Light industry of the world location factors. Features of light industry. Some industry features

Placement factors light industry. The location of light industry enterprises is influenced by various factors: at the stage of primary processing of raw materials, production gravitates toward raw material bases, which is why wool-washing factories were built in the North Caucasus, and flax-processing factories in the west and north-west of Russia. The footwear and apparel industries are positioned with a consumer focus. Industries with a simultaneous focus on both raw materials and consumers include the cotton, wool, silk and knitting industries.

Economics 9th grade

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Light industry- a set of specialized industries that produce mainly consumer goods from various types raw materials.

Light industry carries out both primary processing of raw materials and production of finished products. Light industry enterprises produce products for industrial, technical and special purposes, which are used in furniture, aviation, automotive, chemical, electrical, food and other industries, in agriculture, law enforcement agencies, transport and healthcare.

One of the features of light industry is the quick return of funds. Technological features of the industry make it possible to quickly change the range of products at a minimum of costs, which ensures high mobility of production.

Light industry unites a group of industries that provide the population with fabrics, clothing, shoes and other consumer goods

Features of light industry:

The industry's products affect people's living standards;

Labor-intensive industry, which employs mainly women (75% of workers);

The size of the enterprises is small and does not require large amounts of energy and water.

The main raw materials of light industry are agricultural products, both crop production (cotton, flax, etc.) and livestock production (leather, wool, natural silk, etc.).

Scientific and technological progress plays a significant role in the expansion and spatial orientation of the raw material base for light industry. Based on organic synthesis, in the areas where petrochemical enterprises are located, the production of synthetic materials has increased significantly: fibers and threads, plastics, rubber, artificial leather. As a result, raw materials seemed to move closer to the places of production and consumption of finished light industry products, since the chemistry of organic synthesis, as is known, is located in areas where productive forces are concentrated. The share of chemical fibers in the total volume of processed raw materials is more than 30%. The degree of use of chemical raw materials in the light industry of economically developed countries is much higher and continues to increase.

Light industry sectors (with the exception of primary processing of raw materials), according to their affinity for sources of raw materials and areas of consumption, are divided into the following groups shown in Figure 11.1.

Figure 11.1 - Light industry sectors

Meaning of easy industry in the future should increase, which will undoubtedly be influenced by the sociologization of the economy in market conditions, available raw materials, as well as the availability of qualified personnel.

However, it can be assumed that, in general, Kazakhstan’s light industry products will not become competitive on the world market in the near future. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the country, due to climatic conditions, does not have enough of its own natural raw materials in the form of cotton and silk, and secondly, the competition on the world market is too strong from southern countries, which are in more favorable combination conditions a significant amount of raw materials and labor resources (China, India), as well as economically developed and traditionally trendsetters (Italy, France).

Main problems of the industry:

– low wages;

– use of outdated equipment. Since 2005, the annual renewal of equipment in the industry has not exceeded 3-4%, while economically developed countries ‒ 14-16%;

– high share of illegally imported goods in the consumer market. Most enterprises are concentrated in the provinces;

– lack of enterprises’ own funds for production development.

2. Problems of light industry:

Flax growing

The main supplier of natural raw materials for light industry is agriculture. Flax growing is in a very difficult situation. From year to year, fiber flax crops are being reduced, and its yield is falling. Flax growing is unevenly distributed. Currently, the issue of reviving domestic flax growing to replace purchased cotton is being resolved.

Wool. Natural wool comes mainly from sheep, a very small share (less than 1.5%) comes from goats, etc. The quality of supplied wool has sharply deteriorated, the bulk of which does not meet international standards:

Only 8% of the domestic clothing market in Kazakhstan is provided by domestic products (in the related footwear industry this figure is 1%). And even then, these are mainly uniforms and shoes for the armed forces and police;

The first months of this year again showed a decline in light industry. The tax burden in light industry continues to be the highest compared to other sectors of the economy of Kazakhstan.

Light industry is a set of specialized industries that produce mainly consumer goods from various types of raw materials. Light industry carries out both primary processing of raw materials and production of finished products. Light industry enterprises produce products for industrial, technical and special purposes, which are used in furniture, aviation, automotive, chemical, electrical, food and other industries, agriculture, law enforcement agencies, transport and healthcare.

One of the features of light industry is the quick return of funds. Technological features of the industry make it possible to quickly change the range of products at a minimum of costs, which ensures high mobility of production.

Light industry is a complex industry that includes more than 20 sub-sectors, which can be combined into three main groups:

• 1. Textile, including linen, cotton, wool, silk, knitwear, as well as primary processing of flax, wool, production of non-woven materials, net-knitting industry, fulling and felting, production of textile haberdashery, etc.
• 2. Sewing.
• 3. Leather, fur, footwear.

Light industry has suffered the most as a result of the ongoing economic crisis. The industry's production volume has decreased by more than 80% over the past 5 years. This was due to a shortage of raw materials, especially cotton, which does not grow in Russia. The industry's resource self-sufficiency is only 25%. We have to import flax, wool, leather raw materials, and chemical fibers.

Main problems of the industry:

• - Low level of wages. In January 2006 The average Russian salary level was 4,054 rubles. (46% of the average salary in processing industries).
• - Use of outdated equipment. Since 2005 annual equipment renewal in the industry did not exceed 3-4%, in economically developed countries: 14-16%.
• - High share of illegally imported goods in the consumer market. (more than 62%).
• - Most enterprises are concentrated in the provinces.
• - Lack of own funds among enterprises for production development.

The factors for locating light industry enterprises are uniform, but the main ones can be identified:

The raw material factor is especially important in primary processing industries, which is caused by massive waste (the yield of flax straw is 1/5 of the original raw material, wool - 1/2), or in industries where the material intensity of production is high (the flax industry). The location of the tannery industry is entirely dependent on the meat industry.

Population, i.e. consumer factor. Finished products of light industry are less transportable compared to semi-finished products. For example, it is more profitable to supply pressed raw cotton than cotton fabrics.

The consumer factor has a huge impact on the location of enterprises in the industry. The industry's products are consumed everywhere, and the mass nature of production helps bring industry enterprises closer to the population. In addition, many types of finished products (knitwear, shoes) are difficult to transport and their transportation over long distances is more expensive than transportation of raw materials.

The factor of labor resources, providing for their significant size and qualifications, since all branches of light industry are labor-intensive. Historically, light industry uses predominantly female labor, so it is necessary to take into account the possibility of using both female and male labor in the regions (i.e., develop light industry in areas where heavy industry is concentrated, create appropriate production in regions where light industry is concentrated) .

I take the water factor into account when locating the production of fabrics and knitwear, where the dyeing and finishing processes require a significant amount of water.

The raw material base of Russia's light industry is quite developed; it provides a significant part of the enterprises' needs for flax fiber, wool, chemical fibers and threads, fur and leather raw materials.

Providing the population with fabrics, clothing, shoes and other consumer goods. Light industry is closely related to agriculture, especially at the stage of primary processing of raw materials. Industry has a very wide geography, as it gravitates towards areas where raw materials are produced and towards consumers, as well as labor resources. It is represented in every economic region.

Light industry sectors can be divided into three groups according to the characteristics of their location:

• 1. Orientation towards raw materials includes, for example, the flax industry;
• 2. Consumer-oriented include, for example, footwear and clothing;
• 3. Focusing on both factors include, for example, cotton, silk, knitwear.

The main industry in terms of production volume and number of employees is textiles.

The level of development of light industry is insufficient. This is due to the fact that supplies of raw materials from the Central Asian republics (where cotton is grown) have been reduced; The industry's products cannot withstand competition with imported goods that have poured into Russia from abroad in recent years; almost 40%

Light industry is a complex industry that includes three main groups: textiles, clothing, and leather. The main factors for the location of light industry enterprises: raw materials, population, consumer, labor factor. Light industry can be divided according to the characteristics of their location into placement with a focus on raw materials, on the consumer, and with a focus on both factors.

Light industry is part of the complex of industries producing consumer goods and produces over 40% of all non-food products in this group. Light industry plays a significant role in interstate relations between the CIS countries: there is a constant exchange of raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products. Over 2 million people (mostly women) are employed in the light industry of Russia. Light industry products are used to satisfy people's needs, and are also used in other industries in the form of raw materials and auxiliary materials (in food industry, mechanical engineering, etc.).

Light industry is a complex industry that includes more than 20 sub-sectors, which can be combined into three main groups:

textile, including linen, cotton, wool, silk, knitted. This group also includes the primary processing of flax, wool, etc., the production of nonwoven materials, the network knitting industry, the fulling industry, the production of textile haberdashery, etc.;

• leather, fur, footwear.

The largest share in the structure of light industry is occupied by the products of the clothing and textile sub-sectors.

Currently, goods produced by light industry enterprises in Russia are significantly inferior in quality to products from developed countries, labor productivity is relatively low, and production costs are higher compared to the world level.

An increase in prices for raw materials imported into the country and raw materials of own production leads to a sharp increase in prices for finished products, which narrows the effective demand of the population and purchasing industries, making domestically produced goods less competitive compared to imported ones.

Light industry found itself in a difficult situation due to morally and physically obsolete equipment at its enterprises. Thus, in textile factories the share of such equipment is about 60%. Technical re-equipment of enterprises through imports from developed countries is practically impossible today due to the lack of foreign currency, since the industry as a whole is not export-oriented. All this leads to a constant increase in both hidden and real unemployment in light industry. The situation has become especially aggravated at city-forming enterprises that provide the social sphere of small towns and villages.

In the country's light industry there was a constant increase in the concentration of production, which was expressed in the predominance of large enterprises and the “washing out” of small ones. Concentration is closely related to the combination of production, which is most typical for enterprises in the textile, footwear and leather industries. Concentration, up to certain limits, allows you to increase the scale of production, increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of a unit of production, and improve tools. However, the specificity of light industry is such that less large enterprises can respond more flexibly to changes in demand for products and take into account market conditions. It is no coincidence that in the most developed countries small enterprises predominate in this industry.

The factors for locating light industry enterprises are varied, but the main ones can be identified:

raw materials, which primarily influences the location of enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials: for example, flax processing factories are located in flax production areas, wool washing enterprises - in sheep breeding areas, enterprises for the primary processing of leather - near large meat processing plants;

population, i.e. consumer. Finished products of light industry are less transportable compared to semi-finished products. For example, it is cheaper to supply pressed raw cotton than cotton fabrics;

labor resources, providing for their significant quantity and qualifications, since all branches of light industry are labor-intensive. Historically, light industry uses predominantly female labor, therefore regions need to take into account the possibilities of using both female and male labor (i.e., develop light industry in areas where heavy industry is concentrated, create appropriate production facilities in regions where light industry is concentrated) .

The raw material base of Russia's light industry is quite developed; it provides a significant part of the enterprises' needs for flax fiber, wool, chemical fiber and threads, fur and leather raw materials. The main supplier of natural raw materials for light industry is agriculture. Flax growing, a traditional branch of agriculture in Russia, is in a very difficult situation. From year to year, fiber flax crops are being reduced, and its yield is falling. Already in the 80s, Russia did not provide itself with raw materials for the flax industry, which it imported mainly from Ukraine. Flax growing is distributed extremely unevenly: over 60% of the harvested raw materials are in the Central region, 25% in the Northwestern and Vologda regions of the Northern region, and only 15% in all the rest (Volga-Vyatka, Ural, West Siberian and East Siberian) . Currently, the issue of reviving domestic flax growing to replace purchased cotton is being resolved.

Natural wool is produced mainly by sheep, a very small share (less than 1.5/o) comes from goats, etc. By the beginning of 1994, compared to 19^0, the number of sheep decreased by 25/o, wool production - by 28/o , the quality of supplied wool has sharply deteriorated, the bulk of which does not meet international standards. Currently, the needs of the wool industry for natural raw materials are not being met. The main regions - suppliers of raw materials: North Caucasus, Volga region and East Siberian.

Light industry could be fully supplied with natural leather raw materials, but a significant part of it is exported from Russia. In return, semi-finished products are purchased for the production of shoes and other products, which increases the price of finished products. The price is also affected by the increase in costs for the production of raw hides due to the increase in the cost of keeping livestock (costs of feed, equipment, fertilizers).

In addition to natural raw materials, synthetic and artificial fibers and artificial leathers supplied by the chemical industry are widely used in light industry. The starting materials for their production are oil refining waste, natural gas, and coal tar. The main supplying regions of chemical fibers are the Center and the Volga region, as well as the Western Siberian, North Caucasian, and Central Black Earth economic regions. Some types of artificial leather, synthetic fibers, etc. are not produced in Russia. For example, the production of high-quality artificial leather for the production of bags and gloves and mittens, traditionally supplied from Uzbekistan, Moldova and Ukraine, has hardly been mastered. Currently, many suppliers for Russia have been lost.

Let us consider the development and location of the main branches of light industry in Russia.

Main products textile industry- fabrics - are used to meet the needs of the population, and are also used as raw materials and auxiliary materials in the sewing, shoe, food industry, in mechanical engineering, etc. The leading role in the structure of the textile industry is played by cotton, producing over 5 billion m of fabric per year, including more than 28 m per capita.

Main concentration area cotton industry- Central, where 83% of all cotton fabrics produced in Russia are produced. The location of the industry in this area is due to historical reasons: many years of experience in the development of the linen, silk and cloth industries, the availability of qualified labor and equipment, the earlier development of capitalist relations compared to other regions, the presence of consumers, and access to transport led to the rapid growth of cotton production in the Moscow region. and Vladimir provinces at the beginning of the 20th century.

Currently, the main factors for the location of the industry include: the availability of consumers, skilled labor, and ensuring the employment of women in heavy industrial areas. Within the Central Economic Region, the first place in the production of cotton fabrics is occupied by the Ivanovo region, followed by the Moscow and Vladimir regions (over 90% of the region's production). In Ivanovo and the Ivanovo region there are over 40 enterprises of the cotton industry (Rodniki, Vichuga, Navoloki, Kineshma, Shuya, etc.); in Moscow (Trekhgornaya Manufactory plant, finishing plant, cotton-printing factory, etc.) and the Moscow region (Glukhovsky plant, Orekhovsky plant, Serpukhov spinning and weaving factory, etc.) there are over 50 enterprises; in Vladimir and the Vladimir region (Karabanovo, Alexandrov, Kovrov, Murom, etc.) - more than 20. In the Central Economic Region, there are also cotton enterprises in the Tver, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Smolensk regions.

Among other economic regions in this industry, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region stand out. There are enterprises in the Volga region ( largest center- Kamyshin in the Volgograd region), in the North Caucasus (mainly in the Krasnodar Territory), n Volga-Vyatka region (Cheboksary cotton mill is one of the largest in the country), in the Urals and Western Siberia (large enterprise - Barnaul cotton mill).

In the structure of production linen industry the share of fabrics for household use is much smaller than in other sectors of the textile industry, and the share of fabrics and products for industrial purposes is higher. It should be noted that in developed countries flax is not used for the production of container fabrics; the corresponding needs there are met by jute fabrics and fabrics made from chemical fibers. In our country, flax is also used to make waterproof workwear, tarpaulin for covering equipment, agricultural and other products, tents, fire hoses, etc.

Initially, the flax industry was tied only to flax-producing areas. Currently, the raw material factor plays a lesser role in placement, since even with the relatively low transportability of flax fiber, the costs of its transportation are small in the cost of yarn. The provision of qualified labor resources is of paramount importance. Primary processing of flax is always concentrated in flax-growing areas.

The main region for growing fiber flax and producing linen fabrics is Central, but the industry is unevenly distributed in the region. The main enterprises are concentrated in four regions: Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma and Yaroslavl. There are also large flax mills in Smolensk and Vyazma, Smolensk region. At the same time, fiber flax crops are located mainly in the Tver and Smolensk regions (almost 70/0 of the sown areas of the Central Economic Region), and in these main areas of the flax industry - only 25%.

The Northern (Vologda and Vologda region) and Northwestern (Pskov and Pskov region) regions are also of great importance in the production of linen fabrics. There are also enterprises in the Volga-Vyatka, Volga, Ural and West Siberian economic regions. The largest of them are located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Kirov, Yekaterinburg and Biysk.

Wool industry produces a variety of products: household fabrics, carpets, blankets, technical cloth, etc. The bulk of woolen fabrics are used for personal consumption of the population and only 5% for technical purposes (in the printing, chemical and other industries). This is one of the oldest industries that appeared in Russia in the 17th century.

Primary processing of wool is a very material-intensive process; unwashed wool is economically difficult to transport (up to 70% of the mass of unwashed wool goes to waste, which is eliminated by washing the wool). The costs of transporting washed wool and chemical semi-finished products are relatively low. Therefore, it is most effective to locate the production of wool fabrics in areas of population concentration, and the primary processing of wool in areas of developed sheep breeding. The wool industry, as well as other branches of the textile industry, is concentrated within the Central Economic Region, where the main enterprises are located in Moscow and the Moscow region: cloth factories, worsted spinning, wool spinning, weaving and finishing factories, worsted mill and others (in Moscow ); Kupavino fine cloth factory, Pavlovo-Posad worsted mill, Novo-Noginsk wool spinning factory, Moscow carpet production associations in Lyubertsy and Obukhovo and others (in the Moscow region). The production of woolen fabrics is developed in Bryansk and the Bryansk region (Klintsy), Ivanovo and Ivanovo region (Shuya), Tver and the Tver region (Zavidovo), Kaluga region (Borovsk), Ryazan region (Murmino).

The Volga region occupies second place in the production of woolen fabrics, however, it is several times behind the Center in this indicator. The main enterprises are concentrated in the Ulyanovsk and Penza regions. In third place is the Central Black Earth economic region, where the Tambov region (Rasskazovo, Morshansk) especially stands out.

In the balance of silk raw materials industry the proportion of natural fibers is negligible. Silk fabrics are made mainly from artificial and synthetic fibers. Historically, the main production of silk fabrics was concentrated in the Central Economic Region, and initially it was based only on imported natural raw materials of animal origin produced by silkworm caterpillars, which came from Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Moldova and Ukraine. The location of the silk industry in the Center was determined not by raw materials, but by other factors: favorable transport and geographical location, high population density, professional skills of workers, etc. Currently, in the Central Economic Region there is a territorial convergence of the production of raw materials (since this is a developed area of ​​​​the chemical industry) and finished products.

The silk industry is located mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region (Naro-Fominsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Pavlovsky Posad, etc.). There is a silk mill and a silk factory in the city of Kirzhach, Vladimir region, a silk weaving factory in Tver, and a silk fabric factory in Korablino, Ryazan region.

Garment industry distributed more evenly throughout the country than textile production. Its enterprises are located in almost every region and satisfy mainly domestic needs. The main factor in the location of the clothing industry is consumer, since fabrics are economically more transportable than finished products. Ready-made garment manufacturing enterprises are usually concentrated in large industrial centers.

In recent years, the domestic clothing industry has been quite successfully cooperating with foreign countries, using an international cooperation company, i.e. placing orders for Russian enterprises for the production of clothing based on models and materials from foreign companies. Foreign manufacturers are attracted to our country by the high level of professional training of workers at low labor costs, the high level of technology (and at the same time low quality of design), and the territorial proximity to the Western market. Cooperation with developed countries in the clothing, leather and footwear industries allows us to improve the quality of products and make them more competitive in the domestic and world markets.

IN leather and footwear industry The leaders are the Central and Northwestern economic regions, where the largest enterprises producing footwear and leather goods are located. The main centers are Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Shoe production- mass, multi-product, with a quick change of assortment, aimed at the mass consumer. It is characterized by a relatively high level of concentration and specialization. Other distinctive feature- increased labor and material consumption. An important task for the industry is to strengthen its own raw material base. Currently, for the production of shoes at domestic enterprises, 1/3 of all consumed domestic raw materials were imported from abroad, prices for shoes are rising, but a decrease in demand for them is not expected, since an average of 1.7 pairs of shoes are now produced per capita in year (including slippers).

In general, the tasks of the country's light industry are not so much to increase production volumes, but to preserve industrial potential and qualified personnel, introduce achievements of scientific and technological progress, and new technologies. The development of light industry, primarily knitwear, footwear, and clothing, is expected primarily in the eastern regions, while the share of the Central and Northwestern regions in the total production volume will decrease slightly. In Siberia and the Far East, internal reserves are far from being fully used to create the appropriate industries necessary to increase the complexity of the development of these regions.

An important problem in light industry is the lack of developed trade infrastructure and lack of information on sales markets. The main way to obtain raw materials for most light industry enterprises is direct ties or barter. Exchanges are used extremely little, although raw materials for the textile and leather and footwear industries are classic exchange goods.

The territorial organization of light industry is determined primarily by the influence of consumer and raw material factors. Each of these factors influences differently - depending on the stages of production and the technical and economic characteristics of a particular industry. In addition to industry and consumer factors, great value has the provision of a particular territory with labor. It should be noted that the main workforce at light industry enterprises is women.

Enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials have a significant amount of waste (up to 30-40% of the weight of the raw material output) and therefore gravitate towards raw material bases. Fiber crops are processed in the places where they are grown, and animal raw materials can be processed far from raw material bases. Thus, primary processing of wool can be carried out along the route of transportation of raw materials in the presence of water and fuel supplies. The location of leather production can be combined with both an animal base and a meat consumption center.

The location of light industry (especially its main branch - textile) is greatly influenced by scientific and technological revolution. This is reflected primarily in the concentration of textile production and changes in its raw material base. Natural fiber is gradually being replaced by chemical fibers, since the production of chemical fibers is easier and less expensive. A large number of fabrics are produced using a mixture of natural and chemical fibers.

In the leather industry, artificial leather occupies a significant place, since natural leather is an expensive raw material, and it is not possible to use a large amount of natural leather in production.

The organic synthesis industry as a raw material base for light industry has dramatically changed the conditions for locating its enterprises in certain areas.

Unlike the primary processing of raw materials, the production of finished products is characterized by a more complex placement. When choosing a placement option, raw materials, consumer and labor factors are taken into account. Main role The factor of labor resources plays a role, because light industry is the most labor-intensive industry and, at the same time, the population is a consumer of finished products. Thus, areas provided with labor resources massively consume light industry products and thereby create favorable conditions for the location of its enterprises.

WORLD CENTERS OF LIGHT INDUSTRY

The most important type of natural fiber is cotton, which accounts for about half of the world's processed textile raw materials. The largest producers of cotton fiber in the world include: China, USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Austria, Egypt, Argentina, Brazil.

Exporters of cotton fabrics: Pakistan, USA, China, India, Japan, Russia. The main importers are the leading countries of Europe, Canada, Australia.

The share of woolen fabrics in world production is insignificant, but the share of wool in their total cost is large, because wool is an expensive type of fabric. Woolen fabrics mainly contain synthetic impurities. The largest producers of woolen fabrics: China, Italy, Japan, USA, Korea, Germany, Great Britain, France, Russia. Most of these countries are exporters of woolen fabrics, and the main producers and exporters of raw materials - wool - are the following countries: Australia, New Zealand, China, Uruguay, Argentina, South Africa. The main importers are European countries and a number of North American countries.

In the production of silk fabrics, artificial and synthetic fibers are of great importance. Cellulose silk, nylon, nylon have successfully replaced natural silk, but in lately The value of natural silk increases. This is explained by the fact that it is impossible to recreate certain properties of natural silk artificially. The main producers and exporters of natural silk: Japan, Korea, China, India, Russia.

Other types of textile production include the hemp-jute and flax industries. The largest jute industry is located in India and Bangladesh using its own raw materials, and in the UK using imported raw materials. The main importers of hemp and jute products: USA, European countries.

The flax industry is developing in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and the Baltic countries. There is also the production of rope and wicker products from abaca, sisal, and henequin. The main producers of products from abaca are the Philippines, from sisal - Tanzania, from henequin - Mexico.

If we consider the location of the textile industry as a whole, it should be said that the industries are expanding every day in many countries of the world, regardless of their level of development. But for developing countries Light industry is one of the leading sectors of the economy, and they often compete very successfully in the markets of developed countries. More successful competition is currently hampered by the low level of production, defective first-class equipment, and the predominance of manual work. At this time, the influence of these factors is decreasing.

The cotton sub-sector occupies a leading place in the textile industry of developing countries. In India, Bangladesh, Syria, Pakistan, Argentina, the cotton industry developed before the Second World War and belongs to traditional industries. In the New Industrial Countries, this industry has emerged recently, but on a modern technological basis.

The top ten producers of cotton fabrics include both developed countries and developing countries. But if we compare the scale of production, then, of course, in this indicator it is the developing countries that are ahead. In the production of fabrics from chemical fibers, developed countries are still ahead, but the importance of developing countries in Asia is constantly growing. The production of silk and wool fabrics is more common in developed countries. The location of the leather and footwear industry is primarily consumer oriented. Large areas of the leather and footwear industry are concentrated in developed countries: the USA, Italy, Great Britain, France, Germany. Significant shoe production has also been established in Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Russia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Finland. As for the production of raw materials, it is concentrated in livestock-raising areas, where raw hides are a by-product in the production of meat and meat products. The supplier of synthetic materials is the chemical industry.

The clothing industry is very widespread. Its enterprises are represented in all groups of countries, on all continents. This branch of light industry tends to cluster in urban areas. But general level The development of the clothing industry, its technical equipment, and the quality of garments are characterized by higher rates in European countries, the USA, Canada, and Japan. The market for relatively cheap goods in the clothing industry is concentrated in the New Industrial Countries and individual developing countries that have an advantageous geographical location.

The fur industry is one of the most expensive sub-sectors. It requires very high quality raw materials. Currently, more than 80% of the global fur industry is based on Russian raw materials.