new cultural facilities. Expansion of foreign relations.

Studying the problems of development of the Saratov region in 1985 - the first decade of the 21st century. Soviet and post-Soviet historians.

Plan

1. The importance of regional history in modern historical science. Subject, tasks, directions of historical local history and its sources. Basic terms and concepts.

2. The formation of historical local history in Russia

3. Historical local history of the Volgograd region: results and development prospects

1) What determines the history of a particular people or state? The main determining factors of historical development are

· Natural and climatic conditions and geographical landscape

· Nature and level of socio-economic development

· Peculiarities political system

· National composition of the population, cultural and religious characteristics

One of the features Russian history is that this is the history of the ever-expanding Russian state, which colonized and developed new territories, annexing new peoples. The borders of Russia were constantly moving and were established late only in the middle of the 19th century. As a result, our country during the Soviet period occupied 1/6 of the inhabited landmass, on the territory of which there were natural climatic zones from the subtropics to the subarctic with permafrost, landscapes from mountain ranges to semi-deserts, more than 100 nations and nationalities lived, which professed almost all world religions, etc.

2) Therefore, one of the pressing problems of Russian historical science has always been and remains the relationship between the center (capital) and the regions. In a country like Russia, it is impossible to view events only through the prism of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Being an integral part of national history, the history of individual regions of vast Russia confirms the fact that the political and civilizational choice on the ground could differ significantly from the capital, demonstrating both general and special features.

What determines this particular choice or distinctiveness of the region?:

· Natural geographical living conditions

· National and religious composition of the population

· The nature and method of joining the united Russian centralized state(peaceful, military)

· Features of the territorial-administrative structure (region, federal or autonomous republic, etc.)

· Remoteness from capital and cultural centers (for example, the border nature of the territory or the internal region of Russia)

All these circumstances influence economic, social, everyday, national and cultural ties both within the region (edge) and beyond, the type of local political elites (for example, the Saratov province is one of the centers of the peasant movement, populism and Socialist-Revolutionaries, where they took the beginning of many riots, uprisings, spreading to the center; at the beginning of the twentieth century, the liberal-radical alliance of local departments of political parties in their opposition to the government and local authorities became a distinctive feature of the political life of the province); the presence of a special provincial culture, ideological type, mentality (at the beginning of the twentieth century, local publicists argued that in the crowd a Saratovite differs, for example, from a downtrodden Penzyak, standing out in the crowd with his broken behavior, more like an urban worker) and many other factors.

At the same time, provincialism, provincial culture should not be considered as a synonym for weak, patriarchal, skeletal. This is a special system, in many of its manifestations different from the capital’s, a sociocultural phenomenon. Karamzin argued that Russia is strong in its province.

Several local civilizations may be located on the territory of a historical region, so the concepts of “historical region” and “regional civilization” should be distinguished. Regional civilization is a set of local civilizations similar in their type of development, and historical region can unite local civilizations of different types, which are in close contact with each other in the process of historical development. The ethnic groups inhabiting the region are characterized by processes of interaction, mutual influence and historical synthesis that occur in a given era in various specific forms and with varying degrees of intensity.

It is precisely such a historical region that has been the territory of the modern Volgograd region for thousands of years, where nomadic and sedentary agricultural cultures have long converged, the native territory for many nations and nationalities professing different religions, the main road for many resettlement...

In historical science there is no unambiguous definition of the concept of “local history”. The first interpretation, it can be called conditionally "geographical" , understands local history as the knowledge of the native land within the framework of a settlement, administrative-territorial unit, historical-ethnographic or historical-cultural area.

The second draws attention to the wide coverage of scientific disciplines involved in the study of the region - disciplinary approach . From this point of view, local history is a complex of sciences, different in content and research methods, studying a certain territory.

The third draws attention to the dual nature of local history, which is not only research, but also an activity aimed at promoting the acquired knowledge - A complex approach : local history is also a science, popular science and social activity specific issues: the past and present of any region (locality).

The concept of “regional studies” is close in meaning to local history.

Regional studies as a discipline covers everything related to the region, its history and modernity. But if local history attracts everyone interested in the present and past of their native land, then the second is the work of professional specialists in both the humanities and natural sciences.

Local history in general and historical local history in particular are usually distinguished according to the forms of its organization: state, educational (school), public.

State Local History engaged in local history museums, research institutions, and local governments.

In educational local history The main role in studying their native land is given to students under the direct guidance of the teacher.

The amateur population, non-professional local historians, and folk museums can also study the region. IN in this case local history is called public.

Historical sources of local history are different kinds oral, written and material sources.

The traditions of historical local history in Russia go back more than one century. Pre-revolutionary Russian historical science had a fairly developed tradition of local history research.

The understanding of specific local history was initially associated with the accumulation of factual data on the history of a particular region, archival research begun in the 18th century. Under the first Russian emperors, a document was sent to localities, ordering the study and compilation of “brief news about ancient history provinces, about the peoples who lived there, are there ancient remains, mounds and what is told about them,” what are the occupations of the local residents, how many educational institutions, the number of souls of both sexes, the customs of the local residents, their dialects, the coat of arms of the city and counties, and many others. information.

A significant impetus for the emergence of historical local history was given at the beginning of the 19th century. activities of Count N.P. Rumyantseva. On his initiative, research began in the Smolensk, Novgorod, Vyatka, Arkhangelsk, and Kharkov provinces. He managed to interest a number of provincial government and church leaders in local history and, relying on their support, organized work to search for manuscripts and ancient monuments.

Further accumulation of material is associated with activities Archaeographic Expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which began work in 1829. Its members examined 200 archives and libraries in 13 provinces. To publish the materials, an Archaeographic Commission was created in 1834, which continued work on collecting factual material on the ground. For example, N.V. Kalachev worked in Saratov, Simbirsk, A.V. Tereshchenko in Astrakhan and a number of other provinces.

A special role in the development of historical local history in Russia was played by statistical committees, which were created in the provinces since 1834. Initially, they were engaged in performing direct duties - collecting statistical information on certain regions of the country, then the scope of their activity expanded sharply, including the generalization of historical and archaeological material. The result of the activities of the provincial statistical committees was the publication of “Lists of populated places Russian Empire" In addition, they published “Materials”, “Memorable Books”, “Yearbooks” for their province, containing archival materials, ethnographic essays, and folklore.

In addition to provincial statistical committees, church statistical committees or commissions operated in a number of places.

Archaeographical commissions and statistical committees focused their activities largely on the search and publication of materials on a particular region of Russia. Their detailed study fell to the share of scientific historical societies. It is worth mentioning that in addition to research societies, they also had educational functions. Moreover, the latter dominated in a number of cases.

According to scientists' estimates, from 1759 to 1917. There were 71 scientific historical societies in Russia. The first societies took shape back in the 18th century, but turned out to be unviable. The largest number of them appeared in the post-reform era and the beginning of the twentieth century. Having received the right to own opinion, Russian province claimed the right to its own history.

Regarding our region, the Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography at Kazan University is of interest, which declared its task to study the past and present Russian and foreign populations of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia and Central Asia. Before the revolution, it published 29 volumes of Izvestia.

The problems of NIO research were formed largely spontaneously; the subjective factor played a huge role.

An attempt to combine archival research with scientific research work was carried out during the formation and functioning of provincial scientists of archival commissions. In total, on the eve of 1917, there were 29 commissions in Russia, which during their existence published 897 books. Thanks to their activities, the GUAC has become a massive scientific, historical and educational organization in the Russian provinces.

The first decade of Soviet power is characterized by the emergence of mass local history, developing in the process of restoring the young economy destroyed by the world and civil wars. Soviet republic. From 1917 to 1929, the number of local history organizations increased from 246 to 2 thousand (according to other estimates, from 155 to 1761). 240 of them had their own periodicals. The Central Bureau of Local History is being created - an organizational, educational and methodological center for local history work. 4 local history conferences were held - in 1921, 1924, 1927 and 1930. In the writings of those years, the interpenetration of local (regional) and broader issues began to appear quite clearly, for example through the prism of the issue of the colonization of new territories by the Russian state.

Local history has emerged as a necessary means of communication with school, with historical science, with a positive educational factor in the process of teaching history in both higher and secondary education. high school, as a condition for effective socialist construction.

At the end of the 20s. In the context of the beginning of the unification of historical science, repressions began against local historians. Many were accused of having connections with academic historians S.F. who were declared conspirators. Platonov, E.V. Tarle, N.P. Likhachev, M.K. Lyubavsky. The terms “kulak, Menshevik-SR local history”, “archival-archaeological local history, imbued with the ideology of Russian great power”, etc. appeared. Local history was virtually destroyed.

Its revival began in the 50s and early 60s. due to changes in the general ideological situation in the country. Moreover, already the first most serious works on the history of regions gave rise to discussions of all-Russian significance, including those of a methodological nature. Primary organizations of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, folk museums, etc. were created. In many cities, including Volgograd, series of books on the history of cities and villages in the region were published.

However, in conditions of stagnation, a weakening of the process of revival of historical local history is expected.

At the present stage, historical local history has not completely overcome the crisis, but ways out of it have already been outlined.

The modern historiographical situation is such that regional history has come to the fore. The formation of local scientific schools, priority areas of research are determined, the conceptual apparatus is updated, considerable foreign experience is involved in the study of local history (for example, a lot has been done by American scientists from the University of North Carolina to study the history of the Saratov province of the 19th-20th centuries). (Gohlerner)

3.) Start collecting information about the past of our region put a request from the Governing Senate to the authorities of Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin about the origin of the cities and the presence of historical monuments and other attractions on their territory. At the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. the archpriest of one of the Tsaritsyn churches P. Lugarev, relying on these materials, prepared the first essay on the history of Tsaritsyn, which was called “On the beginning of the establishment of the city of Tsaritsyn and on the ancient accidents of it, according to the oral assurance of old-timers who received information from their fathers and grandfathers.” Around the same time, an unknown author completed work on a similar essay on the history of Kamyshin. Since local archives were lost in the 17th and early 18th centuries, the main source of information for the first local historians was the memories of old-timers, oral legends and traditions, which were reproduced without any critical verification. The authors focused on the problems of the founding of Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin, events associated with the riots of S. Razin, K. Bulavin, E. Pugachev, attacks by nomads, visits to cities by Peter I and other reigning persons.

A new stage in the study of the past of Tsaritsyn, Kamyshin and their districts began after the publication of “History of the Russian State” by N.M. Karamzin. In the last volumes of his work, the historiographer spoke about the Russian conquests of the Lower Volga region, the founding of Central Asia, and about the Lower Volga impostors at the beginning of the 17th century. The works of the famous historiographer aroused interest in Russian society in the history of not only Russia, but also of individual regions. Saratov local historian A.F. Leopoldov in the 30-40s. XIX century published several works on the history, geography and statistics of the Saratov province. He completely accepted the information reported by P. Lugarev and reproduced it without any scientific criticism. His conclusions were almost immediately challenged by another Saratov researcher A.V. Tereshchenko. Based on data from newly published documentary sources of the Astrakhan Prikaz Izba, in which Tsaritsyn is mentioned, the researcher challenged the assumption put forward by his predecessors that Tsaritsyn was founded under Ivan the Terrible, and tried to prove that the city was built much later - in 1589. The dispute between Leopoldov and Tereshchenko began the beginning of a long discussion about the time of the founding of the Church. Exile to Saratov of the famous historian N.I. Kostomarova made it possible to put this discussion on scientific basis. Lower Volga subjects were firmly included in the historian’s later works. He was the first to analyze in detail the history of popular movements in Nizhny. Volga in the 17th century. and the participation in them of the residents of Ts. and K. The results of the work of local historians were taken into account when covering the Lower Volga subjects by prominent Russian historians S.M. Soloviev, Metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov), V.O. Klyuchevsky, S.F. Platonov.

The formation of the Saratov Scientific Archival Commission made it possible to significantly expand the range of historical and local history research. A targeted collection of sources and literature on the Saratov province began, the creation of a library, archive, and commission museum. In the “Proceedings” of SUAC, of ​​which 33 issues were published, the first scientific publications of sources appeared, including on the history of Ts., K., Dubovka, etc. The scope of research expanded. F.F. Chekalin was the first to pay special attention to the ancient and medieval history of the interfluve of the Volga and Don, their colonization by Russian people of the 16th-17th centuries. The problems of colonization and economic development of the region became central in the research of G.I. Peretyatkovich and N.F. Khovansky. The collection of traditions and legends continued. Material was published about the most important relics. The historical and geographical dictionary of A.N. has been published. Minha, Materials on the history of the Saratov province.

Important sources on the history of C. and its environs were collected by Astrakhan lovers of antiquities. In 1896, in the Astrakhan collection, they published a selection of translations of foreign certificates about the Lower Volga region.

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. in connection with the rapid transformation of Ts. and K. into large commercial and industrial centers in Nizhny Novgorod. In the Volga region, independent Tsaritsyn local history began to take shape. About 20 employees of SUAK A.N. successfully worked here. Minkh, M.V. Gotovitsky, zemstvo chief of the district, P.I. Danilov, owner of the Sarepta mustard plant A.I. Knoblokh, zemstvo chief of Kamyshinsky district N.D. Mikhailov, merchants I.Ya. Pyatakov and A.A. Repnikov, a number of gymnasium teachers and other persons.

In 1892, after the stay of the Gasner traveling museum in C., the local intelligentsia had the idea to create their own permanent museum. In 1909, the City School Museum was created, which housed collections collected by railway engineer B.K. Levitsky. In 1914 it was transformed into a museum of the local region. In 1915, it was located in a building built by A.A. Repnikov House of Science and Arts. In 1911, the first brochure appeared, the author of which was G.K. Turovsky, entirely devoted to the study of the past of the Central District.

Revolution and civil war 1917-1920 destroyed much of what had been done in previous years. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of June 1, 1918, SUAK, along with other scientific archival commissions, was dissolved. The museum's funds were stolen. Patrons supporting local history lost their property and were forced to flee the city. At the same time, the role played by Tsaritsyn in civil war in the south of Russia, demanded the study and perpetuation of the memory of the tragic events of those years.

Immediately upon completion of the gr. war began the revival of local history. field research. What was new was that this movement was considered by the new government as an important political cause, and it was given broad government support. In 1920, SUAK employees established the Saratov Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography, which in its statutory documents set the goal of transforming amateur local history into a professional one. The society began publishing the “Saratov Collection”, which, according to the creators’ plan, was supposed to replace the “Proceedings of SUAK”. In 1923 A.A. Heraclitov published the fruit of his many years of research - “Essays on the history of the Saratov Volga region.”

The revival of local history in Tsaritsyn was taking place at a new level. To a large extent, this was facilitated by the formation of the Central Governorate in 19120. In 1921, the local history museum was transformed into a provincial one. In 1924, the Tsaritsyn Society of Local Historians was established, which in 1929 held its first survey. congress Local historians published the results of their research in the local press in the newspaper “Fight”, magazines “At Work”, “Economy on New Paths”, “Flame”.

Studies of the revolutionary events of 1905 and 1917 come to the forefront of research. in the region and defense of Red Tsaritsyn. Numerous collections of documents, monographs, and memoirs published in the 20-30s were devoted to this. The exhibitions of the regional museum of local lore were significantly updated, in which the defense of Ts-na, the stay in the city of Stalin, Orzhonikidze, Kirov, Budyonny, and Gorky took center stage.

In 1936 V.I. Alekseev, in the book “Historical Travels”, published extracts from the notes of foreigners about Ts-ne, which he gleaned from the “Astrakhan Collection”.

Local historian the movement gained strength, but was interrupted by repressions in the 1930s. Many local magazines were closed, and a number of local historians (20 people) were accused of creating an underground fascist organization and sabotaging the ideological and educational policy of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Workers of the local history museum were also subjected to repression. They all received varying prison sentences. As a result, the local history movement was virtually destroyed. The museum is closed for reconstruction. Problems of the history of the region at this time were developed mainly by historians from the capital.

The Second World War caused irreparable damage to Stalingrad local history. The bombing destroyed the building of the Church of the Transfiguration, where the museum was located before the war. During the evacuation, a significant part of the exhibits was lost. Many workers went to the front. Local historian to Stalingrad. the museum was able to return only in 1954 and was housed in a forestry technical school building that was completely unsuitable for it. The museum's rich book collection was divided among the city's libraries. Until 1962, the museum did not have an exhibition and only displayed exhibits.

In the 40-50s. brochures, collections of articles and memoirs about the gr. war and the first publications about the Battle of Stalingrad, written by party workers, military personnel, and journalists. One of the first historical works on this topic was the monograph by M.A. Vodolagin "Stalingrad in the Second World War."

The situation began to change in the 60s. The turning point was the defense of his doctoral dissertation, and then the publication of a monograph on the history of Tsaritsyn-Volgograd from 1589 to 1967. M.A. Vodolagin. Local history science began to develop rapidly, receiving support at the regional level. The leading role in the research was played by teachers from the Volgograd Pedagogical Institute. In collaboration with metropolitan scientists, they published the first scientific manual on local history, “Anthology on the history of the Volgograd region.”

In the early 70s. A group of teachers from VSPI, employees of the Volgograd Regional Museum of Local Lore and State Educational Institution created a scientific circle that set itself the goal of restoring the lost traditions of studying the past of the region. In 1973-77. Five issues of “Historical and Local Lore Notes” were published. The topics of local history publications in the local press have expanded. Separate materials were published on the socio-economic history of the Golden Horde, the culture of Tsaritsyn in the 19th century, the history of populated areas of the Volgograd region and the biography of outstanding fellow countrymen. But the focus remained on history Battle of Stalingrad, revival and development of the city and region in the 50-60s.

By the 60s. The birth of independent Volgograd archeology also applies. Archaeological excavations in the region were carried out earlier, back in the 19th century, but they were carried out inconsistently and with long interruptions. If you do not take into account individual random amateur excavations, professional excavations here were carried out in the period from 1843 to 1851 at the Tsarevsky settlement on Akhtuba in the current Leninsky district under the leadership of A.V. Tereshchenko (Saray-Berke), and the following only in 1895 by St. Petersburg professor A.A. Spitsyn on Ilovlya near the village. Lebyazhye, where ancient burial mounds were excavated.

More consistently, Lower Volga archaeological sites began to be studied only in the 20s. XX century, when a group of archaeologists was formed in Saratov, headed by Professor P.S. Rykov. But this promising team was forced to stop working in the second half of the 30s. as a result of the repressions to which a number of its members were subjected, including the head of Saratov archaeologists.

In Volgograd until the 60s. XX century archaeological science did not have any serious representation. Archeology was a metropolitan science for us. In the 50-60s. Two expeditions worked here. The first Leningrad branch of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed by Shilov, began its work during the construction of the Volzhskaya and Tsimlyanskaya hydroelectric power stations, the Volga-Don Canal, exploring monuments located in the flood zone. With the completion of construction, excavations continued, mainly of steppe mounds in the Volgograd, Rostov and Astrakhan regions. The second is the Volga region expedition of the Institute of Archeology, headed by G.A. Fedorov-Davydov was engaged in the study of medieval monuments known in our region - Tsarevsky and Vodyansky settlements.

Volgograd archeology dates back to the archaeological circle, which was organized in 1959 at the Faculty of History and Philology of the VSPI under the leadership of D.I. Nudelman, who, being in her scientific interests a researcher of antiquity, and not a specialist in steppe archeology, was able to maintain close contacts with famous archaeologists who acted as consultants to successful students. In 1964, the first Volgograd archaeologist V.I. Mamontov received an open permit for exploration and excavation under the leadership of the Leningrad expedition. The youth club “Legend”, founded in 1963, played a significant role in these works.

In the 60s In Volgograd, two archaeological centers took shape: the regional museum of local lore, headed by Mamontov, where they studied the Bronze Age, and the All-Russian State Pedagogical Institute, headed by Skripkin, on the Scythian-Sarmatians.

In the 70-80s. Volgograd has emerged as one of the leading provincial archaeological centers where large-scale excavations were carried out. This new archaeological boom was caused by the construction of irrigation systems. As a result, the richest material was obtained from almost all eras during which steppe mounds were built: the Bronze, Early Iron Ages and the Middle Ages. A number of monuments from the Neolithic and Eneolithic eras have also been identified. Such finds are a great success in archaeology.

In 1980, in connection with the opening of VolSU, another center for archaeological research in the region appeared.

To date, a large number of different archaeological sites have been excavated on the territory of the Volgograd region. Nowadays a situation has arisen where a significant part of the material has not been processed and published at the proper level, and much of it is being destroyed. The time has come when the pursuit of more excavated monuments should be avoided. The main tasks should be recording, protecting and understanding the already excavated material.

80s were held in the historical and local history science of Volgograd under the sign of preparation for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the city. A collective monograph “Volgograd: four centuries of history” has been published. S.I. Ryabov wrote a book for teachers “History of the native land of the 16th-17th centuries.” in which he expressed a number of original hypotheses about early history Tsaritsyn. G.N. Andriyanova wrote a monograph on the history of culture in Tsaritsyn-Stalingrad-Volgograd. “Volgograd: a chronicle of history 1589-1989” was published. In 1986, the Volgograd Society of Local Lore was recreated at the Volgograd Regional Museum of Local Lore, which began to hold annual local history readings, the materials of which are published in the collections “Questions of Local Lore.”

At the same time, a number of problems have fallen out of sight of local historians: the Khazar period in the history of the region, the history of the nomads who inhabited the Lower Volga region in the 15th-19th centuries, some subjects of the Soviet era. In the Research Institute of Problems of Economic History of Russia in the 20th Century. VolSU has developed a regional research program “Study and use of the historical, cultural and natural landscape heritage of the Volgograd region,” which will take historical and local history research to a new level. In particular, publish a number of new sources on the history of the region, republish and study in historiographical terms the works of Tsaritsyn local historians, prepare reference and educational literature. The publication of the regional scientific yearbook “Strezhen” was started.

Collection output:

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO STUDYING REGIONAL HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Kalinchenko Svetlana Borisovna

Dr. History Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy and History

Stavropol State

Agrarian University, Stavropol

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES OF THE REGIONAL STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Svetlana Kalinchenko

Doctor of historical sciences

Associate Professor of philosophy and history

of the Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol

ANNOTATION

IN The article analyzes some methodological approaches to studying the history of science. Particular attention is paid to viewing science as social institution. The characteristics of externalism and internalism, macroanalytical and microanalytical strategies of science are given. Using the methodology of new local history, the regional components of the development of science are considered.

ABSTRACT

The article analyzes some of the methodological approaches for the study of the history of science. Special attention is paid to the review of science as a social institution. The characteristic of èksternalizm and externalism, makroanalytical and mikroanalytical strategy of science. Using the methodology of the new local history reviewed the regional components of the development of science.

Keywords: methodology; history of science; social approach; externalism; internalism; regional factors; local history.

Keywords: methodology; history of science; social approach; èksternalizm; and externalism. regional factors; the local history.

One of the most positive phenomena in the organization of intellectual activity in recent times is the regionalization of the scientific sphere. In fact, the process of real modernization of the scientific system at the regional level is underway. Therefore, the study of the regional aspect of the formation and functioning of the scientific space is a promising area of ​​scientific analysis.

From the point of view of science as a universal spiritual phenomenon, science in social terms can be neither regional nor national, since cognitive laws are all-encompassing. But when considering science as a social education and cultural institution, it is necessary to analyze those of its forms that are associated with the national-state and ethnocultural characteristics of society, including regional ones.

The increasing role of science in society has led to sustained interest in scientific topics. The main problem of the study was the process of interaction between science and society in the course of their historical development. It was staged in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. in the works of K. Marx, A. Decandolle, M. Weber and others, when the social role of science became more noticeable. In the 20-30s of the twentieth century, this problem covered a fairly wide circle of historians of science, both in the USSR and abroad. Among the adherents of the study of such aspects were D. Bernal, V.I. Vernadsky, B.M. Gessen, T.I. Raynov and others. But if the first of these periods is characterized by the posed nature of the questions, then in the second, an active understanding of the role began social factors development of science. Since that time, two approaches to the question of the driving forces of scientific progress, and therefore to the problem of the relationship between science and society, have clearly emerged in world historical and scientific thought. This is the so-called externalism (recognition of external, social influences that determine science) and internalism (the position according to which the development of science is determined by the action of internal cognitive laws, and the social is only a background).

Each of the two approaches has its own strengths and weaknesses. The positive side of internalism is the attempt to identify and analyze the internal mechanisms of science and the elements of its self-organization, but the desire to take science beyond the boundaries of society as a system is clearly untenable. On the contrary, externalists view science as one of the social structures, but at the same time deprive science of the right to relative independence, and in fact do not pay due attention to the peculiarities of scientific activity.

Marxist methodology, having become dominant in the USSR by the 30s of the 20th century, predetermined the significant influence of the externalist approach, which at times acted in the form of vulgar sociologization. At the same time, it would be a mistake to see negative aspects in this process. Externalism was a natural stage in the formation of the social history of science. It is no coincidence that since the mid-60s of the twentieth century there has been a “boom” of externalist publications in the West. One cannot but agree that Marxism has developed clear methodological principles for the analysis of science as a social phenomenon. However, during the 30s. In the twentieth century, the complexity of the “science-society” system inevitably determined the metaphysical understanding of the mechanism of their interaction and, in fact, could not help but be reduced either to declarations or to simplification. But this situation also greatly stimulated the search in this direction. On the possibility of productive use of different approaches in analysis historical facts V.P. spoke convincingly Buldakov. Referring to the world-famous historian F. Braudel, who called on historians not to focus on a single concept, but to “summarize” them, Buldakov proposes that “the problem of methodology should be reduced to the question of a balanced interaction of research methods.” He proposes to use not only the experience of “macrohistoriography,” which is based on identifying objective patterns of human development and is closely related to economic history, but also promotes new approaches and methods for the historiography of Soviet society. Among them is the anthropological approach, associated with shifting the center of gravity to the study of the “history of everyday life,” “microhistory,” i.e., to a more in-depth understanding of personality.

The subject of the social history of science is the patterns of development of science in connection with the development of society, the interaction of science at different stages of its history with economics, ideology, politics, culture, etc. As the English historian of natural sciences D. Knight rightly noted, “gone are the days when The history of science has been dominated by scientists who followed the progress of theories or experiments that were important only to them, or by philosophers who studied the structure of argumentation but had little interest in historical situations." In modern conditions, only a specialist historian can restore the “historical situation”, which is an interweaving of intra-scientific and socially determined aspects.

The main task of the social history of science is not only to understand the “invention of knowledge determined by society in a given historical period,” but also to connect the very possibility of obtaining new knowledge with a specific historical moment and with value guidelines state institutions, inevitably adapting to historical realities.

The emergence and establishment of the social history of science determined two approaches to its study. Macroanalytic strategy takes as its object the relationship between social structures and scientific knowledge, the impact of social changes on shifts in scientific knowledge, on the relationship of science as a social institution with other social institutions, disciplinary scientific knowledge and the scientific community, scientific disciplines and their role in the transmission of knowledge in educational institutions, etc. The social system taken as a whole , is considered as a matrix in which scientific knowledge is formed, functions and develops.

Proponents of the microanalytic approach strive to move away from global sociological schemes and limit themselves to understanding specific historical situations of the growth of scientific knowledge in a particular culture. The subject of their research is individual scientific discoveries, polemics between scientists, putting forward hypotheses, building theories in a certain sociocultural context. The analysis includes aspects of the scientist’s daily life, his worldview, behavior in the scientific community and other problems.

The essence of the social approach is based on the attitude towards science as a special form of activity, a type of spiritual production. This is how the social approach differs from the traditional idea of ​​science as a system of knowledge. The “disadvantage” of the latter is that this approach misses the social side of the phenomenon. The demarcation between the two approaches has now been overcome, although specialists belonging to different disciplinary areas maintain their priorities.

Currently, considerable attention in the history of science is paid to regional factors, so it is necessary to determine the main elements of regional science.

When considering the regional component of the development of science, one should take into account a number of factors that determine the structure, functions, and spatial distribution of the scientific system of society. So, M.D. Rozin identifies the following features of the formation and development of regional science. These include: the political and administrative component, i.e. features of the political structure of a given state, its administrative division, the specifics of state management of its individual territories. Demo-economic – indicates the characteristics of the settlement system, the level of development of the urban system and the location of productive forces, the number of large socio-cultural and economic centers. Natural-integral - determines agroclimatic conditions, Natural resources, landscape characteristics. Ethnocultural-sociopsychological - focuses on the peculiarities of the psychology of the people, the system of their worldviews, confessional specifics, cultural traditions, etc. While differing in their meaning, these features are closely related to each other, interdependent and in their totality determine not only the basic parameters of the scientific space, but also all other features of social life. In their development, these factors retain influence on the formation and functioning of the scientific process in the regions and determine its sociocultural and national specificity.

In the functioning of the state scientific space, central-peripheral structuring plays a significant role. In accordance with it, metropolitan (central) and provincial (peripheral) science are distinguished. The relationship between these components influences the formation and development of the regional scientific space. Such parameters of the scientific process as the level of concentration of scientific potential, general scientific infrastructure and elite institutions in the capital affect scientific development all regions of the country. The multinational character of Russia, the presence of regions with ethnocultural specificity within it, became the reason that regional science differed significantly from each other.

On spatial development science, the functional location of scientific institutions, their sectoral structure are significantly influenced by the factors listed above. Political-administrative – determines the level of independence of regional scientific institutions in their research, their comprehensive nature; demo-economic – itself spatial structures placement of scientific institutions; natural-integral – influences the sectoral structure of science; ethnocultural - characterizes the specifics of scientific fields, interpersonal communication within the regional scientific community.

However regional development sciences within one state scientific system have common features within the framework of a common scientific space. Therefore, these processes should be considered as a correlation between the national and regional formation and development of science as a social institution in its Russian version.

Differing in nature, these features only in aggregate and interdependence determine the basic parameters of the scientific space. At the same time, science itself has an active impact on the social life of the local community in the region.

One of the leading methodological approaches to the study of regional science is new local history.

By “new local history” we mean the study of the history of a region in the research field of all-Russian history, from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach, that is, by applying to a historical object the methods developed by the humanities at the end of the 20th century. beginning of XXI centuries At the same time, the history of the region is considered, first of all, as a dialogue with Russian and world historical science. Thus, the “new local history” acts as an open model of historical knowledge.

First of all, sociocultural processes are the context of our research and educational activities. In this case, the “Region” acts not so much as a territorial-geographical concept, but as a “micro-community” in the socio-cultural space, acting as a single system determined by human life in the proposed conditions of the historical and natural landscape and human efforts to change this landscape. “New Local History” studies the activities and relationships of people in their social and personal mutual influence in the local and all-Russian space. This community, including the North Caucasian one, is distinguished by relative autonomy, which allows, when studying local history, to see its features, unique manifestations characteristic of local sociocultural history

The increased interest in local history in modern Russia is undoubtedly due to the regionalization processes that have unfolded in the post-Soviet space. The task of the social and human sciences is to promote the development and solve modern problems society.

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