Basic needs

Study of facts, laws, dependencies of the socio-historical process

Studying the goals, motives, values ​​of a person, his personal perception

Research result

Social knowledge

Humanitarian knowledge

Analysis of social processes and identification of common, regular, recurring phenomena in them

Analysis of a person’s goals, motives, values ​​and understanding of his thoughts, motives, intentions

Peculiarities:

Understanding

Referring to texts

Impossibility of reduction to unambiguous, universally accepted definitions

Social and humanitarian knowledge are interpenetrated

13. Social cognition – the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about a person and society

1. Features of social cognition:

1.1. the subject and object of cognition coincide;

1.2. received social knowledge always connected with the interests of individuals-subjects of knowledge;

1.3. social knowledge is always loaded with evaluation, it is value knowledge;

1.4. complexity of the object of knowledge - society;

1.5. establishing only relative truths, the probabilistic nature of patterns;

1.6. limited use of experiment as a method of knowledge.

2. Principles of the concrete historical approach in social cognition:

2.1. consideration of social reality in development;

2.2. study of social phenomena in diverse connections;

2.3. identifying the general and special in similar phenomena of other societies and eras.

3. Social fact

3.1. objective fact - an event that took place at a certain time under certain conditions; does not depend on the researcher;

3.2. scientific fact - interpreted objective fact - knowledge about an event, which is described taking into account the specifics of the social situation in which it took place; recorded in books, manuscripts, etc. (interpretation - interpretation, explanation).

3.3. kinds social facts:

3.3.1. actions, deeds;

3.3.2. material and spiritual products of human activity;

3.3.3. verbal (verbal) actions.

3.4. Social fact assessment:

3.4.1. properties of the object being studied;

3.4.2. correlation of the studied object with a similar object or with an ideal;

3.4.3. educational purposes researcher;

3.4.4. personal position of the researcher;

3.4.5. interests of the social group to which the researcher belongs.

14 Education and self-education

1. Education – one of the ways of personality development through people’s acquisition of knowledge, acquisition of skills and abilities, development of mental, cognitive and creativity through a system of social institutions such as family, school, and the media. The goal is to introduce the individual to the achievements of human civilization, relay and preserve its cultural heritage.

2. Self-education – knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by a person independently, without the help of other teaching persons.

3. Functions of education:

economic (formation of the social and professional structure of society);

social (implementation of socialization of the individual (social function);

cultural (the use of previously accumulated culture for the purpose of educating an individual).

4. Network educational institutions in Russia:

preschool (nurseries, kindergartens);

primary (4 grades), general secondary (9 grades) and complete secondary (11 grades) education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums);

additional education (children's art centers, clubs, sections);

secondary specialized education (lyceums, technical schools, schools, colleges);

higher specialized education (higher education institutions: institutes, universities, academies);

postgraduate education (institutes for advanced training, courses);

Preparation scientific personnel(master's, residency, postgraduate, doctoral studies);

spiritual educational establishments(seminaries, theological faculties, theological academies).

Education in modern world distinguished by a variety of ways to obtain (school, external studies, home study, distance learning, self-education courses, etc.)

5. General trends in education:

democratization of education;

increase in duration of education;

continuity of education;

humanization of education;

humanitarization of education;

internationalization of education;

computerization of education.

6. Directions of reforms in Russian education– for the Unified State Exam they correspond to the trends given above. The website of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (2009) defines the followingpriorities of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education:

Ensuring accessibility to quality general education

Improving the quality of school educational literature

Increasing the level of remuneration for educators

Modernization of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of education workers

Improving the quality of vocational education

Expanding public participation in education management

Development of a network of educational institutions

Transition to normative per capita (budget) financing of educational institutions

7. Educational paradigm (from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - a set of meaning-forming characteristics that determine the essential features of schemes of theoretical and practical pedagogical activity and interaction in education. For example, the paradigm of pedagogy of tradition, the paradigm of scientific-technocratic and humanitarian pedagogy, etc.

Secondary general education

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)

Social science

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: reviewing assignments with the teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Exam in social studies, claim that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting assignments has a good effect when completing the work. When reading the work it is removed emotional stress, brain activity is directed to analyzing materials and the graduate is involved in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for completing the work.

We use as materials for work Unified State Exam option in social studies 2017 (early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task No. 1

Write down the word missing in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When completing task No. 1, you need to carefully look at the title of the table. In our case, the table is called “Factors of production and factor income.” One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial abilities) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities of information is inextricably linked with knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial abilities, information - profit. The table shows factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a factor of production as Earth. The correct answer is earth. When preparing, it is important for the student to know the complete characteristics of all factors of production.

Task No. 2

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write it down word (phrase).

State form, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). Our version presents: the form of the state, how device political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the method of organization and structure of the state); form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the order of their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which refers to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; A republic is one of the forms of government. I always strongly recommend that my students, in a rough draft, immediately when they begin completing assignments related to the topic “Politics,” draw a diagram:

This is important because, typical mistake, which graduates admit when conducting trial Unified State Examinations, is associated with confusion of concepts. And when the diagram is before your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the diagram, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for all others here will be the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The remaining concepts reflect these or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part forms of state and republic, as one of the types of government.

Correct answer: form of state.

Task No. 3

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

1. complexity of the forms used;
2. the desire of the authors to implement their own ideas;
3. entertaining character;
4. strongly commercial orientation;
5. spiritual aristocracy;
6. requirement special training for understanding.

Find two characteristics that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When completing task No. 3, pay attention to the concept in question. IN in this case– this is an “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is discussed in the topic “The spiritual sphere of social life.” The generic concept is “Culture”. In our case, the question is in the plane of varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the authors’ desire to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement of special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready to perceive musical works Schnittke, analysis of highly intelligent literary works Kafka? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared to perceive complex works. Elite culture does not seek commercial gain; self-expression and the search for new forms in art are important for authors.

Two characteristics that remain outside our attention: entertaining nature and a pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task No. 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Society is a constantly developing dynamic system.
2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to outdated structures and relationships.
3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world separated from nature, but connected with it, including ways of interaction and forms of unification of people.
4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 4 we must discover judgments about society and public institutions. Here you cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: “society” in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; “social institution”, as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main spheres of social life.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social science.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from lower to higher. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to already outdated structures and relationships, which are qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of “society” in a broad sense, and therefore is correct. What is missing there is “consisting of individuals with consciousness and will.”

The fourth proposition is correct. During socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions establish certain patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth proposition is incorrect. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is almost impossible to apply the concept of a “closed system” that does not interact with the external environment to society. No special evidence is needed here. It is enough to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of “a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it.”

Thus, the correct judgments will be: 1, 3, 4.

Thematic planning in social studies

Task No. 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task No. 5 relates to the topic “Activities”. Types (forms of activity) are considered: play, learning, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). The imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - to work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to study (AT 3). And not a single type (form) of activity is complete without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on information exchange reflect the essence of communication (G 1, D 1). You just need to remember that in the process of communication people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

Despite the apparent ease of tasks, it is important to take your time and conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of concepts.

Task No. 6

Students conducted a study of the motives for educational activities of primary schoolchildren. Find in the list below the methods they used that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. description of observed phenomena
2. putting forward and justifying hypotheses
3. explanation of existing relationships
4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
5. fixation of generalizations in the form of laws
6. obtaining quantitative data about the object being studied

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 6 they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. We immediately mentally turn to the generic concept - “science”, recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and classify the methods related to each level. We remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects being studied, in contrast to the theoretical level, aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

This is how we found the correct answers: 1, 4, 6

Task No. 7

Choose the correct judgments about economic systems and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy.
2. In a traditional economy, the main economic issues are resolved by central government agencies.
3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
4. The incentive for enterprises to operate in a market system is profit.
5. Signs of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.

Task No. 7 aims us at knowing the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economic systems is the basic knowledge of a graduate seeking to get a high score in the exam.

So, let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of an economic system. We are told in judgment that it is a command economy. This is not true, also because in a command economy state ownership dominates, and the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. This means that the second judgment is also incorrect. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Right answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task No. 8

Establish a correspondence between the examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 8 is related to financial literacy graduate, namely knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The assignment defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this task, it is important to clearly distinguish between types of taxes by level:

Thus, in our task we again use the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, C 1, D 3, D 2.

Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics of the social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, the authors reveal the features of the operation of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the fundamentals of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task No. 9

Company Y is a wedding dress sewing studio. Find in the list below examples of variable costs of firm Y in the short run and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. costs of repaying interest on a previously taken loan
2. costs for the purchase of fabrics, threads, accessories
3. costs of paying piecework wages to employees
4. rent for studio premises
5. payment for consumed electricity
6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Completing task No. 9 requires knowledge of the topic “Company” and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profit. The assignment should clearly state the firm's variable costs in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete a task without error, you also need to remember that variable costs change when production volume changes.

The company's credit histories will always relate to fixed costs, so the first option is not correct. But the purchase of fabrics, threads, and accessories refers to consumables, which means they are variable costs, as are the payment of piecework wages to workers, in contrast to salaries, which are the company’s fixed costs. Rent and insurance premiums are fixed costs for any company. Here's the payment consumed electricity (depending on the volume of work of the company) will be a variable cost.

Right answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social science. Grade 11. A basic level of. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. Textbook included educational and methodological complex in social studies for 11th grade ( a basic level of). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard for secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook examines the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings “Thinking, comparing, drawing conclusions”, “Testing our knowledge”, “Researching, designing, discussing, arguing”.

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the corresponding market: supply line S moved to a new position - S 1 . (P – price; Q – quantity.)

Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs
2. increase in wages for workers at enterprises producing chairs
3. reducing the cost of materials for chair frames
4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what is being asked about: a change in the quantity of demand or the quantity of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the relevant market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that supply has decreased. When completing the task, you need to remember that changes in supply are affected by the cost of factors of production, technology, state tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first answer - an increase in the cost of materials for upholstering chairs will precisely contribute to a decrease in the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in wages for workers increases the cost of such a factor of production as labor, but at the same time reduces the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also increase supply. The answer is not correct. But an increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers will increase variable costs and reduce supply. So, an increase in the price of consumables, electricity tariffs, and wages for workers will force the company to either reduce production volumes or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 11

Choose the correct statements about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Horizontal mobility involves moving to a social group located at a different level of the social hierarchy.
2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
3. Personal qualities of a person act as a criterion for the social stratification of modern society.
4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the amount of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

In completing task No. 11, we proceed from knowledge of the concepts of “social stratification” and “social mobility”, criteria for social stratification, types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility involves moving from one social group to another, located at the same level of the social ladder. Therefore, the first judgment is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, unlike the third. A person's personal qualities are not a criterion for social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct, since sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the 1917 revolution, the position of social groups shifted.

Right answers: 2, 4, 5.

During sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: “Which direction of the state’s youth policy do you consider the most important?”

The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. The share of those who note the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is smaller in country Z than in country Y.
2. Equal shares of respondents in each country consider it necessary to conduct educational work.
3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of conducting educational work.
4. In country Y, equal shares of respondents note the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and carrying out educational work with them as the most important areas.
5. The share of those who consider it most important to provide social support, in country Z more than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 12, you need to carefully read the terms of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important directions of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows data from these countries. Before reading the judgments presented, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each country, the leading position was taken by the answer “providing social support.” Further, in country Z, the position “conducting educational work” was in second place, and the minimum position was occupied by the judgment “ensuring access to decision-making...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were occupied by the judgments “ensuring access to decision-making...” and “creating conditions for self-expression.” After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since the chart data demonstrates this position. The second judgment is not correct, since in country Z there are more people who consider “carrying out educational work” important compared to country Y.

The third judgment is correct, and we saw this during our own analysis of the diagram.

The fourth judgment is also correct; we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally identical.

The fifth proposition is not correct, this is clearly visible in the diagram. The indicators indicate the opposite result.

Right answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task No. 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental security.
2. The fundamental feature of any type of state is the implementation in it of the principle of separation of powers.
3. The state has a monopoly right to legally use coercion through law enforcement and security forces.
4. The external functions of the state include determining the general direction economic policy states in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of government bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 13, it is important to remember the concept of “state”, its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a feature of the state as the exclusive right for lawmaking. Therefore, the proposition “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), form the basis of the environmental security of countries” is correct. The second judgment is not correct, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third proposition, “the state has the monopoly right to legally use coercion through the forces of law enforcement and security agencies,” essentially takes us to the most important feature of the state – the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state “determining the general direction of the state’s economic policy.” The fifth judgment combines two features of the state: lawmaking and the system of bodies and mechanisms for exercising public power (we are talking about government bodies). We read: “the state creates normative And organizational basis for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 14

Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to whose jurisdiction these issues relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

To correctly complete task No. 14, you must have a good knowledge of the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of government in the Russian Federation. First, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the task. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the division of powers is realized, which is what we are asked about. Previously, we saw the separation of powers when completing a task about taxes. You need to remember what is within the exclusive competence of federal bodies: all issues international relations, defense and security, judicial system, federal property, etc.

The first competence is issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources is jointly managed A 2. Those. This is an issue on which the center and the subjects share responsibility in solving problems. Thus, it would be correct to include “implementation of measures to combat disasters” under the same position. AT 2. Federal funds for regional development implement the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1. Positions G and D fall within the exclusive competence of federal bodies, therefore G 1, D 1.

Task No. 15

In the democratic state Z, during the reform of the electoral system for parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.

1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
2. granting the right to vote to citizens over 18 years of age, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, level of education, income
3. secret voting procedure
4. voting in single-member constituencies
5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes
6. possibility of nominating independent non-party candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the question is not so much about the types of electoral systems and their reform, but about elections in general(topic “Political participation”). We need to remember the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first judgment is correct. The second judgment refers us to the principle of equality in suffrage, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct; one of the principles is also presented - secret voting.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate constituencies takes us to the organization of the electoral process under a majoritarian system, as opposed to a proportional system, where the state acts as a single electoral district. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majoritarian electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task No. 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. holding meetings and rallies
2. appeal to government bodies
3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
4. defense of the Fatherland
5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 16 again takes us back to the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our assignment asks about political rights, which ensure the participation of citizens in the exercise of political power. Therefore, holding meetings and rallies is correct, appealing to government bodies is correct, participation in managing the affairs of the state through one’s representatives is correct. Payment of taxes and fees, defense of the Fatherland are among the constitutional responsibilities of a citizen, as is compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, concern for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, caring for children and disabled parents.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 17

Choose the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
2. The marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead.
3. Marriage takes place at the civil registry office (registry office).
4. The legal regime for the property of spouses is established only by a marriage contract.
5. Parents are required to provide maintenance for their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment No. 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, since it refers us to Article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is marriage concluded in the civil registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to mutual rights and obligations of the spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little; it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to obtain a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, dissolution of marriage. Our assignment states: a marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options take us to property rights and the responsibilities of spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the intersection of constitutional obligations and family law norms: parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of the spouses’ property is established only marriage contract. This is not true because Not only a marriage contract, and also the norms of family law, i.e. The legal regime of the spouses' property is regulated by family law and established by the marriage contract.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 18

Establish a correspondence between the examples and measures of legal liability in the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 18 relates to legal liability. When completing the task, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary sanction - A 2. A warning refers to a type of administrative penalty - B 3. Dismissal on appropriate grounds (for example, absenteeism, a single gross violation of labor duties, repeated failure by an employee to fulfill labor duties, etc.) – AT 2. Remark – disciplinary action, G 2. Imprisonment - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task No. 19

Joint Stock Company "Sweet Charm" produces confectionery products. Find in the list the features that distinguish a joint stock company from other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

• division of the company's authorized capital into equal parts, each of which is issued by a security
• mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
• obligation of employees to comply with labor discipline
• distribution of profits between employees in accordance with their labor participation
• bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant
• payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete task No. 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, select distinctive features joint stock company. We remember that joint stock companies, like limited liability companies, are classified as business entities. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activity is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Participants can be citizens legal entities and public legal entities. Therefore, answer option 1 – “dividing the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is represented by a security” will be correct. It is known that shareholders are not liable for the obligations of a joint-stock company, but bear the risk of losses from the company’s activities within the limits of the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 – “bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant” (share – security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 – “payment of dividends to the owners at the end of the year.” Judgments 2 and 3 – “mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees”, “obligation of employees to observe labor discipline” refer to general provisions of Labor Law. But “distribution of profits among workers in accordance with their labor participation” is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a “production cooperative” (artel).

Right answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task No. 20

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________(A). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (B), learns and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________(D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to all experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, and bears _________ (E) for his choice.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1. activity
2. intellectual
3. duty
4. everyday
5. responsibility
6. socialization
7. personality
8. pursuit
9. communication

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

When completing task No. 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and independently substitute words that, in your opinion, are suitable in meaning. This is how a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, select words from those on the list. You will have a situation of success when the words you selected coincide with those proposed from the list. So, we try to read, inserting words that are close in meaning, then select from those available in the task.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a personality is formed - in society. What a personality does is transform the world and himself). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, socially significant qualities are listed). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people, activities (B) cognizes and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, through which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the world around him). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process socialization (G).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized desire (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, all experiences (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person’s life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life).”

Part 2

Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have had performing that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in labor demand. A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those involved in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs and those who are not currently employed due to moving from one place to another are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered, although inevitable, but still an acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, wage earners will move from place to place.

The structurally unemployed experience difficulties in obtaining work due to insufficient or becoming insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment levels, unemployment remains disproportionately high among the structurally unemployed.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing experience, most people who go through it report experiencing despair, powerlessness and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for longer than a few weeks. For most people, hired work is the main, and often the only, means of meeting their material needs for food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Research shows that those who do not like their jobs still prefer to keep it even when given the opportunity to live on other incomes. Although working conditions can cause adverse consequences, lack of work leads to no less problems: increased stress, family conflicts, and addiction to alcohol and drugs.

(K.H. Brier)

When starting to complete tasks on texts 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen to ensure maximum absorption of the content. I do not recommend that my students immediately read the question and randomly, during a quick reading, look for answers. Typically, this practice leads to incorrect answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task No. 21

How does the text indicate the effect of a recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, are affected by seasonal unemployment? (Indicate all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: “A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up.” Those. labor demand fluctuates.

Task No. 22

It is also better to complete task No. 22 in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have had performing that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim..."

Hypothesize why some workers accept underemployment (make two hypotheses). When completing this assignment, I recommend that students write each guess on a new line.

In our case, we can model the answer using the text. We do not provide examples because this is not specified in the assignment.

Answer: workers agree to part-time work because it is important for a person to feel significant and needed. Even part-time work gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and gives the opportunity to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time work because in a crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social upheavals, and allows them to maintain their way of life.

Task No. 23

The author notes that “even during periods of high employment levels, disproportionately high unemployment remains among the structurally unemployed.” Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author tells us the reasons for high unemployment among the structural unemployed: insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the task also requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that from the social studies course we know that structural unemployment is associated with the inability to employ people in certain professions and the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: A high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment in the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies and scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand in the labor market (examples are not required in the task, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to turn to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of hired labor.

Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for workers to be promoted at work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and work experience in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
2. Restrictions on labor rights or receipt of advantages are prohibited depending on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership or non-membership of public associations or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to business qualities employee.

The guarantee of non-discrimination of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated against in the sphere of labor to apply to the court for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task No. 24

Why, according to the author, does unemployment cause a state of despair and confusion in a person? Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested.

Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested (in this case, we must give examples, because the question says “facts of social life”).

1. Unemployment provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand in the labor market. A break in employment for retraining and improving the level of education. Citizen N, after registering with the Employment Center, was sent for vocational training as an electric and gas welder.
2. Unemployment provides an opportunity for self-employment. For example, after dismissal from his main job when an enterprise in Moscow was closed, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Moscow Employment Center, where he received advice on opening a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task No. 25

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “art”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of art, and one sentence revealing the essence of the educational function of art.

Task No. 25 can be successfully completed only if you know the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. An artistic image can be expressed in different types of art: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person’s personality.

Task No. 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main responsibilities of an employer enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In task No. 26, it is necessary to name and illustrate examples of any three main responsibilities of the employer enshrined in the Labor Code:

1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of workers, training sessions were held on injury prevention,
2. Pay wages in full on time. For delaying payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was held accountable in the form of being forced to pay employees interest in addition to their wages.
3. Implement compulsory social insurance for employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer’s responsibilities.

Task No. 27

A new political party was registered in State Z. It has central governing bodies and regional branches. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, and society over the interests of the individual. During the elections, the political party received the required number of votes and received seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

• the party is registered;
• central government bodies and regional offices (sign, indicates mass party);
• basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating ideological affiliation - conservative);
• entered parliament after the elections (participates in government - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now the questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion.

Answer: Because it defends the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

Answer: According to their ideological orientation, liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished. Signs of the liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task No. 28

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Types of families.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

To write a plan for any social science topic, you must clearly understand the structure of studying the topic. Essentially, this task tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, writing a plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the topic material and understanding of its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is “Types of families.”

1. The concept of family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
2. Family functions (may not be indicated in this version of the plan)
3. Types of families according to the nature of relationships between members:
1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
   A) cohabitation of several generations;
   B) male supremacy;
   C) economic dependence of family members on men;
   D) strict distribution of responsibilities
2. Partner (democratic) family:
   A) nuclearity;
   B) decision-making by all family members;
   C) women’s economic independence;
   D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
1. Authoritarian;
2. Democratic;
3. Liberal (permissive)
4. Modern tendencies in family development

Task 29

Select one from the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).

When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge received while studying a social studies course, corresponding concepts, and data public life and one's own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live by the law of supply and demand; the law of human life is justice.” (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. “The types of businesses are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its scale and structure, products, technologies and markets.” (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social Psychology. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. “The supreme power is worthy of veneration only insofar as it is the means of securing human rights.” (A. Custine)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of rights is a duty to society. He who defends his own right defends the right in general.” (R. Iering)

Exercise 29. 3. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic relates. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your “baggage of knowledge”, understand which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas on, which of the topics you can give the best examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we chose a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that a problem immediately arises modern school, education systems. The eternal question: the tasks of education, training and education, what is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - “schools that educate the individual.” I note that we cannot go into the concept of the topic of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So, let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or fulfill an equally important mission – personal development?

As is known from the course of social studies, education is a way of personality development through people’s acquisition of knowledge, acquisition of skills and abilities, development of creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is school.

When we talk about a school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, operating principles, which include a network of educational institutions and governing bodies.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: lengthening the duration of training, increasing the requirements for the level of qualifications of teachers, using variability educational programs, individual educational trajectories for students are built, schools are equipped with modern equipment, and new forms of final certification are introduced.

As a result, we see how school graduates demonstrate high scores on the Unified State Examination, which give them the opportunity to occupy budget places in leading universities of the capital. According to the results of international studies presented by the Higher School of Economics, in which 49 countries took part, Russian schoolchildren primary classes ranks top in the world in reading, math and science. And also 8th grade math. According to researchers, this result was achieved thanks to the introduction of new educational standards and a unified state certification system.

But only enough educational results for society and people? The author of the quote clearly points us to the most important component educational process: education of a person’s personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture for the purpose of educating a person and developing his creative abilities - that this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, grades, exams, there is also a richly eventful school life: cool watch, school festivals, hikes, joint trips with classmates around Russia and other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, demonstrates his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, we can cite our favorite film from childhood, “Eccentric from 5 B,” which vividly demonstrates how the school community and class shape Bori’s personality. How he learns responsibility when he is assigned as a 1st grade counselor.

Thus, V.V. In his statement, Putin once again emphasized the importance of society and school understanding the inseparability of the two most important processes associated with the socialization of the individual – education and upbringing.”

There is an opinion among schoolchildren that social studies is the simplest USE subject. Many people choose it for this reason. But this is a misconception that takes away from serious preparation.

Changes in KIM Unified State Exam 2020 in social studies:

• There are no changes in the structure and content of the CMM.
• The wording of tasks 28 and 29 has been detailed and adjustments have been made to their assessment system.

Where to start preparing for the Unified State Examination in social studies?

1. Learn theory.

For this purpose, theoretical material has been selected for each task, which you need to know and take into account when completing the task. There will be questions with a philosophical bias (man and society) and sociological (relations in society). Remember that there are only 8 topics: society

• Human
• cognition
• spiritual sphere (culture)
• social sphere
• economy
• policy
• right

Indicate what topics the survey will be on in the assignments. Within each topic there are many smaller subtopics that you should pay attention to while studying.

To obtain a high result, the examinee must confidently operate with basic concepts and terms. Analyze information provided in graphical form. Work with text. Reason competently within the framework of the problem posed, concisely express your thoughts in writing.

Important tip: When preparing, you should not use materials and manuals for 2016 and earlier, since they have lost compliance with the updated tasks.

2. Study well the structure of assignments and their evaluation system.

The examination ticket is divided into two parts:

1. Tasks 1 to 20, requiring a short answer (word, phrase or number);
2. Tasks 21 to 29 - with a detailed answer and mini-essays.

The assessment of Unified State Exam assignments in social studies was distributed as follows:

• 1 point - for tasks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12.
• 2 points - 4-9, 11, 13-22.
• 3 points - 23, 24, 26, 27.
• 4 points - 25, 28.
• 6 points - 29.

You can score a maximum of 65 points.
The minimum must be 43 total points.

Pay special attention to Unified State Exam assignments with detailed answers in social studies.

3. Solving Unified State Exam assignments in social studies.

The more test tasks you complete, the stronger your knowledge will be. The tasks are based on

Unified State Exam. Social science. Step-by-step preparation. Semke N.N. and etc.

M.: 2018. - 272 p.

The publication contains all the topics of the school course in social studies necessary for passing the Unified State Exam. All material is clearly structured and divided into 35 logical blocks (weeks), including the necessary theoretical information, tasks for self-control in the form of diagrams and tables, as well as in the form of the Unified State Exam. The study of each block is designed for 2-3 independent studies per week for school year. In addition, the manual provides training options, the purpose of which is to assess the level of knowledge. This manual will help organize step-by-step preparation of high school students for the Unified State Exam in social studies.

Format: pdf

Size: 3 MB

Download: yandex.disk

CONTENT
Preface b
Training test No. 1 10
HUMAN AND SOCIETY
Week 1 Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution. Worldview, its types and forms. Types of knowledge 24
Week 2 The concept of truth, its criteria. Thinking and activity 30
Week 3 Needs and interests 36
Week 4 Freedom and necessity in human activity 40
Week 5 System structure of society: elements and subsystems. Basic institutions of society 43
Week b The concept of culture 47
Week 7 Science. Main features of scientific thinking. Natural and social sciences and humanities. Education, its importance for the individual and society 51
Week 8 Religion. Morale 58
Week 9 Art 66
Week 10 The concept of social progress. Multivariate social development (types of societies) 70
Week 11 Threats of the 21st century. ( global problems) 76
Test tasks for the section “Man and Society” 79
ECONOMY
Week 12 Economics and economics. Factors of production and factor income. Economic systems 84
Week 13 Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand. Fixed and variable costs. Financial institutions. Banking system. Main sources of business financing. Securities 92
Week 14 Labor market. Unemployment. Types, causes and consequences of inflation 100
Week 15 The economic growth and development. The concept of GDP. The role of the state in the economy 106
Week 1b Taxes. The state budget 116
Week 17 World economy. Rational economic behavior owner,
worker, consumer, family man, citizen 122
Test tasks for the section “Economy” 130
SOCIAL RELATIONS
Week 18 Social stratification and mobility. Social groups. Youth as a social group 134
Week 19 Ethnic communities. Interethnic relations, ethnosocial conflicts, ways to resolve them. Constitutional principles (fundamentals) of national policy in the Russian Federation 140
Week 20 Social conflict. Types of social norms. Social control 150
Week 21 Freedom and responsibility. Deviant behavior and its types. Social role. Socialization of the individual 154
Week 22 Family and marriage 160
Test tasks for the section " Social relations» 164
POLICY
Week 23 The concept of power. The state, its functions 168
Week 24 Political system. Typology of political regimes 176
Week 25 Democracy, its basic values ​​and characteristics. Civil society and the state 182
Week 26 Political elite. Political parties and movements. Mass media in the political system. Election campaign in the Russian Federation.
Political process 186
Week 27 Political participation. Political leadership. Government bodies of the Russian Federation 194
Week 28 Federal structure of Russia 200
Test tasks for the section “Politics” 206
RIGHT
Week 29 Law in the system of social norms. System of Russian law. Legislative process 210
Week 30 Concept and types of legal liability. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections 216
Week 31 Subjects of civil law. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity. Property and non-property rights 222
Week 32 Hiring procedure. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract. Features of administrative jurisdiction. The right to a favorable environment and ways to protect it 228
Week 33 Legal regulation of relations between spouses. Procedure and conditions for concluding and dissolving a marriage 232
Week 34 International law(international protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime). Disputes, the procedure for their consideration. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure 238
Week 35 Features of the criminal process. Citizenship of the Russian Federation. Military duty, alternative civilian service. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer. Law enforcement agencies. Judicial system 244
Test tasks for the section “Law” 250
Training test No. 2 254
Answers to test tasks 268

Political parties play an active role in the political life of any state. Today they are the second most influential social institution after the state. political system.

The term “party” became widespread in the Ancient world; translated from Latin it means “part of something.” In the modern understanding, political parties as a subject of political activity, as representatives of the interests of a certain part of society, appeared in the process of the formation of parliamentarism (XVII-XIX centuries).

The first political parties originated in Great Britain. At first it was the Tories and Whigs, then the Conservative, Liberal and Labor parties appeared. In the USA in the first half of the nineteenth century. appeared democratic party, and in the middle of the century - the Republican Party.

You know from the history of Russia that political parties began to emerge in our country much later than in Europe and America, only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in October 1990, the USSR Law “On Public Associations” was adopted, which marked the beginning of the restoration of a multi-party system in Russia.

Already in the time of Aristotle (IV century BC), political groups called parties spontaneously formed. They were temporary associations to support a specific individual. Grouping around a political figure, his supporters and followers ensured coordination of actions, which made it possible to achieve their goals. There are several periods in the history of political parties.

I period – XVI–XVII centuries. – Parties are aristocratic groups that unite a small number of representatives of the political elite. They reflect the emergence of the political systems of the early bourgeois states of Western Europe and America, the struggle between the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie.

II period – XVIII–XIX centuries. – parties are political clubs aimed at attracting people who have influence not only in politics, but also in other vital spheres of public life, to active political activities.

III period – XIX–XX centuries. – modern political parties – the presence of an ideological doctrine and a developed organizational structure. The first political party of this type - the liberal party - was created in England in 1877. They appeared in Russia at the turn of the 80s and 90s. XIX century, half a century later than in Western Europe and the USA. First - parties with a socialist orientation, then liberal, and finally conservative (in the West it’s the other way around). At the beginning of the twentieth century. There are 280 parties in Russia (60 all-Russian: Cadets, RSDLP; regional).

A political party is an organized group of like-minded people who adhere to a certain worldview, representing the interests of a part of the people and setting as its goal the implementation of a political program by conquering state power or participating in its implementation.

Main features of political parties

The bearer of a certain ideology or a special vision of the world and man.

An organized association of people (sufficiently long-term, voluntary), structured on different levels policies - from local to international - and with varying degrees of severity.

Aiming at conquest and exercise of political power.

A party is a voluntary association of citizens.

The purpose of the party is to participate in the exercise of political power.

The party expresses and defends the common political interests of its members; Based on these interests, the party’s ideologists develop its program, which formulates the strategy and tactics of the party, that is, general goals and specific tasks struggle, and also determine the ways and means of achieving them.

The party has its own organization (numbers, permanent composition, formalized membership, internal structure - all these issues are reflected in the Party Charter).

The party clearly has a leadership core and leaders.

The party has certain property, financial resources, and its own media.

Many political parties have their own symbols, badges, banners, and sometimes even uniforms.

Structure of political parties:

Party apparatus;

Party activist;

Ordinary members of the party mass;

Party supporters.

Tasks of political parties:

The party influences the formation of public opinion: the propaganda it conducts in the media orients citizens in political life, helps to develop certain assessments and judgments from the position of this particular party, its political leadership;

In modern society, parties have a significant influence on political education and improving the political culture of citizens;

Parties organize the participation of citizens in political life: they nominate candidates for elections, run political clubs, voter clubs, organize processions, pickets, rallies and other events;

Parties have a significant influence on the activities of parliament and government, on the formation of the cabinet of ministers;

The most important function of a political party is the education of its members, as well as the formation and nomination political leaders– the party elite, in addition, creating conditions for a person to demonstrate his abilities, the desire for self-realization, preventing the substitution of the true interests and goals of the party with the ambitions of the leaders;

Parties develop programs for the country's development; The largest parties have their own “think tanks” - research institutes, foundations, which concentrate the best scientists: political scientists, historians, economists, lawyers.

Functions of political parties:

Expression and defense in politics of the interests of certain social groups of society;

The struggle for power, its use or control over it;

Integration of large social groups;

Developing party ideology, conducting propaganda and forming public opinion; political education of society;

Preparation and recruitment of the political elite into party, state and public structures.

Typology of political parties

Current methodological problem in the study of parties and their systems is their typology. In classifying parties, political scientists use a variety of approaches. WITH late XIX V. and until the middle of the twentieth century. The prevailing method was dividing parties according to the criteria of the organizational structure of parties and the nature of membership. Taking into account the first criterion, the parties are divided into three groups:

1. Decentralized or without a clear organizational structure (US Democratic and Republican parties, environmental movements).

2. Mass centralized parties (Socialist International parties).

3. Strictly centralized parties with a rigid structure and discipline (communist, national democratic and other parties). Orthodox followers of the Marxist tradition divide parties along class lines. They distinguish respectively proletarian, petty-bourgeois, bourgeois and monarchist parties.

Yu. O. Martov identified four types of parties: reactionary-conservative, moderate-conservative, liberal-democratic, revolutionary. Western political scientists have proposed their own typology. French political scientist Maurice Duverger in his book “Political Parties” (1954) developed a binary (two-pole) classification of parties: cadre (these parties do not strive to increase the number of their ranks; they are based on territorial grassroots committees of leaders; they are insignificant in number; there is no any system of membership with registration and regular payment of membership fees) and mass (more united, have greater interconnectedness of their organizations vertically and horizontally). Parties differ in the type of connections they have with voters, party members and activists, as well as in their internal structure.

At the end of the 60s, some authoritative political scientists in France and the USA, without rejecting Duverger’s scheme, supplemented his binary classification. J. Charlot and J. Sartori proposed a three-part typology of parties currently in force in the West: cadre, mass and voter (electoral) parties.

Typology criteria

Types of parties

1. The nature of attitudes towards social transformations

Revolutionary, reformist, radical, moderate, progressive, reactionary

2.Ideological platform

Social democratic, communist, liberal, conservative, confessional, monarchist, nationalist, fascist, neo-fascist

3. Participation in political power

Ruling, opposition, legal, illegal, leading parties, outsider parties, ruling monopoly, ruling in coalition

4.Social base

Workers, peasants, entrepreneurs

5. Originality, emphasis on originality

“Grotesque parties” – the party of beer lovers, the party of fools, “Mitka”, etc. More often they do not claim power, but very staunchly defend their limited range of interests, have a small but united composition

6. Differences in the structure and organization of internal life

Personnel - develop on the basis of election committees and parliamentary groups; free membership, few. Financial base – private financing.

The elite consist of parliamentarians and professional politicians.

Mass - the result of universal suffrage; strict organization, mandatory membership; financial base – collective financing. Numerous (massive) in composition. Much attention is paid to ideological and educational work

Evolution of political parties

1. In the depths of the old statehood and political system, a new party is born as a response to the aggravation of contradictions in society.

2. Propaganda of ideas, agitation, attracting the maximum number of supporters, forming the material and technical base for the activities and financial sources of existence of the party.

3. The party’s struggle for power: the search for ways, forms, methods, forces capable of destabilizing and discrediting the political system and the ruling party; use of a crisis situation.

4. Party victory. Preservation of the new state and economic mechanism, implementation of personnel policy in the interests of their party.

5. Gradual work of the party to implement and enrich program goals, taking into account the influence of moods in society, dialectical development of the organizational structure, forms, methods of work of the party in order to avoid aggravation of contradictions and conflicts.

6. Defeat of the party and all the social forces behind it, lack of prospects for achieving goals.

The party system is understood as the totality of all political parties operating in a given country and their relationships with each other. Stable connections and relationships of parties of various types with each other, as well as with the state and other institutions of power, form party systems.

Basis of classification

1. Nature of government:

– totalitarian;

2. Different political status:

– majority;

– dominant;

– coalition.

3. The number of parties in power or fighting for influence on it:

- one-party (there is only one party in the country that has a monopoly political power in society; political opposition is prohibited);

– two-party (there are several parties in the country, but two of them have a real influence on political life. If they win the elections, one of the two parties receives a majority of seats in the legislative body, has the right to appoint its candidates for the posts of president or vice president, to form government. The other party is in legal opposition until it wins the next election);

– multi-party systems (a number of parties play an active role in the political life of society, but none of them has sufficient weight to receive absolute support from voters in elections).

– How do you understand what a one-party, two-party, multi-party system is? Is there anything in common between them? What are the differences?

Objective basis of multi-party system:

– social differentiation of society, the presence in it of classes, ethnic groups, religious associations, and other social communities with the specific interests of each of them;

– the presence of socio-political interests common to various social objects: groups, layers, associations;

– the presence in the ruling classes and other social communities and groups of groups competing for power.

Elections of government bodies are a certain political procedure in which voters and representatives of voters (politicians) participate, who, based on the interests of voters and relying on them, build their political programs, claiming power.

The electoral system is the procedure for forming the elected bodies of the state, a set of rules on the basis of which the relationship between parliament, government and the electorate is determined.

Electoral law refers to the principle and conditions for the participation of citizens in the formation of elected bodies.

Suffrage can be: active (the right to vote) and passive (the right to be elected). Suffrage may be limited by qualifications.

Electoral qualifications (restrictions)

Settlement qualification (the right to participate in elections subject to living in a given territory for a certain time (for parliamentary elections in the USA - one month, in Canada - 12 months, in Ireland - to have a place to sleep, in Norway - at least 10 years).

Age limit (the right to participate in elections upon reaching a certain age (in most countries - from 18 years).

Gender qualification (universal bourgeois suffrage was formed as purely male and did not apply to women. This qualification was first abolished in 1883 in New Zealand).

Property qualification (rarely encountered openly, but its real influence is extremely large).

There are qualifications for age, education, nationality, race, property, class and residence.

In democratic states, elections are held on the basis of the so-called “four-member system,” characterized by universal, direct, equal suffrage by secret ballot.

Universal suffrage is the right to vote for all citizens over a certain age (usually 18 years), regardless of gender, race, nationality or other factors. Only residency requirements are allowed. In the Russian Federation, persons declared incompetent by a court decision and persons held in prison by a court verdict cannot participate in elections.

b) relative majority – greater than that of the opponent.

The main principle of this system is the “winner takes all” rule.

The proportional electoral system is a method of determining voting results, which is based on the principle of distributing seats in proportion to the number of votes received by each party. Elections are held only on a party basis: each electoral association or bloc nominates its own list of candidates for vacant positions and the voter votes not for an individual, but for a particular party list as a whole.

To prevent “dwarf” parties from receiving mandates, some countries have introduced a so-called percentage barrier: parties whose lists do not receive a certain number of votes – 5% – are excluded from the distribution of mandates, and the votes they collect are not taken into account when summing up the results.

Proportional majoritarian electoral system

One part of the deputies is elected according to a majoritarian system. The other part of the deputies is elected on the basis of a proportional system according to party lists.