An essay based on the novel by D. Defoe "Robinson Crusoe". “Essay based on the novel by D. Defoe “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” What helped Robinson survive
Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe became a truly innovative work of its time. It is not only its genre features, realistic tendencies, natural manner of narration and pronounced social generality that make it so. The main thing that Defoe achieved was the creation of a new type of novel, what we now mean when we talk about it literary concept. English lovers probably know that there are two words in the language - “romance” and “novel”. So, the first term refers to the novel that existed until the 18th century, artistic text, including various fantastic elements - witches, fairy-tale transformations, witchcraft, treasures, etc. The novel of modern times - “novel” - implies exactly the opposite: the naturalness of what is happening, attention to the details of everyday life, focus on authenticity. The writer succeeded in the latter as well as possible. Readers really believed in the veracity of everything written, and especially ardent fans even wrote letters to Robinson Crusoe, which Defoe himself answered with pleasure, not wanting to remove the veil from the eyes of inspired fans.
The book tells the story of Robinson Crusoe's life, starting at the age of eighteen. It was then that he left his parents' house and went on an adventure. Even before he gets to the uninhabited island, he experiences many misadventures: he is caught in a storm twice, is captured and endures the position of a slave for two years, and after fate seems to have shown its favor to the traveler, he has endowed him with moderate income and profitable business, the hero rushes into a new adventure. And this time, he remains alone on a desert island, life on which forms the main and most important part of the story.
History of creation
It is believed that Defoe borrowed the idea for creating the novel from a real incident with one sailor - Alexander Selkirk. The source of this story was most likely one of two things: either Woods Rogers' book Sailing Around the World or an essay by Richard Steele published in The Englishman magazine. And this is what happened: a quarrel broke out between the sailor Alexander Selkirk and the captain of the ship, as a result of which the former was landed on a desert island. He was given the supplies and weapons he needed for the first time and landed on the island of Juan Fernández, where he lived alone for more than four years, until he was noticed by a passing ship and taken to the bosom of civilization. During this time, the sailor completely lost the skills of human life and communication; it took him time to adapt to his past living conditions. Defoe changed a lot in the story of Robinson Crusoe: his lost island moved from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, the hero’s period of residence on the island increased from four to twenty-eight years, while he did not go wild, but on the contrary was able to organize his civilized life in conditions of pristine wilderness. Robinson considered himself its mayor, established strict laws and orders, learned hunting, fishing, farming, basket weaving, bread baking, cheese making and even pottery making.
From the novel it becomes clear that the ideological world of the work was also influenced by the philosophy of John Locke: all the foundations of the colony created by Robinson look like an adaptation of the philosopher’s ideas about government. It is interesting that Locke’s writings already used the theme of an island that is out of any connection with the rest of the world. In addition, it is the maxims of this thinker that most likely imposed the author’s beliefs about the important role of work in human life, about its influence on the history of the development of society, because only persistent and hard work helped the hero create a semblance of civilization in the wild and maintain civilization himself .
The Life of Robinson Crusoe
Robinson is one of three sons in the family. The protagonist’s older brother died in the war in Flanders, the middle one went missing, so the parents were doubly worried about the future of the younger one. However, he was not given any education; since childhood, he was mainly occupied with dreams of sea adventures. His father persuaded him to live a measured life, to observe the “golden mean,” and to have a reliable, honest income. However, the son could not get his childhood fantasies and passion for adventure out of his head, and at the age of eighteen, against the will of his parents, he set off on a ship to London. Thus began his wanderings.
On the very first day at sea there was a storm, which fairly frightened the young adventurer and made him think about the unsafety of the journey undertaken and about returning home. However, after the end of the storm and the usual drinking bout, the doubts subsided, and the hero decided to move on. This event became a harbinger of all his future misadventures.
Robinson, even as an adult, never missed an opportunity to embark on a new adventure. So, having settled well in Brazil, having his own very profitable plantation, having acquired friends and good neighbors, having just reached that very “golden mean” that his father once told him about, he agrees to a new business: to sail to the shores of Guinea and secretly purchase slaves there to increase plantations. He and the team, 17 people in total, set off on the fateful date for the hero - the first of September. Sometime on the first of September, he also sailed from home by ship, after which he suffered many disasters: two storms, capture by a Turkish corsair, two years of slavery and a difficult escape. Now a more serious test awaited him. The ship was again caught in a storm and crashed, its entire crew died, and Robinson found himself alone on a desert island.
Philosophy in the novel
The philosophical thesis on which the novel is based is that man is a rational social animal. Therefore, Robinson’s life on the island is built according to the laws of civilization. The hero has a clear daily routine: it all began with reading the Holy Scriptures, then hunting, sorting and preparing killed game. In the remaining time, he made various household items, built something, or rested.
By the way, it was the Bible that he took from the sunken ship along with other essentials that helped him gradually come to terms with his bitter fate of lonely life on a desert island, and then even admit that he was still that lucky, because all his comrades died, and he life was given. And over twenty-eight years in isolation, he not only acquired, as it turned out, much-needed skills in hunting, farming, and various crafts, but also underwent serious internal changes, embarked on the path of spiritual development, and came to God and religion. However, his religiosity is practical (in one of the episodes he distributes everything that happened into two columns - “good” and “evil”; in the “good” column there was one point more, which convinced Robinson that God is good, He gave him more than he took) - a phenomenon in the 18th century.
Among the enlighteners, who was Defoe, deism was widespread - a rational religion based on the arguments of reason. It is not surprising that his hero, without knowing it, embodies the educational philosophy. Thus, in his colony, Robinson gives equal rights to the Spaniards and the English, professes religious tolerance: he considers himself a Protestant, Friday, according to the novel, is a converted Christian, the Spaniard is a Catholic, and Friday’s father is a pagan, and also a cannibal. And they all have to live together, but there are no conflicts on religious grounds. The heroes have a common goal - to get off the island - and for this they work, regardless of religious differences. Labor is at the center of everything; it is the meaning of human life.
It is interesting that the story of Robinson Crusoe has a parable beginning - one of the favorite motifs of English novelists. “The Parable of the Prodigal Son” is the basis of the work. In it, as you know, the hero returned home, repented of his sins before his father and was forgiven. Defoe changed the meaning of the parable: Robinson, like the “prodigal son” who left his father’s house, emerged victorious - his work and experience ensured a successful outcome for him.
The image of the main character
Robinson's image can be neither positive nor negative. It is natural and therefore very realistic. The youthful recklessness that pushes him to more and more new adventures, as the hero himself says at the end of the novel, remained with him into adulthood; he did not stop his sea voyages. This recklessness is completely contrary to the practical mind of a man, accustomed on the island to think through every little detail in detail, to foresee every danger. So, one day he is deeply struck by the only thing he could not foresee - the possibility of an earthquake. When it happened, he realized that a collapse during an earthquake could easily have buried his home and Robinson himself, who was in it. This discovery made him seriously frightened and moved the house to another, safe place as quickly as possible.
His practicality is manifested mainly in his ability to earn a living. On the island, these are his persistent trips to the sunken ship for supplies, making household items, adapting to everything that the island could give him. Outside the island, this is his profitable plantation in Brazil, the ability to get money, which he always kept a strict account of. Even during the foray to the sunken ship, despite the fact that he understood the absolute uselessness of money there on the island, he still took it with him.
To his positive qualities can be attributed to thriftiness, prudence, foresight, resourcefulness, patience (doing something on the island for the household was extremely difficult and took a lot of time), hard work. Among the negative ones, perhaps, recklessness and impetuosity, to some extent indifference (for example, to his parents or to the people left on the island, whom he does not particularly remember when the opportunity arises to leave it). However, all this can be presented in another way: practicality may seem unnecessary, and if you add the hero’s attention to the money side of the issue, then he can be called mercantile; recklessness and indifference in in this case, can talk about Robinson’s romantic nature. There is no certainty in the character and behavior of the hero, but this makes him realistic and partly explains why many readers believed that this was a real person.
Image of Friday
In addition to Robinson, the image of his servant Friday is interesting. He is a savage and a cannibal by birth, saved by Robinson from certain death (he, by the way, also had to be eaten by his fellow tribesmen). For this, the savage promised to faithfully serve his savior. Unlike the main character, he had never seen a civilized society and before meeting a stranger he lived according to the laws of nature, according to the laws of his tribe. He is a “natural” person, and using his example the author showed how civilization influences the individual. According to the writer, it is she who is natural.
Friday improves in a very short time: he quickly learns English, stops following the customs of his cannibal fellows, learns to shoot a gun, becomes a Christian, etc. At the same time, he has excellent qualities: he is faithful, kind, inquisitive, smart, reasonable, and not devoid of simple human feelings, such as love for his father.
Genre
On the one hand, the novel “Robinson Crusoe” belongs to the travel literature that was so popular in England at that time. On the other hand, there is clearly a parable beginning or a tradition of an allegorical story, where the spiritual development of a person is traced throughout the narrative, and a deep moral meaning is revealed through the example of simple, everyday details. Defoe's work is often called a philosophical story. The sources for the creation of this book are very diverse, and the novel itself, both in content and in form, was a deeply innovative work. One thing can be said with confidence - such original literature had many admirers, admirers, and, accordingly, imitators. Similar works began to be classified as a special genre, “Robinsonades,” rightly named after the conqueror of a desert island.
What does the book teach?
First of all, of course, the ability to work. Robinson lived on a desert island for twenty-eight years, but he did not become a savage, did not lose the signs of a civilized person, and all this was thanks to work. It is conscious creative activity that distinguishes a man from a savage; thanks to it, the hero stayed afloat and withstood all the trials with dignity.
In addition, undoubtedly, Robinson’s example shows how important it is to have patience, how necessary it is to learn new things and comprehend something that has never been touched before. And the development of new skills and abilities gives rise to prudence and a sound mind in a person, which was so useful to the hero on a desert island.
Interesting? Save it on your wall!To each of us, the writer Daniel Defoe is primarily known for his impressive and unusual work “Robinson Crusoe”. Children and adults all over the world have been admiring the adventures of a man who, by the will of fate, ended up on a desert island for more than two centuries. This novel is passed down from generation to generation and is read with pleasure by both schoolchildren and their parents.
What attracts readers so much? main character popular novel named Robinson Crusoe and what do I personally like about it? First of all, he is a man of unbending will and tireless energy. He is a true optimist and a great hard worker who did not die when he found himself in such circumstances, and was able to live alone for many years, providing himself with everything necessary and gradually conquering wildlife. When Robinson found himself on the island, it seemed that the whole world was against him, almost no one knew about his existence and almost no one was interested in what happened to him. An unkind sea, wind and pouring rain - that’s all that surrounded him at the beginning of his life. lonely life on the island. But he did not give up for a minute, did not give up the fight for his life, which consisted of confronting the formidable forces of nature. If he had stopped for a moment in this struggle, the island would probably have become his grave. And he remained a man in any circumstances, for only a man is capable of mastering not only many professions in such difficult conditions, but also adapting to the laws of the surrounding world and subjugating the wild nature of the island. Robinson Crusoe was able to exert all his willpower, all his mind and remained a man even in such extreme conditions, in which most of us could not survive.
I cannot help but be attracted to Robinson by his persistence in work, his determination and faith in his salvation. Every day he woke up expecting help, but this did not stop him from doing his daily work. Without any tools, he built himself a home, not even a home, but a real fortress, and without the skills to work on the land, he grew a wheat crop from almost a few grains. Gradually, Robinson turned wild goats into domestic animals and grew real grapevines. What I liked most was that Robinson Crusoe was very respectful of nature and from the first days of his stay on the island he tamed animals, planted trees and studied the world, in which he found himself. This attitude towards nature once again emphasizes that he was a real person who, in any circumstances, remains just a person and is not subject to these circumstances.
Robinson never relaxes his life on the island, every day is clearly planned out for him - at first he reads the Holy Scriptures, then goes hunting, after which he sorts his supplies, prepares food, cares for livestock, performs various jobs housework. And so every day, every week. It seems that such monotony can drive him crazy, but he does not lose heart and finds solace in communicating with nature. It was the surrounding nature, representatives of the animal world, whom Robinson Crusoe treated as his not very friendly neighbors, that helped him remain human for many years and ultimately wait for his salvation.
We present the most interesting works.
Zaitseva Marusya
In D. Defoe's work "Robinson Crusoe" the main character is Robinson Crusoe, who remained a man in difficult conditions.
Since childhood, Robinson was drawn to the sea, and he dreamed of becoming a sailor, but his father wanted him to become a judge and therefore cursed his son.
Robinson sometimes regretted that he had not listened to his father and ran away from home, because his father had warned him how many trials he would have to endure.
Robinson's first test was captivity. When he was sailing on a ship, they were attacked by pirates - the Moors. Robinson was in captivity for quite a long time, but there he learned cunning. In the end, he escaped captivity using his cunning.
The most difficult test was Robinson's arrival on the island, where many difficulties awaited him.
On the island, any person can become a savage, but Robinson stubbornly fought for life. Although Robinson was frightened by difficulties, he managed to cope with them.
Firstly, Robinson was constantly visited by fear, fear of wild animals, hunger, and attacks by savages. He was afraid of becoming a savage, of stooping to such a level.
Robinson heroically overcame all the difficulties of his lonely life. Robinson mustered all his willpower and remained a man in almost unsurvivable conditions.
On Robinson Island, not only did he remain human, he relived all the stages of technological development. He built himself a house, not missing a single detail, began to raise a herd of goats, he had his own barley fields, he made himself a wonderful fence, no worse Chinese wall, and, most importantly, he became a believer, but when he ran away from his parents’ house, he was a stupid brat. In any case, the island helped him make himself an individual. As they say, every cloud has a silver lining.
I believe that Robinson remained a man thanks to his work; another in his place would either turn into a savage or lie down and die. Robinson was helped by work and the ability to cope with difficult situations.
Martyakov Dima
In the work of D. Defoe, the main character is Robinson Crusoe. Robinson's first test was a conflict with his father. He ran away from his home when he was eighteen years old. The second test was captivity. Robinson ended up with the Moors. After 8 years, he escaped from the Moors using cunning.
The third test for Robinson was the island. He got there during a storm. Robinson did not know how to survive, since he had no food or water. But every day he adapted more and more to the climate of the island.
At first it was difficult for Robinson on the desert island. But then he learned a lot: to hunt, fish, build, sew.
Robinson was at first stupid and unbelieving, but after a few years he became very wise.
When Robinson returned from the island on an English ship, his parents died, since Robinson lived on the island for a very long time: 28 years, 2 months and 19 days, and his parents, when Robinson was eighteen years old, were already old.
Robinson remained human because he wore clothes and kept a diary and a calendar.
If he had not done this, he would not have been a man, but a savage.
Zaitsev Yura
The main character of D. Defoe's book is called Robinson Crusoe. The heir of a wealthy father, from the age of eighteen he experienced many difficulties.
He always thought about the sea, but his father strictly forbade sea adventures and even cursed him when Robinson decided to go to sea. Robinson did not listen. During the voyage, his ship was attacked by pirates - the Moors. After being captured for three years, he became a brave man. Soon he escaped from the pirates.
The next confirmation of his father's curse happened when Robinson Crusoe sailed from Brazil to Africa for slaves. He failed during a shipwreck. Soon I found myself on an island where there was no one to talk to.
Once on the island, he was scared and did not immediately get used to it. After a shipwreck he needed help. There were no clothes, it was extremely difficult to get food, so he was starving. He did not have the courage to enter the depths of the forest. And there were many more difficulties on the island.
But the time came when he got tired of being afraid, and he began to fight them non-stop. First, he moved all the things from the bow of the ship. There were guns, muskets, gunpowder, grapeshot and other things for life on a desert island. Secondly, he made a house, raised goats, learned to farm, and became a believer.
He ran away from his parents' house, self-confident in his actions, unbelieving, unintelligent, after all the trials he became completely different, changing his character.
He survived and remained human thanks to work and self-control.
From the site administration
Municipal government special (correctional) educational institution for students, pupils with disabilities health special (correctional) general education boarding school of the VIII type in the village of Svetlopolyansk, Verkhnekamsk district
Robinson Crusoe's Odyssey.
Class type: combined.
Lesson form: oral journal.
Educator:
Subject: “The Odyssey of Robinson Crusoe”
Lesson form: oral journal.
Type of lesson: combined.
Didactic goal: Achieve awareness and comprehension of new information, apply it, check the level of assimilation.
Target:
1.Continue to develop reader independence.
3. Develop speech, memory, thinking through asking specific questions and answers, working with text.
4. To cultivate positive moral qualities in children: kindness, responsiveness, responsibility, hard work, endurance, perseverance, ingenuity, ingenuity.
Equipment:
1. Portrait of a writer.
2. Defoe “Robinson Crusoe”.
3. A dictionary of unfamiliar words needed for the lesson.
4. Musical miniature conveying the sounds of the sea.
5. Computer and interactive board.
6. Cards with the names of 5 types of grain crops.
Preliminary work: children should read the book “Robinson Crusoe”.
Lesson plan:
Playing on the theme of the lesson. Getting to know the writer's biography ( Staging the image of the writer). Conversation based on the material read. Work with text. Lyric page. Lexical work: humane, humanist, odyssey. Humorous miniature. Results of the lesson, conclusions. Projection for the future.
1. Epigraph.
Educator:
Guys, read the epigraph on the interactive board, think about these words, and at the end of the lesson I will ask you a question that you will try to answer.
The book pays generously for the love of it.
The book teaches even when you don't expect it, and,
Maybe you don't want to.
The power of a book is enormous.
Smirnov-Sokolsky.
2. Playing on the theme of the lesson.
Educator:
Guys, now I will bring to your attention a musical fragment, and you, closing your eyes, try to imagine that natural phenomenon that is conveyed using sound, melody ( I turn on a musical fragment for 2-3 minutes, symbolizing the sound of waves crashing on the shore. The beginning of the storm).
Educator:
– Guys, do you think it was by chance that I suggested you listen to exactly this kind of music, symbolizing waves?
Pupils:
– I heard the sound of the wind in the music, the waves were splashing heavily on the shore, it became alarming.
Educator:
Tell me, what book did you read for class on your own? What was the name of the hero of this book?
Pupils:
We read the book "Robinson Crusoe". The hero's name was Robinson Crusoe.
Educator:
– What role did the sea play in the hero’s life?
Pupils:
– Thanks to a sea storm, we learned interesting story about Robinson Crusoe.
Educator:
- Absolutely right. Today we will take a journey through the pages of the oral journal, turning through them, we will remember the contents of the book “Robinson Crusoe”. Topic of our lesson:
"Robinson Crusoe's Odyssey."
-Who knows the meaning of the word? Odyssey? (After the students’ answers, I open the entry on the interactive board)
Odyssey – eventful journeys and adventures.
3.1st page of our magazine: Introduction to the biography of the writer.
Educator:
– Please raise your hand, those who have read the novel to the end. Well done! At the end of the lesson, guys, you will have to answer the question:
What human qualities helped Robinson survive on the island?
In order to correctly understand and evaluate the actions of our hero during his 28-year stay on a desert island, it would be nice to know about the author who created this novel. My assistant (the student's name is called) will tell you about the author and the history of the creation of this novel. And you, readers, remember what you consider important from the author’s life.
(To the sound of a soundtrack, D. Defoe himself appears on the “theatrical” stage. He is wearing the skin of an animal, torn jeans, a straw hat, and holding a basket of food... He sits in a chair on the sea coast and thoughtfully looks into the distance. Suddenly, looking up from his thoughts, he begins his story).
– My name is Daniel Defoe. I was born in old and distant England. I am a merchant and a merchant's son. As befits an enterprising person, he grew rich and then went broke. It just so happened that fate had beaten me enough. I have always stood for the equality of people, participated in the rebellion against King James 2, for which I was constantly persecuted. Once, for speaking against the government, I was put in the pillory. A crowd of people greeted me at this pillar, and this was the best reward for me for all the hardships. I was involved in commerce, was a journalist, and in my youth even traveled to Portugal. Having changed many professions and occupations, I became interested in literature. When I was 58 years old, I became popular by writing the novel “The Life, Extraordinary and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on a desert island.
4. 2nd page of our magazine: Questions and answers ( Conversation based on the material read).
Educator (thanks Daniel Defoe for the story and draws the class's attention to the writer's book):
– The writer took the plot of the novel from life. In England at the beginning of the century, there was a sensational story about a sailor who lived on a desert island for 4 years and 4 months until he was picked up by a passing ship.
Now, guys, you know that this story is real, that is, taken from the life of a sailor who actually existed. Now let's have a quick conversation about the book.
– Which episodes from the book did you like most? Tell us about them. ( 2-3 examples).
– Who is the main character of the book? (Robinson Crusoe).
– Where do we first meet the hero of the book? Where did this surname and name come from? ( Find the answer in the text and read it.).
Robinson Crusoe was born in 1632 in the city of York into a wealthy family of foreign origin. The father was from Bremen. Having made a good fortune through trade, he left his business and moved to York. Here he married a woman whose relatives were called Robinsons - an old surname. According to them, the boy was named Robinson. Father's surname is Kreutzner, but, according to the custom of the British, it is distorted foreign words, they began to be called Crusoe.
– What did Robinson dream of as a child? (About the sea, about adventures).
What is the date when Robinson Crusoe went on his first adventure at sea? (September 1, 1651 in London.).
5.3rd page of our magazine: Lyrical.
Educator:
-Listen, please, to the lines from K. Batyushkov’s poem “Shadow of a Friend.” Think and try to answer the question:
Can these words apply to Robinson, before or after his life on the island?
I left the foggy shore
It seemed as if he was drowning in leaden waves.
Evening wind, waves splashing,
The monotonous noise and flutter of sails,
And the helmsman's cry on deck.
Enchanted, I stood at the mast
And through the fog and night veil
I was looking for the kind luminary of the north,
My whole thought was in the memory...
Pupils:
– These words can be attributed to Robinson Crusoe. He stands on the deck and remembers his years on the island.
Educator:
- On life path Robinson faced various dangers. Can you name them?
Pupils:
– Meeting with wild lions, savages, pirates, cannibals, and he also survived a shipwreck and earthquake.
6.4th page of our magazine: Inventive.
Educator:
– Robinson lived on a desert island, but, nevertheless, he knew what day of the week, month, date. What did he invent? How did the invention help him?
Pupils:
“He invented a wooden calendar on which he made notches every day.
Educator:
– What other inventions did Robinson have to make for himself on a desert island?
Pupils:
“I made dishes, tamed goats, built myself a home, a dacha, learned to make flour, bake bread, made a lamp from a clay cup and goat fat, inserted a string into the middle - this invention replaced a light bulb, strengthened my home.
Educator:
– On your tables there are cards with the names of five grain crops: wheat, rice, barley, buckwheat, oats. You need to get your bearings and pick up the cards with the correct name.
– In the cultivation of what crops did Robinson prove himself as an agronomist? Where did you get the seeds?
Pupils:
- Rice, barley. The supplies were from the ship. They were not suitable for food, because they were chewed by rats. Crusoe poured them out of the bag onto the ground as unnecessary and forgot about them. It rained and the seeds sprouted.
Educator:
– What crafts did Robinson master on the island?
Pupils:
– Agronomist, builder, hunter, fisherman, cooper, carpenter.
7.5th page of our magazine: Moral.
Educator:
-Guys, do you think Robinson had the character traits of a positive or negative character?
Pupils:
- Positive.
Educator:
– Can we call him a hero and why?
Pupils:
– Of course, Robinson is a hero. He did not give in to panic, behaved courageously, steadfastly, and came up with various inventions to make life easier.
Educator:
– Think about a very difficult question and give a reasoned answer:
Are all of Robinson's qualities still positive?
– I’ll try to help you figure it out. Remember what he does with a goat and a kid, with the birds that pecked the grain in his rice field, with the savages who came to their island to arrange ritual cannibal feasts.
Pupils:
– In these examples, Robinson is cruel because he takes the lives of other living beings. But the hero can be justified, because if he had not done this, he himself would have died of hunger or been eaten by cannibals. We also love animals, but we buy meat products in the store and use them for food.
Educator:
– Who replaced Robinson with human society on the island?
Pupils:
– Dogs, cats, parrot.
Educator:
– Who was the first person on the island to become Robinson’s devoted friend? What was his name? Has the main character's life changed after this? ( Students must support their answer with examples from the text).
Pupils:
- Friday. In honor of the day of the week when Robinson found him on the island.
Educator:
Text of D. Defoe's novel "Robinson Crusoe"
Methodological literature used:
A. Sharov. Prisoners of paradise // Science and life. 1999. M. Nersesova. Daniel Defoe // Literature and art. 1960. T. Sukhanova. On Robinson's Island // Magazine Read, learn, play 2009. - No. 2
Equipment used:
computer; interactive board; presentation for the event (PowerPoint, 2,010 MB).
Used DSOs:
Presentation for the lesson, compiled in Microsoft PowerPoint 2003. DOR type: text/text with illustrations. Size 2,010 MB.
Short description:
Information about the Anniversary of D. Defoe's book "Robinson Crusoe". Facts of the writer's life. Dramatization of fragments of the book. Quiz on the Book. Conclusions.
Presenters. Hello, dear guests! Today we are holding a holiday dedicated to an unusual anniversary. By the way, do you know what an anniversary is?
2: Of course. An anniversary is a round date from the day of birth. A person celebrates an anniversary; for example, this year our lyceum celebrated the anniversary of mathematics teacher Taisiya Ivanovna Alexandrovna. She turned 100 years old! Taisiya Ivanovna is no longer alive, but in honor of this outstanding teacher - and she is the only teacher in the republic who is a Hero of Socialist Labor - a memorial plaque was installed at the entrance to the lyceum building, and then a monument will be erected to her!
1: Yes, this is a wonderful anniversary. But is it only people who celebrate anniversaries? What do you guys think? Yes, anniversaries are celebrated by cities and states, plays and films, etc.
2: Is there a book anniversary?
1: Of course! Today we want to celebrate such an anniversary. This is a very, very big anniversary. Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" turns 290 years old this year!
2: But as far as I know, “Robinson Crusoe” is not the full title of the book. Guys, who knows the full title of the book? (after the answer an image appears on the screen)
“The life and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years completely alone on an uninhabited island, off the coast of America, near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship, except him, died, with an account of his unexpected release by pirates. Written by himself"
1: This book must be very interesting, since it has interested readers for so long?
2: Yes, very interesting. I loved it. What about you guys? Raise your hands if you liked Robinson Crusoe.
1: What kind of talent must a writer have to create such a captivating work? And his fate is probably unusual?
2: So let’s get acquainted with the life story of D. Defoe, a stormy life, full of victories and defeats, ups and downs. I invite students to the stage who know a lot about the life of this writer.
Student performance.
Daniel Defoe born 1660 or 1661 in London. His father was a butcher.
Daniel's early passion for reading, caused by his insatiable curiosity, caused his mother to have serious fears for her son's future, but gave his father hope that the boy could eventually become a successful merchant or clergyman. His mother did not agree with this opinion, since Daniel was fond of reading books of mainly historical content, descriptions of travel and fantastic adventures.
When Defoe was twelve years old, he was sent to school, where he stayed until he was sixteen. After graduating from school, the young man, at the insistence of his father, entered the office of a wealthy merchant, who promised to make Daniel a participant in his business in a few years. Daniel performed his duties conscientiously. However, not having the slightest inclination towards commercial activity, three years later he became interested in journalism and began publishing his articles on issues that worried society in one of the political magazines.
At the age of twenty, Daniel Defoe joined the army of the Duke of Monmouth, who rebelled against his uncle, Jacob Stuart, who pursued a pro-French policy during his reign. Jacob suppressed the uprising and dealt harshly with the rebels.
Daniel Defoe had to hide from persecution.
With the advent of more favorable times, that is, with the accession of William of Orange to the throne, Defoe returned to literary activity. When the people began to grumble that a stranger had been placed on the throne, Daniel Defoe wrote a satirical poem, “The True Englishmen,” in which he showed that the entire English nation consists of a mixture of different tribes, and therefore it is absurd to look with hostility at a king who is impeccable in all respects just because he was born not in England, but in Holland. This poem caused a lot of noise at court and in society. Wilhelm wished to see the author and gave him a rather significant monetary gift.
In 1702, Queen Anne ascended to the English throne, the last of the Stuarts to be influenced by the Conservative party. Defoe wrote his famous satirical pamphlet, The Surest Way to Get Rid of Dissenters. Protestant sectarians in England called themselves dissenters. In this pamphlet, the author advised parliament not to be shy with the innovators who were disturbing it and to hang them all or send them to the galleys. At first, parliament did not understand the true meaning of the satire and were glad that Daniel Defoe directed his pen against the sectarians. Then someone figured out the real meaning of the satire. Parliament declared him a rebel and sentenced him to a fine, pillory and imprisonment. But the enthusiastic people strewed his path to the pillory with flowers and gave him an ovation. During his time in prison, Defoe wrote “Hymn to the Pillory” and managed to publish the magazine “Review”.
Two years later, Defoe was released from prison. On behalf of the minister, Harley went to Scotland on a diplomatic mission - to prepare the ground for the union of Scotland with England. Defoe turned out to be a talented diplomat and brilliantly completed the task assigned to him.
Upon his accession to the English throne of the House of Hanover, Daniel Defoe writes another poisonous article, for which Parliament awarded him a huge fine and imprisonment. This punishment forced him to leave forever political activity and devote himself exclusively to fiction.
After his release from prison, Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe. This book was published in 1719. Defoe himself traveled only once: in his youth he sailed to Portugal, and the rest of the time he lived in his homeland. But the writer took the plot of the novel from life. Residents of England at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries could repeatedly hear stories from sailors about people who lived for more or less long periods of time on various uninhabited islands. But no story of this kind has attracted as much attention as the story of the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk, who lived on a desert island all alone for four years and four months () until he was picked up by a passing ship. Selkirk's story served as the most important source for Robinson. This book has earned extraordinary popularity not only in England, but in all countries of the civilized world. The entire novel is imbued with educational ideas - the glorification of reason, optimism and the preaching of work.
Encouraged by the enormous success of Robinson, Daniel Defoe wrote many other works in the same spirit: The Sea Robber, Colonel Jack, A Voyage Around the World, The Political History of the Devil and others. Defoe wrote more than two hundred books and pamphlets, which were popular with his contemporaries. But despite this, he, like other talents, lived and died in poverty in London. Early biographers of Defoe say that the tombstone placed on his grave in the 18th century bore a modest but significant inscription: “Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe.” He died on April 24, 1731, at the age of 70.”
Presenters.
1: Thank you very much for your story. However, it’s time to meet Robinson Crusoe himself, and he is ready to appear here if you answer the questions of our quiz and prove that you are interested in this hero.
Quiz (Part I)
How many volumes does the book about Robinson consist of? (Of 3 volumes: 1st – 1719, 2nd – 1719, - “Further Adventures of R. Crusoe”, 3rd – 1720 – “Serious Reflections of R. Crusoe.”) The British In the 17th-18th centuries we sometimes heard from sailors about people who lived for some time on uninhabited islands; name the reason why one could be a resident of the island. (The English fleet had a cruel custom of leaving sailors who had done something wrong on the islands.) Who was the prototype of R. Crusoe? James Cook. Alexander Selkirk. Marco Polo. How old was R. Crusoe when he first went on a sea voyage? 18 years. 27 years. 32 years. Robinson was shipwrecked and thrown onto the island by a wave. Where did he spend the first night? In a cave. On the shore. On the tree. (He was afraid that there were predatory animals on the island.) Where did Robinson get work tools and a gun on an uninhabited island? Transported from a wrecked ship. They were washed ashore. Found it on the island in a hut. What animals did R. Crusoe take from the ship? Two cats and a dog. Guinea pigs. Parrot. Did Crusoe deliver food and belongings from the ship to the shore? On myself. On a raft. On the boat. What were the signs that Robinson used to look for a place to live? (The house should be located in a dry place, sheltered from the heat of the sun, protected from possible attacks by predators and people; the sea should be visible from its windows so that Robinson would not miss the ship if it appeared.) What clothes did Robinson wear? (For the first three years he wore shirts and trousers, and then he sewed clothes for himself from the skins of the animals he killed.) What “non-essential” item did Robinson make with his own hands? (An umbrella that could open and close.) Why did Robinson Crusoe sew both his umbrella and clothes with the fur facing out? (Rainwater flowed down the fur like down a slanted roof.) How many boats did Robinson Crusoe build? (Two: one large, which he could not launch; the second, smaller.) One day, while exploring the island, R. Crusoe discovered a blooming green valley. What was growing on it? Apples, pears. Peaches, apricots. Melons, grapes, oranges. What did R. Crusoe come up with so as not to lose track of time? I put small sticks in a box. He made notches on the post with a knife. I counted the days in my diary. How did R. Crusoe calm himself down? I remembered the past. I dreamed about the future. He kept a diary.
Presenters.
1: Now, guys, after you answered the quiz questions so well, Robinson Crusoe himself is in front of you.
Episode I
Robinson Crusoe: Yes, I found myself in a terrible situation. My ship crashed... I was thrown onto the shore of the island by a wave. In order not to lose heart, I started a diary... (Reads the diary, leaves)
Presenters.
2: What else was interesting in Robinson Crusoe’s life on the island? Let's test your knowledge again.
Quiz (Part II)
What grains did R. Crusoe grow from? From rice, barley. From wheat, oats. From buckwheat, corn. When was Robinson able to afford to separate some of the grain for food? (Only in the fourth year did he prepare cakes for himself.) The birds caused damage to the crops. What did R. Crusoe do to scare them away? He hung the shot birds on a high pole. He put up a scarecrow. He ran across the field, shouting and waving his arms. What kind of utensils did Robinson use? Woven from twigs. Clay. Wooden. In the eleventh year of his stay on the island, R. Crusoe tamed the animal. Which? Horse. Goat. Ram. What phrase did R. Crusoe teach the parrot first? “Poor, poor Robinson. Where did you end up? “Robinson was born in England. I want to go home". "We'll go home." Shortly before the end of his life on the island, R. Crusoe saved a savage from death. What was his name? Saturday. Monday. Friday.
Presenters.
1: And now you will meet Robinson Crusoe’s faithful friend - Friday!
Scene by Robinson and Friday.
R: And this is Friday, who became my friend. (Friday peers into the distance, screams, jumps and calls Robinson).
P: Come here quickly! Quicker!
R: What's the matter? Why are you so happy?
P: Yes, yes, I'm happy! Over there, look! You can’t see it from here... there is my land, my people!
R: “It was in vain that I treated this man with such boundless trust! He pretends to be my devoted friend, and he himself only thinks about how to escape... Now he is submissive and meek, but as soon as he finds himself among other savages, he, of course, will immediately forget that I saved his life and betray me to his fellow tribesmen, he will bring them here to my island. They will kill and eat me, and he will feast with them as cheerfully and carefree as before, when they celebrated their victories over the savages of hostile tribes..."
- What, Friday, would you like to return to your homeland, to your people?
P: Yes! I would be oh so glad to go back there!
R: What would you do there! Would he become bloodthirsty again and start eating human flesh as before?
P: No, no! Friday would say to all his friends: live as you should; eat grain bread, milk, goat meat, do not eat humans!
R: Well, if you tell them that, they will kill you.
P: No, they won’t kill you. They will be happy to learn good things.
R: So you want to go home?
P: I can't swim that far.
R: Well, if I gave you a boat, would you go to your people?
P: I would go! But you must come with me too.
R: How should I go? After all, they will eat me right now.
P: No, no! I'll make sure they don't eat it! I'll tell you that you saved my life! I will make sure they love you a lot!
R: Well, Friday, let's go, I'll show you the boat on which you will go home.
P: Why is Robin Crusoe angry with Friday?
R: Where did you get the idea that I’m angry with you? I'm not angry at all.
P: “I’m not angry, I’m not angry!” Why are you sending Friday home to his fellow countrymen?
R: Yes, you yourself said that you want to go home!
P: Yes, I would like to. But only with you. For you and me. Robin won't go - Friday won't go. Friday doesn't want to live without Robin!
R: But judge for yourself. Why would I go there? What will I do there?
P: What will you do there? Do a lot, do well: teach wild people to be kind and smart.
R: Dear Friday! You don't know what you're saying. Why should such a pathetic ignoramus like me teach others!
P: Not true! You taught me - you will teach other people too!
R: No, Friday, go without me, and I’ll stay here alone, without people. After all, I lived alone until now!
Friday picks up the ax and hands it to Robinson.
R: Why are you giving me an ax?
P: Kill Friday!
R: Why should I kill you? You didn't do anything to me.
P: Why are you driving Friday away? Kill Friday, don't drive him away.
R: Dear Friday, I will never talk to you about leaving for my homeland again as long as you want to stay with me. I see that you are forever devoted to me.
Presenters.
2: That's what it is, Friday! Faithful and devoted friend.
But how did the unusual story of our hero end?
Quiz (Part III)
How many years did R. Crusoe live on the island? 28 years. 32 years. 15 years. Who did Robinson take with him when he left the island? Cat and dog. Friday and a parrot. Friday and the dog. Could the desert island paradise described in the novel really exist? (Nothing is known about the existence of such an island) Thanks to what did R. Crusoe, living on a desert island, manage to stay alive? The products I took from the ship. Weapons. Energy, perseverance and work.
Presenters.
2: What is especially attractive about Robinson Crusoe is that he is a hard worker, a man of inexhaustible energy.
1: Another in his place would have disappeared if he had found himself among such mortal dangers.
2: If Robinson had only given up his hands even for a moment, given up the fight against the formidable forces of nature, the deserted island where fate had thrown him would have become his grave.
1: But Robinson is hardworking and persistent, he does not retreat from any obstacles, and in the end he achieves everything he wants.
2: What we value in Robinson is his faith in human work, his perseverance in overcoming obstacles, his courage and strong will.
1: Robinson is an example to follow for all of us, especially those who find themselves in difficult life situations.
2: This is why we fell in love with the book and its hero - the immortal Robinson Crusoe.
1: With these words we want to end our holiday and thank everyone for their presence and active participation in it. Thank you very much! Goodbye.
Composition
The English writer D. Defoe went down in the history of literature as the creator of many realistic and noble images. It was people's writer- not only in content, but also in the form of his works, in his lively, direct manner of narration, simple, accessible language. His masterpiece “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” was translated into almost all European languages and became part of the history of world culture. In the novel, the author, using the example of the fate of an individual person, managed to reveal all the richness and diversity real life, show the importance of real human values: communication, caring for one’s neighbor, permanent labor.
Drawing the life of his hero on a desert island, Defoe created a poetic picture of man’s struggle for survival and glorified free creative labor. It is labor and hard work of thought that help Robinson Crusoe survive and preserve his human qualities. According to the firm conviction of the writer, work is the basis for the positive transformation of the world and the spiritual elevation of man. The hero of the novel did not fall into despair, did not lose faith. Finding himself in the wild conditions of the island, Robinson perceives everything that happened to him as a difficult life test, from which he must find a worthy way out. A thrifty and practical person, a diligent worker, he purposefully improves the conditions of his existence: he builds a hut, hunts, fishes, stores food, finds a way to keep track of time and writes all his thoughts in a diary. Armed with the labor skills and experience of his people, he successfully uses the equipment, tools and other valuables discovered on the wrecked ship.
The author deliberately puts his hero in an exceptional situation, transferring him from the world of money to the world of work. Thus, he forces him to discover in himself those qualities that can fully manifest themselves in a universal creative, free from commercial calculations, creative activity. It is no coincidence that Rousseau called Defoe’s novel “the most successful treatise on natural education.” The simple story of how Robinson built his hut, how he fired the first jug, how he grew bread and tamed goats, how he built and launched a boat, has continued to excite the imagination of readers of all ages for almost three centuries. And it will never lose its enormous educational significance for children and youth.
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