Definition of PACE

The concept of “extremism” was defined by PACE in 2003. According to this definition, "extremism is a form of political activity that, directly or indirectly, rejects the principles of parliamentary democracy."

Legal definition in Russia

In Russia, the legal definition of what actions are considered extremist is contained in Article 1 of Federal Law No. 114-FZ "On counteracting extremist activity."

In accordance with the amendments of April 29, 2008, extremist activity (extremism) includes:

forcible change in the foundations of the constitutional order and violation of the integrity Russian Federation;

public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;

incitement of social, racial, national or religious hatred;

propaganda of the exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

preventing citizens from exercising their electoral rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violating the secrecy of voting, combined with violence or the threat of its use;

obstruction of the lawful activities of state bodies, local self-government bodies, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use;

commission of crimes for the motives specified in paragraph "e" of the first part of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;

propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or paraphernalia or symbols confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols;

public calls for the implementation of these acts or the mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;

public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public position of the Russian Federation or a public position of a subject of the Russian Federation of committing by him, during the performance of his official duties, the acts specified in this article and which are a crime;

organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;

financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communication or the provision of information services.

Basic principles of countering extremist activity

Countering extremist activity is based on the following principles: recognition, observance and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, as well as the legitimate interests of organizations; legality; publicity; the priority of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation; priority of measures aimed at preventing extremist activity; cooperation of the state with public and religious associations, other organizations, citizens in countering extremist activity; the inevitability of punishment for carrying out extremist activities.

The main directions of countering extremist activity

Counteraction to extremist activity is carried out in the following main areas: the adoption of preventive measures aimed at preventing extremist activity, including the identification and subsequent elimination of the causes and conditions conducive to the implementation of extremist activity; detection, prevention and suppression of extremist activities of public and religious associations, other organizations, individuals.

Subjects of counteraction to extremist activity

Federal bodies of state power, bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies of local self-government participate in countering extremist activity within the limits of their competence.

Prevention of extremist activity

In order to counteract extremist activity, federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, within their competence, as a matter of priority, carry out preventive, including educational, propaganda, measures aimed at preventing extremist activity.

Responsibility of officials, state and municipal employees for their extremist activities

Statements by an official, as well as another person in the state or municipal service, about the necessity, admissibility, possibility or desirability of carrying out extremist activities, made publicly, or in the performance of official duties, or indicating the position held, as well as the refusal by an official in accordance with with its competence of measures to suppress extremist activity entails liability established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The relevant state bodies and higher officials are obliged to immediately take the necessary measures to bring to justice the persons who committed the actions specified in the first part of this article.

Responsibility for carrying out extremist activities

Citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons bear criminal, administrative and civil liability in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for carrying out extremist activities. In order to ensure state and public security, on the grounds and in the manner provided for by federal law, a person who has participated in extremist activity may, by a court decision, have restricted access to state and municipal service, military service under contract and service in law enforcement agencies, as well as to work in educational institutions and engage in private detective and security activities. If the head or member of the governing body of a public or religious association or other organization makes a public statement calling for the implementation of extremist activities, without indicating that this is his personal opinion, as well as in the event that a sentence comes into force against such a person court for a crime of an extremist orientation, the relevant public or religious association or other organization is obliged, within five days from the day when the said statement was made, to publicly declare their disagreement with the statements or actions of such a person. If the relevant public or religious association or other organization does not make such a public statement, this may be considered as a fact indicating the presence of signs of extremism in their activities. Yes.

International cooperation in the field of combating extremism

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the activities of public and religious associations, other non-profit organizations of foreign states and their structural divisions whose activities are recognized as extremist in accordance with international legal acts and federal legislation. The prohibition of the activities of a foreign non-profit non-governmental organization entails: a) cancellation of state accreditation and registration in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

b) prohibition of stay on the territory of the Russian Federation of foreign citizens and stateless persons as representatives of this organization;

c) a ban on conducting any economic and other activities on the territory of the Russian Federation;

d) prohibition of publication in the media of any materials on behalf of a prohibited organization;

e) prohibition of distribution in the territory of the Russian Federation of materials of a banned organization, as well as other information products containing materials of this organization;

f) a ban on holding any mass actions and public events, as well as participation in mass actions and public events as a representative of a banned organization (or its official representatives);

g) a ban on the creation of its successor organizations in any organizational and legal form. After the entry into force of a court decision to ban the activities of a foreign non-profit non-governmental organization, the authorized state body of the Russian Federation is obliged, within ten days, to notify the diplomatic mission or consular office of the relevant foreign state in the Russian Federation of the ban on the activities of this organization on the territory of the Russian Federation, the reasons for the ban, and also about consequences of the ban.

The Russian Federation, in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation, cooperates in the field of combating extremism with foreign states, their law enforcement agencies and special services, as well as with international organizations engaged in the fight against extremism.

Fight against child extremism

In Kaluga, a program was adopted to combat child extremism. Children will be trained not to use Nazi paraphernalia and not to participate in unauthorized events.

Lecture: "Prevention of extremism in youth environment» Extremism is an evil against humanity The safety of a person's life depends largely on his worldview, on who he sees as his like-minded people. It is very dangerous not to understand that opposing oneself, one's views to the outside world can provoke unfavorable and even dangerous life situations. “Terrorism”, “terrorists”, “extremism” are words that appear almost daily in the media, giving rise to concern and fear of our citizens for their present and future, for their rights and freedoms, which are guaranteed to us by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Extremism and terrorism in all forms of their manifestations have become one of the most dangerous problems with which humanity entered the 21st century. Terrorism is a real threat national security countries: kidnappings, hostage-taking, cases of hijacking, bomb explosions, acts of violence in ethno-confessional conflicts, direct threats to implement them, etc. Therefore, the problem of countering terrorism and extremism in the Russian Federation is one of the most important tasks of ensuring security at the state level. Over the past decade, major terrorist acts in our country have been the explosions of residential buildings in Moscow and Volgodonsk, the explosion during the parade in Kaspiysk on May 9, the seizure of the theater on Dubrovka during the performance of "Nord-Ost". September 2004 Over 1,200 teachers, students and their parents were kept in the gymnasium of school No. 1 in the city of Beslan (Republic of North Ossetia) for two days. The explosion killed 331 people, including 172 children. 559 people were injured. These are truly terrible pages of our history... Extremism is also a significant problem today, which is addicting more and more young people, and especially those aged 14 to 18. Extremists radically deny the existing norms and rules in society through a set of violent manifestations committed by individuals and specially organized groups and communities. This is a complex and heterogeneous form of expression of hatred and enmity. Often, permitted mass demonstrations of protest develop into hooligan actions and riots, attacks on citizens and are accompanied by calls for violence - these are already illegal actions that, according to the degree of public danger, can be qualified as criminal, criminal. Recently, most terrorist attacks have been carried out under the slogan "death for the sake of salvation." Today religion is being used for evil, for destruction, to achieve chaos in the world. Mankind has forgotten the principles of humanism, justice, kindness, forgotten the essence of faith. The concept of "Islamism" appeared in the last century. It is traditionally believed that Islam is a religion of peace, goodness, moral perfection, and Islamism is radical Islam, which has turned from a purely spiritual and religious teaching into a political totalitarian ideology. Adherents of Islamism are called Islamists. Islamists want to organize the life of the entire society according to Sharia law, that is, according to the laws of Islam, written in the Koran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. They want to make private rules for believing Muslims obligatory for all people, to turn religious laws into national ones. This means: the denial of equality between men and women, freedom of conscience, secular courts, universal literacy, the establishment of strict standards of dress and behavior, etc. e. Islamism means fundamentalism, as a return to the extremely conservative traditions of the past, a sharp and hostile rejection of the modern wide boundaries of social norms. But most importantly, the Islamists are aimed at the forceful expansion of Islam beyond the borders of their countries and believe that it is necessary to wage a holy war against the infidels - jihad. Most of the terrorist attacks of recent decades are the activities of the Islamists. It is quite clear that the behavior motivated by such ideas has a strict orientation aimed at this case against persons of other nationality or religion. This is also mixed with hatred for the existing government, which, according to extremists, condones the life of the "culprits" of all Russian troubles, which leads to an even wider dissemination of extremist ideas. It is these ideas that become the foundation for the formation of informal extremist youth groups. The system of views imposed by extremists is attractive due to the simplicity and unambiguity of its rules, promises of the opportunity to immediately, this very hour, see the result of their albeit aggressive actions. Extremism and one of its most dangerous forms - terrorism - is changing rapidly, using more and more destructive methods. Extremists operate outside of any moral framework and morality, and often turn their criminal activities into business. Therefore, now we can talk about the economic basis of extremism and terrorism. Confirmation is the video footage of the terrorist acts themselves, religiously motivated murders and their consequences, which in turn are a report to the customer for the money provided. In the territory modern Russia illegal activities are carried out by international extremist groups that promote Islamism. This militant ideology is preached mainly through people trained in individual Arab countries. The indicated problem concerns not only the North Caucasus, but the entire territory of the Russian Federation. I would like to note the not always positive role of the media in the formation of mass consciousness. In the flow of information there is a variety of information about extreme events, terrorist acts. At the same time, on the Internet, you can come across various prohibited methods of influencing the human psyche. Related to this is the danger of drawing young people into extremist activities. At the same time, people who profess extreme views make acquaintances in social networks under the pretext of being interested in arranging their personal lives. Then, in the process of communication, extremist ideology and alien religious views are imposed. As a result, this leads to the rejection of family, friends, changes in behavior, habits. Parents, state bodies are perceived as enemies. Yes, gr. Kh., a resident of the Republic of Tatarstan, met a minor B. on a social network, and for 3 months corresponded with her, several times came to meet in the city where the girl lived. During the next meeting, secretly from the minor's parents, they bought tickets and left in the direction of one of the republics of the North Caucasus. Subsequently, it was established that under the promise to marry, the intention of Count. H. to sell a minor into slavery in an Arab country. In connection with the problem of the spread of extremism and terrorism, the ambiguity of youth informal associations should be noted. According to official statistics, most of the members of these associations in Russia are high school students, students of professional educational organizations, unemployed teenagers. As practice shows, it is minors who willingly support various emerging movements and subcultures (emo, punks, goths, skins, etc.). Belonging to one of the groups, according to the minors themselves, increases self-esteem, helps to feel independent, and, at the same time, necessary for someone. Adhering to such movements, schoolchildren are often guided by his influence among their peers, rarely thinking about the fact that some of the ideas promoted by the supporters of this movement run counter to universal human values. For example, the skinhead movement that has gained strength preaches Nazi ideology. Their activities are directed against non-Russians and visitors and are associated with violations of public order, beatings, serious bodily harm, and murder. Unfortunately, in modern Russia, more and more young people are influenced by sects. A sect is a religious organization or a group of persons who are focused on their own interests, which do not coincide with the interests of society, are indifferent or contradictory to them. What is the danger of sects? The fact is that the main goal of the sect is to turn its members into obedient and servile people who can be easily controlled and subjected to any kind of exploitation to obtain the necessary benefits. Therefore, in sects people lose their health, property, money, and most importantly, the ability to live independently in society. Most sectarian communities, committed to the so-called "natural" life, force their followers to adhere to a strict diet, reject medical assistance. This is the Jehovah's Witnesses sect. For example, in St. Petersburg, a 3-year-old boy died in one of the hospitals. his mother, a Jehovah's Witness, refused to perform a vital blood transfusion procedure for the child. Deception, hypnosis, coding techniques and other means of mind control are used to recruit new members of the sect and further guide them. Sectarians prefer to work with children school age, whose psyche has not yet formed, and which are easy prey. Children are invited to come to an interesting conversation, and after a few heart-to-heart talks, they develop a state close to drug addiction. It is extremely difficult to get out of the sect, because. consciousness is completely closed from the critical perception of the world. So, if someone approached you, inviting you to come to an interesting unusual lecture or seminar, promising you any benefits (salary, study abroad, etc.), never give your phone number, address, exercise reasonable caution , do not succumb to curiosity at the expense of common sense. Remember that almost all sects have a long history of law breaking, litigation, high-profile scandals, ruining lives. As you can see, extremism is many-sided and diverse. Modern terrorism knows no boundaries in terms of space. Therefore, the correct attitude to the perceived information, the ability to analyze it and have an idea about the mechanisms and consequences of influence on the personality is of great importance. One-sided or distorted information, which is transmitted, including through the Internet, often has a great power of propaganda suggestion and, of course, needs to be considered and critically evaluated. That is why it is necessary to master media literacy and learn to analyze information, be aware of the mechanisms of manipulative influence and be able to defend one's own point of view. In addition, one should cultivate tolerance in oneself as an active moral position and psychological readiness for tolerance in the name of positive interaction with people of a different cultural, national, religious or social environment.

Prevention of extremism among the youth is one of the priorities of the educational sphere and society as a whole. This is a complex socio-psychological problem, which in modern conditions has become relevant for all states of the world.

What is extremism

Such a concept as extremism has been given many definitions (both scientific and legal). Despite the fact that this problem on everyone's lips, a single term has not been formulated. So, for example, extremism is interpreted by a large explanatory dictionary as a tendency to extreme measures and views. Nevertheless, scientists agree that such a definition is very vague. Emphasis should be placed precisely on the commission of unlawful acts.

When asked what extremism is, Dr. Coleman and Dr. Bartoli answer a little differently. They believe that this is human activity, far from generally accepted norms, adherence to strict forms of conflict resolution. However, there are some snags here as well. The main difficulty lies in the definition of generally accepted norms, because for each state and society they can differ significantly.

What is extremist activity?

Unfortunately, in international practice there is not only a single definition of the very term "extremism". There is also no unified description of activities that fall under this description. But in order for the prevention of extremism among young people to be effective, it is necessary to clearly understand what is to be combated. To determine the concept and its manifestations, it is worth referring to the legal documents. The law "On" interprets this concept as follows:

• violent change of provisions of the Constitution, as well as an attempt to violate the integrity of the state;
• public justification;
• propaganda of social, racial and religious intolerance;
• dissemination of ideas of human superiority on racial, religious or any other grounds;
• violation of human rights and freedoms on a racial, religious or national basis;
• obstruction of the lawful activities of state services or religious organizations through threats or force;
• obstructing the participation of citizens in the electoral process by threats or forceful methods;
• propaganda of Nazi ideology, as well as public display of its symbols and attributes;
• mass production, storage and distribution of extremist materials; public calls for participation in extremist activities;
• public false accusation of persons holding public office;
• financing, organization and preparation of the actions mentioned above, instigation.

Factors of youth extremism

The fight against international extremism implies, first of all, work with young people as the most vulnerable category of citizens. In order for the activity to be effective, it is necessary to understand where such ideas come from young people. Thus, among the factors of youth extremism, it is worth noting especially:

• the influence of parents who differ in radical beliefs;
• the influence of a group of peers who are adherents of extremist views;
• the influence of authoritative persons who are in the teenager's social circle (teachers, heads of sports or creative sections, leaders of youth organizations, etc.);
• stress that led to disintegration in society;
• own ideas and moral attitudes;
• personal psychological characteristics (aggressiveness, suggestibility);
• mental stress.

Main areas of work

At the moment, there is a growing threat of recruitment of boys and girls by terrorist organizations. In this regard, the prevention of extremism among young people should be carried out in the following areas:

• close interaction of educational institutions with parents;
• advanced training of teaching staff on this issue;
• inclusion in educational program individual subjects or topics related to the prevention of extremism;
• introduction of educational programs related to the moral education of children and youth (prevention of offenses, violence and homelessness);
• continuous monitoring of the level of tolerance in society, and especially among young people;
• analysis of the processes taking place in the youth environment, as well as their philosophical and socio-cultural aspects;
• ensuring the availability of cultural benefits for young people;
• realization of the need for self-realization and self-expression;
• organization of students' leisure (volunteer projects, social programs).

Activities with different youth groups

Prevention of extremism in the youth environment should be carried out taking into account its heterogeneity. There are two main areas of work:

• With groups that have not yet formed extremist inclinations. Such young people are usually voluntarily involved in social work, as they do not have any aggressive or illegal attitudes. The task of prevention is only to consolidate tolerant worldviews.
• With groups that have already formed extremist worldviews and beliefs. Such work is in most cases carried out on a forced basis, and therefore young people can be aggressive. Here it is important to find an individual, non-standard approach that will help establish a trusting relationship. The result should be the teenager's persuasion, rejection of extremist views and active inclusion in public life.

Risk group

Although prevention activities should be carried out among all young people, there are some categories that are most susceptible to such influences. Having studied the list of extremists, we can distinguish the following risk groups:

• children from dysfunctional families with low income and social status, insufficient education, as well as a tendency to various kinds of deviations (alcoholism, violence, drug use);
• the so-called golden youth, whose representatives, due to certain conditions, feel permissiveness and impunity, and also perceive extremism as entertainment or a normal pastime;
• adolescents who are characterized by psychological problems that determine the tendency to aggression and inadequate response to certain events;
• representatives of youth subcultures, informal groups and street companies characterized by aggressive behavior and deviant beliefs;
• members of political movements and religious associations who, under the influence of certain ideas and beliefs, may carry out activities dangerous to society.

Key tasks

Prevention of extremism should not be chaotic or spontaneous. It is important to carefully consider each stage and its details. The plan for the prevention of extremism should be aimed at solving the following significant tasks:

• application to teenagers and young people of installations about the need to respect and protect the rights of any citizen, as well as strict compliance with legislative norms;
• the formation of adolescents' ideas about the norms of behavior adopted in civil society;
• conveying to parents the importance of forming tolerant moods in the family;
• creation of self-government cells in educational institutions that will carry out educational activities;
• the formation in the minds of young people of confidence in extremist activity in any of its manifestations;
• developing young people's skills of safe behavior and self-defense in the event of a threat of a terrorist act.

Main activities

• Establishing relationships and coordinating work with the commission on juvenile affairs. Its employees should be involved in direct work with students, as well as participation in parent meetings.
• Organization of courses for teaching staff on the prevention of extremism. For students of secondary and higher educational institutions, round tables or discussions on this topic can be held. At the same time, the participation of representatives of law enforcement agencies is mandatory.
• Conduct a class hour "Prevention of extremism and terrorism" at school. In the course of these activities, legal norms and responsibility for their violation should be considered. Attention should also be paid to instilling in students a sense of respect and tolerance for other cultures, nationalities, religions, and beliefs.
• Regular holding of parent-teacher meetings, which will consider not only organizational issues, but also issues of educating law-abiding citizens.
• Development of a system in accordance with which students or their parents can apply for the protection of their legal rights and interests, if they are infringed.

Working with parents

It is no secret that the basic beliefs and personal qualities are formed precisely under the influence of the family. Therefore, work to prevent extremism in schools should involve close contact with parents. They must be provided with the following information:

• the specifics of youth subcultures and informal organizations, as well as their potential danger;
• degree of responsibility of parents for children;
• forms of aggression, as well as prevention of their manifestation in adolescents;
• mechanisms for involving children in extremist activities;
• determination of the age of criminal responsibility for offenses, as well as a description of possible penalties;
• the essence of such concepts as "terrorism" and "extremism";
• the specifics of the formation of a life position and beliefs in adolescents;
• the need for employment of adolescents (circles, sections and other forms) after school hours.

Responsibility

A person who has reached a certain age, established by law, can be involved in both administrative and criminal activities for extremism. Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for the following acts:

• humiliation of human honor and dignity;
• inciting hatred or hostile feelings towards individuals or their group;
• organization of extremist communities;
• organizing, coordinating and ensuring the activities of such communities.

The main problem of working with children and adolescents is that many feel that they are not punished. Nevertheless, in cases specified by law, even minors are prosecuted for extremism. Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation implies the conviction of persons under the age of 18 for posting videos on the global network, as well as any other propaganda documents with scenes of violence or calls for it. imply the responsibility of minors for the destruction of historical and cultural monuments, as well as desecration of burial places and bodies of the dead. Punishment can be expressed in a large monetary fine, correctional labor or imprisonment.

Countermeasures and self-defense

Undoubtedly, theoretical background important. Nevertheless, it is important to convey to young people how extremist activity is manifested in practice in Russia. Examples of such situations, as well as actions for prevention and self-defense are given in the table:

Similar practical examples or even reconstructions of situations are simply necessary. Prevention of extremism at school should be aimed not only at preventing the formation of such attitudes among young people. It is also important to convey to young people information that will help them save their lives in an extreme situation.

Approaches to preventive work

Extremism, as a threat to national security, forces us to carry out preventive work not only with the adult population, but also with children and youth. This work can be carried out in accordance with the following approaches:

• Dissemination of information about the danger of extremism and organizations professing it. This approach is used most often. It implies a program to educate young people through civic actions or the distribution of printing materials. Given that this approach is not the most effective, it can only be considered as an additional one.
• Affective learning aims to eliminate problems with the expression of feelings and emotions. This is important both in terms of the formation of life experience and the release of negative and positive energy. Receiving emotional release, a teenager becomes less aggressive, which reduces the risk of radical inclinations.
• Influence social factors can not only prevent the emergence of extremist ideas in a teenager, but also contribute to this. In this regard, one of the approaches is based on conducting trainings, during which training in resistance to social pressure is carried out.
• Life skills development is an approach based on behavioral modification techniques. The main teenage problem is the desire for self-affirmation and an adult lifestyle. thus, there is a need for courses and trainings for young people that will allow them to form the necessary life beliefs and skills that will allow them to protect themselves from the influence of negative trends developing in society.
• Involvement of teenagers in activities alternative to extremist. This approach was developed by A. Kromin. He proposes organizing trips with overcoming obstacles, directing the activity of adolescents into sports or creative activities, creating groups to uphold an active civic position.

Conclusion

The extremism prevention program should primarily target children, adolescents and youth. It is this stratum of society that is most susceptible to the influence of such radical ideas, which is associated with a fragile psyche and the lack of a firm life position. Of course, work in schools and other educational institutions important, but do not forget about the role of the family in this process. In this regard, teachers and law enforcement officers should conduct regular preventive conversations with parents.

Types and goals of terrorism. Terrorism as a state policy. Terrorism in Russia. Methods of combating terrorism.

Organization of first aid to victims of terrorism. The action of the population while being held hostage by terrorists.

According to Federal Law No. 35-FZ (dated 03/06/2006; last edition of 12/31/2014) "On countering terrorism",terrorism - this is the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing decision-making by state authorities, local governments or international organizations related to intimidation of the population and (or) other forms of illegal violent actions.

The concept of countering terrorism in the Russian Federation (approved by the President of the Russian Federation on October 5, 2009).

The main features of modern terrorism:

1) change in motivation : if earlier terrorist acts were committed against political and class enemies, now terror has become a means of resolving national and religious contradictions.

2) peaceful people become victims of terror;

3) the emergence of new types of terrorism;

4) change the dynamics of terrorist acts and the increase in the number of victims of terror;

5) terrorism becomes anonymous;

6) international terrorism came to the fore.

7) the use of new means to intimidate people and entire states.

Features of terrorism in the Russian Federation:

the presence of a long history (the activities of the organization "Narodnaya Volya", a series of assassination attempts and the assassination of Tsar AlexanderIIin 1881);

availability of worldwide spectrum;

different assessment of terrorist activities by different sections of society;

the "mixed" nature of terrorist actions;

long duration of the fight against terrorist groups.

The causes of terrorism should be considered:

the collapse of the USSR, the formation of independent states;

revision of the post-war world order;

lack of success in promoting the idea of ​​a multipolar world

unification of Europe, political and interethnic crises in the Middle East and the Balkans;

the growing role of the US;

advancing the NATO military bloc to the borders of Russia;

an increase in the number of local conflicts.

Types of terrorism:

Byfunds , used in the implementation of terrorist acts:

• • traditional when firearms and edged weapons, explosives, poisons and other means are used to commit a terrorist act:

    technological when the latest achievements of science and technology in the field of computer and information technologies, radio electronics, genetic engineering, etc.

1. 1. 1. By the nature of the subject of terrorist activity:

• Unorganized or individual (lone terrorism) - in this case, a terrorist attack (less often, a series of terrorist attacks) is carried out by one or two people who are not behind any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, Ravachol, etc.);

  Organized, collective - terrorist activity is planned and implemented by a certain organization (Narodnaya Volya SRs, Al-Qaeda, IRA, ETA, state terrorism). Organized terrorism is the most widespread in the modern world.

Depending on the criminalmotivation :

Nationalist - pursues separatist or national liberation goals;

Religious - may be associated with the struggle of adherents of religion among themselves (Hindus and Muslims, Muslims and Christians) and within the same faith (Shiites Sunnis), and aims to undermine secular power and establish religious power;

Ideologically given, social, political - pursues the goal of radically or partially changing the economic or political system country, drawing public attention to any acute problem. Sometimes this type of terrorism is called revolutionary. Anarchist, Socialist-Revolutionary, fascist, European "left" terrorism, etc., serve as an example of ideologically given terrorism.

Criminalterrorismis carried out by criminal elements or criminal groups in order to obtain certain concessions from the authorities, to intimidate the authorities and the population of the country using methods of violence and intimidation borrowed from the practice of terrorist organizations.

Domestic terrorism - pursues the goal of destabilizing the family, capturing, redistributing between families. This type of terrorism is also called family. An example of domestic terrorism is the systematic influence of one family member on another with the help of scandals, reproaches, and the simulation of a painful state. As a rule, domestic terrorism is fueled in families through the psychological processing of younger members by older ones.

Technological terrorismconsists in the use or threat of use of nuclear, chemical or bacteriological weapons, radioactive and highly toxic chemical, biological substances, as well as the threat of seizing nuclear and other industrial facilities that pose an increased danger to human life and health. As a rule, technological terrorism sets itself political goals.

Cyberterrorism - actions to disorganize automated information systems that create the danger of death of people, causing significant material damage or the onset of other socially dangerous consequences.

Targets of terrorism

Depending on the subject of terrorism and the direction of its activities:

internal political:

change in the political regime and social structure of the country;

undermining or hindering democratic change;

destabilization of the internal political situation;

obstruction and disorganization of the activities of authorities and administration or rival political parties and organizations;

provoking state power to commit actions that may compromise it in the eyes of the population or raise the authority of terrorists;

disruption of certain measures of authorities and administration (to consolidate internal political forces, ensure security and order in areas where crisis and conflict situations spread, etc.).

foreign policy:

weakening of international relations or deterioration of the country's relations with foreign states;

disruption of international actions to resolve international or domestic political conflicts;

creating unfavorable conditions for the activities of citizens and institutions of the country abroad; expression of condemnation or protest against certain actions of the country in the international arena or within the country;

compromising the country as a source of international terrorism in the eyes of the world community, etc.

Depending on the scale and content:

strategic(for example, preparing the conditions for overthrowing the existing system, destabilizing the situation in the country, recognizing a terrorist organization by the authorities and the public as an independent political force, etc.);

tactical(popularizing the ideas and goals of a terrorist organization, ensuring the rallying of the members of the organization itself, obtaining material resources to continue its activities, releasing individual terrorists serving sentences, expressing a negative attitude towards individual leaders or organizations of the country, towards law enforcement agencies, towards the armed forces, etc. ).

In order to organize and carry out specific terrorist actions subordinated to the strategic and tactical goals of terrorism, extremist structures develop tasks that are determined by the domestic and foreign political goals of terrorism of one direction or another and serve to create conditions for their achievement. For example, the goal of destabilizing the internal political situation in the country may cause the setting of tasks to carry out murders and explosions to intimidate the population of certain regions, to carry out acts of violence against high-ranking officials of government and law enforcement agencies, against leaders public organizations supporting the authorities. In order to achieve the goal of disrupting international actions to resolve acute ethnic conflicts, terrorists can put forward the tasks of creating a danger of the presence of representatives of international organizations in a certain region, provoking new outbreaks of interethnic hostility, etc. The goal of demonstrating a negative attitude to a country's change in its foreign policy can be achieved by before a terrorist organization of the task of taking diplomatic and other representatives of the country as hostages, of interfering with the normal activities of its institutions (by blowing up their premises, organizing disturbing reports of impending acts of violence, etc.), etc.).

In accordance with the tasks put forward, the terrorist organization determines the specific objects of terrorist attacks, determines the need for forces and means to carry out a violent act, the procedure for their use, etc.

Ways to achieve the goals of terrorism:

The fear of terrorism is actively used to introduce the "image of the enemy" into the mass consciousness.

Fear of terror is an effective tool in the struggle to change public opinion in favor of expanding the special services, their powers and funding.

The process of group manipulation is divided into three stages:

First stage – “emotional actualization of xenophobia”. Such psychological processing, carried out with the help of special literature and the media, is aimed at touching the most sensitive strings of the human psyche, affecting the honor and personal dignity of each representative of a given religious group or ethnic group.

Second stage – “practical orientation of groups”. The mass consciousness (“compatriots” or “fellow believers”), heated up by the propaganda of “popular indignation”, is directed to specific accomplishments with the help of attractive political goals and programs.

Third stage - the goals planned for implementation, specific program guidelines and practical steps must be morally sanctioned by the public opinion prevailing in this environment, after which any actions of this national movement, even if they are associated with inevitable unrest and bloodshed, will certainly be perceived as morally justified, meeting the highest interests of the nation or denomination.

Objects of terrorism:

The first group - general - thisabout the objects of weakening and undermining:

internal and external security of the country;

international relations, positions and interests;

independence and sovereignty of the state;

foundations of the social order;

political organization of society;

state power and its institutions;

the safety of citizens.

The main object of terrorist activity against the Russian Federation and in the Russian Federation is its constitutional system.

The second group - objects of direct violent (terrorist) influence - the safety of people and various material objects; life, health, freedom of specific persons or their personally indefinite groups; the normal functioning and physical integrity of certain objects and structures (for example, property belonging to terrorized persons, institutions, etc.).

By using violence in various ways or threatening to use it against persons or specific material objects, terrorist organizations ultimately count on achieving their goals and objectives of weakening and undermining the common objects of terrorism.

TERRORISM METHODS

Taking into account the method of achieving the goals and objectives set by terrorists and the nature of the objects, four groups of methods can be distinguished:

organizational nature,

methods of physical influence,

material impact (on inanimate objects),

and psychological impact.

Organizational methods include, first of all, those that are used to create terrorist structures and prepare acts of direct violent influence (inspiring terrorist activities by attracting people to participate in it, their organizational rallying, preparing terrorist actions, organizing interaction with other extremist organizations and etc., as well as stimulating terrorist activities by providing financial, material and other support to terrorist organizations, groups, individuals - terrorists).

Methods of physical influence on people are associated with direct physical damage to life, health and freedom of people. Among them, one can single out the unlawful deprivation of people of life (the use of firearms and cold steel, explosives, poisons and toxic substances, suffocation, radioactive damage, infection, etc.); damage to their health (beating, the use of methods used to deprive people of life); deprivation or restriction of their freedom (capture and abduction of people, forcible deprivation of their ability to communicate with outside world, detention at the place of stay - in a vehicle, office space, etc., forcible transfer to terrorist-controlled objects and keeping them in a secret shelter until the terrorists' demands are met).

Methods of material impact on inanimate objects are diverse and are mainly associated with the destruction or damage of objects of this group. These include mainly the use of explosives and flammable substances, mechanical damage or rendering these objects unusable. In other words, these are, first of all, explosions, arson, pogroms.

The methods used in these cases are in some part similar to those that belong to the first group of methods.

Methods of psychological influence ("Psychological terror") occupy an increasing place in terrorist activities. This is explained, on the one hand, by the essence of terror as a method of coercion and intimidation, which is primarily achieved by using the three groups of methods discussed above, and on the other hand, by the desire in some cases to simplify the mechanism for achieving terrorist goals, the wide spread of political extremism in various circles of the population. This group of methods includes two subgroups. The first is formed by actions that are directly physical in nature, but mainly designed to achieve a psychological result. These include attacks on certain persons, damage to their property, pogroms in their homes, etc. The second subgroup consists of actions that are also predominantly defiantly threatening, but not related to the direct infliction of any physical harm to a person or his relatives. These are, first of all, threats (open or anonymous) against officials, institutions, public figures, etc. Such threats are usually transmitted orally, in writing, by telephone and, as a rule, contain threats of reprisal and other adverse consequences for the addressees. There are frequent cases of such threats in leaflets, publications in the press. Terrorist organizations, in certain cases, can organize targeted and massive campaigns to intimidate their opponents or other objects of terror chosen by them by further escalating terrorist activities. The current political and operational situation in the CIS countries and a number of regions of the Russian Federation is characterized by the widespread use of "psychological terror" methods.

Terrorism as a state policy

On the map of the World, there were (are) many countries in which terror has been turned into state policy, such as, for example, in South Africa. The International Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes of Racism and Apartheid in Southern Africa has declared the South African government a regime of state terrorism.

In March 1981, 50 African UN member countries issued a statement emphasizing that the open support of the Washington administration for the South African regime (and this is a well-known fact) is an encouragement of the policy of "state terrorism" carried out by the Pretoria authorities and complicity in the racial oppression of the indigenous population of South Africa. Africa. In South Africa, there were many terrorist organizations consisting of the white population. They organized bombings in offices, theaters and in many other places where representatives of all races were admitted, threatened prominent African figures.

To date, this hotbed of terrorism has been “extinguished”. As a result of the country's first free general elections, the prominent African leader Nelson Mandella came to power, and the reorganization of the old political system is now in full swing.

Two more countries in which terrorism is widely used as a state policy are located in the Middle East. These states are Israel and Iraq.

Israel waged wars of conquest aimed at conquering and subjugating its neighboring countries. For example, the invasion of Lebanon and the capture of Beirut, in Palestine. In all cases, especially in Palestine, Israeli troops carried out "purges" of the Arab population, forcing the survivors to leave their lands. In Palestine, this led to the fact that the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) began to resist in all possible ways, including terrorism. Although, as similar experiences in Northern Ireland, the Chechen Republic and Palestine itself show, the process of reconciliation is very difficult. There are forces that different ways impede the development of the peace process.

Iraq is also another hotbed of instability in that region. The head of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, is pursuing an aggressive policy towards his neighbors. He tried to capture a small but oil-rich state - Kuwait. The reasons for this takeover are clear. If Iraq were to keep Kuwait's oilfields as its property, it would receive enormous economic benefits and would be able to carry out aggressions further. No wonder they say - "oil is the blood of war." But Iraq's insidious designs were thwarted by NATO intervention. Iraq was defeated in the war and has so far suspended its policy of terrorism and aggression.

There are many states that use terrorism to one degree or another. I have listed only a few of the most "bright" representatives. I hope that the world community will watch such countries with unflagging attention and prevent their aggression. Although, by and large, terrorism is used by all countries of the world. Only some are so obvious that everyone can see it, while others are less obvious. The task of the world community is to suppress (at least at the first stage) the most aggressive states and resolve old conflicts.

The situation with terrorism in Russia takes up a lot of space in the daily news. Terrorist acts in Russia took place immediately after the collapse of the Union, in 1994-1995, and they did not stop later. The most large-scale act in recent years in the Russian Federation was the terrible capture of Beslan in North Ossetia, when children became victims. Terrorists are people who do not have any morality, that's why they encroached on the lives of children. In the school, which was seized by criminals on September 1, 2004, there were about 1200 people in total, 326 people died during the three days of terror. According to the investigation of the special services, 32 people took part in that terrible action, 31 of whom were killed in the process of releasing people. Only one of the bandits survived. You can also remember Nord-Ost, the capital's palace of culture, which was mined by terrorists along with 700 spectators and employees of the institution. The terrorists held the hostages for three days, morally mocking the relatives of poor people. The act ended with an assault, which, according to the official version, began after the bandits started shooting people. In this struggle, the special forces against terrorists acted professionally, but they had to use lethal gas. Unfortunately, many innocent people died from its effects. Another terrorist threat to modern Russia is the Arab Wahhabis. This group carries out acts of religious terror, from which Russians may suffer. Terrorists, whose photos are in the dossiers of international and Russian services dealing with this problem, can live among us and at the same time plan their atrocities. Methods of Combating Terrorists Much can be said about the fight against terrorism in the current situation. First of all, I would like to say about which bodies are directly fighting criminal groups or individual terrorists in Russia. The main fighter is the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. In addition to this service, there are departments for combating terrorism in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the Russian Ministry of Defense. Anti-terrorist units have been created in the Russian Federation, the main of which are the Alfa and Vympel groups. Also, special services that are fighting terrorism have been created under the army, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs (the Vega group), and under law enforcement agencies. Terror can be avoided only by the joint efforts of different countries that are determined to solve the problem in a serious way. It is necessary to develop an integrated approach to combating this phenomenon through not only legal and forceful influence, but also by identifying the main causes of its occurrence. The most important thing is not to look for justifications for terrorism, not to divide it into right and wrong. It is necessary to fight against any of its manifestations. At the legislative level, in all countries it is necessary to strengthen the criminal liability for an act of terror. The law on combating terrorism and criminal legislation must be tightened, up to the introduction of the death penalty.

System of measures to combat terrorism

The anti-terrorism program appears to consist of the following subsections or blocks:

Legal measures to combat terrorism, including legislative acts, as well as international conventions to combat terrorism and organized crime;

General preventive measures, including the establishment of control over the "markets" of weapons and other means of mass destruction;

Administrative-regime measures, which should include measures for interstate cooperation in the field of combating terrorism;

Special (operational, investigative, technical and security) measures to prevent terrorist manifestations.

It seems that the development, adoption and subsequent control over the implementation of such measures to counter terrorism is one of the urgent tasks of the activities of state authorities in Russia.

But along with state bodies, the public, including the scientific community, the mass media, socio-political parties, organizations and movements, can also play a significant role in the fight against terrorism. The refusal of all socio-political forces and subjects without exception from violent and armed methods of struggle for the realization of their goals can become very effective. The most important condition is the elimination of all illegal paramilitary groups in the country. Public authorities could also contribute to ending conflicts, internecine clashes, confrontation, reducing social tension in the cities and regions of Russia, which is a breeding ground for terrorism and extremism.

Only joint actions of state structures and civil society can become an effective factor in countering the spread of terrorism in Russia, achieving and maintaining genuine civil peace in society.

Peculiarities of medical and sanitary support during terrorist acts

Based on the existing system of medical and sanitary support in emergency situations, the provision of medical care to the population during terrorist acts is organized as follows.

At the local and territorial levels, duty teams of the nearest ambulance stations (departments) are initially sent to the zone of a terrorist act. If there are not enough of them, on-duty ambulance teams of neighboring stations (departments) are involved. If necessary, reserve ambulance teams, operational teams of the center for the treatment of acute poisoning and other formations of the disaster medicine service are involved. Specialized medical care, BEMP

Before the arrival of medical units in the zone of a terrorist act (explosion), the territory for their deployment (deployment) and the territory adjacent to it, must be checked by explosives specialists for the presence of explosives.

When hostages are taken, it is necessary to expand the nearest hospitals and prepare them to receive the victims. If necessary, reinforce them with teams of specialized medical care, medicines and other medical equipment. When terrorists with hostages are transferred to the escort group, ambulance medical teams prepared to carry out urgent first aid measures are allocated.

The content of specific first aid measures depends on the damaging factors of the emergency and the nature of the damage. So, in case of emergencies with a predominance of mechanical damaging factors (in terrorist acts they prevail), they include:

− extraction or release of destroyed buildings, structures, mangled vehicles struck from under the rubble;

− restoration of patency of the upper respiratory tract, carrying out artificial ventilation of the lungs by the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method;

− indirect heart massage;

− temporary stop of external bleeding by all available methods;

− giving the victim an optimal physiological position;

− dressings on wound and burn surfaces;

− immobilization of limbs in case of fractures, extensive burns, crushing of soft tissues, fixation of the body to a board or shield in case of spinal injuries;

− analgesic therapy;

− plentiful warm drink with the addition of 0.5 teaspoon of baking soda and table salt per 1 liter of liquid;

− plentiful sweet drink with the addition of alcohol.

The volume of medical care for victims with severe injuries on the spot is limited to the provision of first medical, pre-medical, and emergency first aid measures, followed by evacuation of the injured to the nearest hospitals to provide qualified, and, if possible, and according to indications, specialized medical care.

When loading victims onto unsuitable vehicles, medical workers must necessarily control the correct placement of the victims in the vehicle in order to prevent the deterioration of the condition of the injured during transportation.

In some cases (significant remoteness, seizure of the nearest medical institution by terrorists, etc.), as the first stage of medical evacuation in the zone of a terrorist act, a hospital (detachment) of a disaster medicine center is deployed in full or in part. Subsequently, if necessary, by ambulances or helicopters, the injured are evacuated to a specialized medical institution (regional, regional, republican hospital, etc.), where they are provided with full medical care, treatment and rehabilitation until the final outcome. When evacuating, the possibilities of air ambulance are used to the maximum.

Those affected with the most severe and complex injuries (diseases), who are in a transportable state, can be evacuated, mainly by air, to federal clinics and hospitals.

After providing first medical and pre-medical aid, those affected by sanitary or additionally allocated transport are urgently evacuated to the nearest medical institutions - the first stage of medical evacuation, where the first medical, qualified, and, if possible, specialized medical care is organized and provided.

Hostage

In recent years, cases of hostage-taking have become more frequent all over the world. These crimes, as a rule, are accompanied by an insult to the honor and dignity of the captured citizens, causing them moral and physical suffering, bodily harm, or even death.

Therefore, if you are taken hostage by criminals, then the following security measures should be applied:

do not expose yourself to unnecessary risk and limit all contact with criminals, especially if they are in a state of alcohol or drug intoxication;

be accommodating, calm and as peaceful as possible. Closely monitor the behavior of criminals and their intentions;

as soon as possible, try to inform your relatives or the police about your whereabouts;

do not lose heart and, in case of a convenient and safe opportunity, flee;

during the release by the capture group, it is best to lie on the floor away from windows and doors or take cover (hide).

To reduce the risk of kidnapping, the following precautions should be taken:

know well the area where you live, its secluded areas;

change the time and route of movement as often as possible;

choose a route for movement passing through busy and well-lit streets, while avoiding the shortest paths through the forest, wastelands, landfills;

while walking along the route, try to keep a distance from entrances and gates, as well as from strangers who look suspicious;

if you feel that someone is following you, feel free to turn around and check your suspicions. In the event that these suspicions are confirmed, change direction, pace of walking or flee;

do not get into a car with unfamiliar and unfamiliar people;

if you are attacked for the purpose of kidnapping, raise as much noise as possible to attract the attention of others and try to fight off the attackers.

It is possible to become a hostage not only as a result of kidnapping, but, for example, when an airplane, ship, bus or other vehicle is seized by terrorists.

In the vehicle hijacked by terrorists, stay where you are and try not to draw attention to yourself. Do not react to the provocative actions of terrorists, do not ask them questions and try not to look them in the eye. Follow the demands of the terrorists without altercation and ask them for permission for any of your actions. If necessary, feign symptoms of illness or feeling unwell, but avoid rash actions that could endanger your life and the lives of other passengers.

When assaulting a vehicle with a capture group, immediately lie down on the floor and lie down until the end of the operation. Get up from the floor and leave the vehicle only after the command. Get out as quickly as possible, unquestioningly follow all the commands of the capture group.

extremist manifestations among students

in educational institutions

Extremism (as well as terrorism, separatism and xenophobia) at the beginning of the 21st century is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time.

Currently, extremism is acquiring more and more diverse forms and threatening proportions.

According to a number of experts, at the beginning of the 21st century, there were about 500 terrorist organizations and groups of various extremist orientations operating in the world. Over the past 10 years, they have committed more than 6,500 acts of international terrorism, from which more than 5 thousand people died and 11.5 thousand were injured.

The purpose of the largest actions is to strike blows, including psychological ones, against countries that are the original leaders of modern civilization; damage to democratic and progressive social transformations, property of organizations, institutions, individuals; intimidation of people, violence against them and physical destruction for the sake of reactionary views and ideologies of a fascist, racist, anarchist or chauvinistic nature, as well as receiving material or other benefits by accessible elements or organizations, groups, persons patronizing them; disorganization and damage to normal relations between states, between people.

Terrorist ties to the drug business and the illegal arms trade are expanding.

The intellectual and educational level of the leaders of terrorism has increased significantly. Against the background of the merger and cooperation of the leaders of legal and illegal extremist structures with the leading core of nationalist, religious-sectarian, fundamentalist and other communities. Political and criminal terrorism are merging on the basis of mutually beneficial personal interests.

Terrorist acts most often bring massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values ​​​​that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states and peoples, provoke wars, distrust and hatred between states, between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome in a lifetime the whole generation.

The world has entered a unique era of terrorism that can turn everything modern society as a potential victim. Never before has terrorism been a global phenomenon. In recent years, it has been globalized and universalized.

In this regard, the need for a qualitative restructuring of the fight against it is determined.

There are more than 100 definitions of terrorism in modern literature. The word "terrorism" ("terror"), quite widespread, however, does not have a clearly fixed content. It came from Latin (terror-fear, horror) and is very close to such concepts as “terrorize”, “keep in obedience”, “intimidate”, “perpetrate reprisals”, etc. V.I. , threats of violence and physical destruction, cruel punitive measures and tortures, executions.

Terrorism - this is violence containing the threat of another, no less cruel violence, in order to cause panic, disrupt and even destroy the state and public order, inspire fear, force the enemy to make the desired decision, cause political and other changes.

According to a number of experts, the following extremist, terrorist groups and organizations require close attention from law enforcement agencies: Al-Gamaat al-Islamiya, Al-Jihad, Islamic Salvation Front, Armed Islamic Group, Abu Sayyaf, Jamaat al-Fukrah, Harakat al-Ansar, Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda, Islamic Jihad, Aum Sinreke, Real Irish Republican Army, Bak Homeland and Freedom, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia and others. Al-Qaeda requires special close attention.

Recently, representatives of a number of sciences (jurisprudence, medicine, psychology, political science) began to devote considerable attention to the study of the personality (image, appearance, portrait) of a terrorist.

There are several reasons for this interest. This is an increase in the number of terrorist attacks and their scale. The need to develop a negative attitude in society and ways to counter terrorism and terrorists. And most importantly - the complexity of the nature and causes of terrorism, which causes ambiguous, sometimes opposite, judgments of scientists and experts in characterizing the personality of terrorists, motives and incentives for their individual and group behavior.

The well-known criminologist academician V. Kudryavtsev defines three types of terrorists: extremist politicians, religious fanatics who are recruited from among illiterate people, and psychopathic personalities. The latter just become suicide bombers.

In modern conditions, the danger of committing acts of "technological terrorism" is increasing, which means the use or threat of use of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, radioactive or highly toxic chemical, biological substances. Potentially very dangerous is information or electronic (computer) terrorism, since modern society, including defense, the activities of special services and law enforcement agencies, banking, and transport are largely dependent on electronic databases and transmitted information.

One of the main factors contributing to the involvement of large groups of the population in terrorist organizations include:

persecution of members of the movement for independence, cultural identity or religious freedom;

connivance and rejection of timely measures to extremist manifestations;

the absence of a targeted religious and national-cultural policy that takes into account the characteristics and specifics of a particular ethnic group;

artificially incited extremism by national and religious leaders, criminal elements, as well as foreign intelligence agencies in order to undermine the power of the state;

the absence in a number of social groups of their own public organizations, because of which they do not have the opportunity to participate sufficiently in the political life of society.

Events last days on the territory of the Moscow region (severe beating by students of educational institutions, which resulted in the death of a 50-year-old citizen of Tajikistan in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district; severe stab wounds of a schoolboy, a native of one of the republics of the North Caucasus in the city of Dolgoprudny, inflicted by students; detention by internal affairs bodies of the city of Moscow students of the state educational institution of secondary vocational education Moscow region "Balashikha Industrial and Economic College", participants of an unauthorized rally) testify to some destructive processes launched among the youth.

An effective system is needed to educate citizens, including students and their parents, about the dangers, the scale of extremism, terrorism and its ideology.

The ideology of extremism and terrorism is the core that not only unites people into an organization of like-minded people, but also justifies terrorist activities by creating and cultivating in a terrorist organization some kind of “ideological surrogate hodgepodge” in which value orientations recognized in society, the concepts of justice and honor are replaced .

The features of the terrorist ideology are: peremptory; increased aggressiveness; rigid division of people into "us" and "them", "bad" and "good"; representation of reality in black and white colors. The basis of terrorist ideology is nationalism, clericalism, separatism, religious fanaticism - as a manifestation of extremism.

Prevention and neutralization of the ideology of extremism requires raising the moral bar regarding what is acceptable in society and what is not, when it comes to the ethnic or religious affiliation of citizens.

In connection with the foregoing, it is necessary to intensify educational, including preventive, activities in educational institutions in the following areas:

identification (if possible) together with law enforcement agencies of the facts of participation in the centers of ideological support and support of terrorist, extremist and separatist movements;

improving the quality of education, creating conditions for the development of traditional and original culture;

intensification of propaganda work, clarification of the essence of anti-terrorist ideas, strengthening in the minds of students and students of the understanding that potential victims will not be individual individuals or groups, but the majority of citizens;

providing a system of measures aimed at condemning extremist ideology and practice, terrorism, violence in the media, strengthening counter-propaganda;

creation of an effective system of education in terms of cultural and confessional diversity, the historical unity of the country's inhabitants, the history of religious intolerance, genocide and other crimes generated by extremism and terrorism;

providing systems of measures aimed at strengthening the effectiveness of the functioning of protective mechanisms in the field of morality.