Creation of the Indian National Congress Party. Indian National Congress and its movements. See what "Indian National Congress" is in other dictionaries

Indian National Congress (INC) is the largest bourgeoisie. political party of India. Basic on Dec. 1885. At the founding of the Congress, no clear program requirements and charter were developed. However, at the annual sessions of the party, held in different cities of the country, representatives of various provincial organizations developed general resolutions, which guided their activities.

In 1916, the “moderates” and “extremes” united again in Congress. In the same year, at a session held in Lucknow, an agreement was concluded between the Congress and the Muslims. league on the joint struggle for India to achieve self-government “as an equal partner in the British Empire along with the self-governing dominions.” The rise of national liberation. movement in India in 1918-22 marked the beginning of a new era in the activities of the INC, which turned into mass party. The leader and ideologist of the Congress was M.K. Gandhi, who returned to India from the South in 1915. Africa. Under hand Gandhi INC began to conduct mass campaigns of “non-violent non-cooperation” with the Anglo-Indian. authorities and the campaign of “civil disobedience” (Satyagraha - the concept of non-violent struggle).

On Dec. In 1920, at the Congress session in Nagpur, a new charter of the INC was adopted, which more clearly defined it as a political one. party. The purpose of the Congress was declared to be “the achievement of swaraj by peaceful and legal means.”

The expanding scope of the class. struggle and mass anti-imperialist. The movement frightened the leadership of the Congress, which, trying to limit the revolutionary actions of the masses, adopted a resolution in Bardoli to end the campaign of “civil disobedience” (1922). The influence of the Congress has declined. A group of “Swarajists” strengthened within it, striving to limit the activities of the INC Parl. struggle. During the period of rise, national liberation. movement in 1927-33 in the INC, left-wing nationalism began to play an increasingly important role. movement led by J. Nehru and other leaders. During these years, the INC, which put forward the slogan of complete independence of India (1927), again expanded its influence. Under hand The Congress carried out massive campaigns of “civil disobedience” and launched a struggle against the religions incited by the colonialists. discord. Fearing a further increase in the active actions of workers and under the pressure of repression, the rights. Congress leaders in control again called for a halt to the movement in May 1933.

In 1934, the Socialist Congress arose within the INC. the consignment. Its leadership stood on the position of reformism. The right-wing leaders of the party (N. Lohia, A. Mehta and others) sought to counter the growing influence of the Communist Party. parties. However, the most radical part of the Congress Socialists advocated cooperation with the communists.

The struggle of the INC against the reactionaries. Constitution of 1935 and other anti-imperialist. the actions of the Congress were supported by the communists, who fought for a united anti-imperialist. front. The Congress again turned, despite the factional struggle that took place within it, into an anti-imperialist center. Movements.

In the post-war period, M.K., who became its recognized leader, took over the leadership of the Congress. Gandhi, whose doctrine, which was based on the idea of satyagraha, i.e. nonviolent disobedience and resistance iya, has now become the official ideology of the organization (“Gandhism”). It should be noted here that the increased activity and influence of the Congress during the war years prompted the British to take another step towards granting limited self-government to India. A law passed by Parliament in 1919 strengthened the importance of elected Legislative Assemblies under the Viceroy and provincial governors and granted Indians the right to hold minor ministerial posts in the colonial administration. True, at the same time, the Rowlett Act was passed, aimed against “anti-government activities.” Gandhi was one of the most strident and irreconcilable opponents of this law, and at his call in 1919, a wave of protests in the form of hartals (closing of shops, i.e., cessation of business activity) swept across India. Also in 1919, in Amritsar, the colonial authorities, following the letter of the new law, shot down a protest rally in cold blood (about a thousand participants were killed, another two thousand were wounded). The Amritsar massacre sparked a massive protest campaign in the country. In the wake of this protest, Gandhi decided to carry out his first all-Indian act of civil disobedience, which boiled down to a mass boycott of all English goods, educational institutions, courts, administration, elections, etc. The campaign, which took place in the form of rallies, hartals, and demonstrations, played an important role in the formation and unity of the all-Indian national movement, which contributed to the transformation of the Congress into a mass organization with millions of supporters and many tens of thousands of volunteer activists. In 1932, Gandhi advocated for civil rights and representation for India's "untouchables" (he began calling them Harijans, "God's people"). 1921 - 1934 Gandhi leader of the INC. He left because many did not support him on the issue of untouchables, but his ideas served to ensure that later in the Indian Constitution, untouchables were given equal rights with other citizens, and discrimination disappeared. Gandhi was killed. Now his ideology is leading in the INC.

Mohandas Karamchand "Mahatma" Gandhi ंद गाँधी, October 2, 1869, Porbandar, Gujarat - January 30, 1948, New Delhi) - one of the leaders and ideologists of the movement for Indian independence from Great Britain. His philosophy of non-violence (satyagraha) influenced movements for peaceful change.

His uncompromising struggle against caste inequality is also widely known. “One cannot limit oneself to the position of “as far as possible,” Gandhi taught, “when it comes to untouchability. If untouchability (the lowest castes in India) is to be driven out, it must be driven out completely both from the temple and from all other areas of life.”

Gandhi not only sought to end discrimination against untouchables through secular laws. He sought to prove that the institution of untouchability is in conflict with the Hindu principle of unity, and thus prepare Indian society for the fact that untouchables are equal members of it, like other Indians. Gandhi's struggle against untouchability, as with any inequality, also had a religious basis: Gandhi believed that initially all people, regardless of their race, caste, ethnicity and religious community, had an innate divine nature.

For a long time, Gandhi remained a consistent adherent of the principle of non-violence. However, then a situation arose when Gandhi's views were seriously tested. The principle of non-violence was adopted by the Congress (INC) for the freedom struggle of India. But Congress did not extend this principle to defense against external aggression.

Features of the development of leading industrial countries in the 70-90s.

In the main countries of Western Europe, democracy was established. The last fascist regimes collapsed in the 1970s. In 1974, a revolution took place in Portugal, opening the way for democracy, and the military regime in Greece fell. In 1975, after the death of F. Franco, the dismantling of the fascist regime in Spain began and was successfully completed. In 1989, reforms began in South Africa, which subsequently led to the elimination of the apartheid regime.
In the 80s and 90s, in a number of developed Western countries political life Neoconservatism developed. He contributed to the weakening of government intervention in the economy, the development social partnership, expansion of inter-farm relations.

In the second half of the 90s, leftist forces began to regain lost ground. After the spring 1997 parliamentary elections in England and then in France, leftist forces in Western Europe further strengthened their position. In 1997, out of a total of 15 member states of the European Union, 13 had center-left parties or coalitions involving socialists and communists at the helm of executive power.
Throughout the post-war years, the process of expanding suffrage was underway in Western countries. All types of political discrimination against blacks in the United States were abolished. New principles of relations between the government and the opposition were emerging, which are characterized not by confrontation, but by constructive dialogue.

An important feature of the post-war economic development of Western countries is rapid and dynamic progress in all spheres of the economy. The average annual growth rate of GNP (gross national product) in Germany and Italy increased 4 times, in France - more than doubled, in Great Britain - almost doubled. The Marshall Plan, the expansion of the domestic market, changes in consumption patterns, and the rapid growth of international trade - all these were important factors in economic recovery.

Scientific and technological progress had a huge impact on post-war development. There was a qualitative restructuring of all sectors of the economy based on the introduction of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress. Mass production of radio electronics products, new means of communication, plastics and artificial fibers began. Jet aviation and nuclear energy were developing rapidly, and the concern of states and governments was to support investments in the latest industries. Particular attention was paid to the development of fundamental and applied science. Consumer demand was stimulated.

The unevenness of economic development has led to a change in the balance of forces. Having made a powerful leap into economic development, Japan came in second place in the world. Germany became the first power in Europe. At the turn of the 70s and 80s, a change in economic priorities began. Even more significant changes in Western countries are associated with the technological revolution. Since the mid-70s, the problem of implementing profound qualitative changes in the structure of the economy, technological re-equipment of production based on the latest achievements of scientific and technological revolution has come to the fore. This process continues today, however, the developed countries The West made a powerful breakthrough, primarily in the late 70s and 80s. Internationalization and modernization of production! Integration (example - the European Union). Information revolution (computers) - wider access to information.

Crises: food, environmental, raw materials, energy, monetary and financial.

The end of cultural isolation.

At the end of December 1885, a congress of representatives of the Indian bourgeoisie and liberal-minded landowners took place in Bombay. It created the first all-Indian political party - the Indian National Congress. The Indian National Union, formed a year earlier in Calcutta, soon joined it. In the early years of the National Congress, the British authorities treated it very favorably. The meaning of this position of the authorities was revealed by the Viceroy of India, Lord Dufferin (1884-1888). He declared that “Congress is cheaper than revolution.” Liberal circles in the metropolis believed that the legal party would help them direct the activity of the opposition forces towards loyal cooperation with the colonial authorities and thereby prevent the unification of national forces under the leadership of the bourgeoisie. The British were not mistaken in their calculations. Petersburg University professor I.P. Minaev, who was present at the first session of the National Congress, characterized the positions of the moderate-liberal Indian bourgeoisie as follows: “The class of intelligent Indians is in a wait-and-see position, they will easily make deals and will completely calm down after some concessions from the government.”

The duality of the positions of the Indian bourgeoisie, its weakness, the moderation of its demands, dependence on British capital and fear of popular uprisings prevented it from leading the liberation struggle of the masses and giving this struggle a militant, offensive character. The justification for the policy, which required only some reforms while maintaining British rule, was the thesis put forward by the ideologist of the national bourgeoisie Dadabhai Naoroji that England brought peace, progress and Western civilization to India and that there were no fundamental contradictions between England and India. According to D. Naoroji, the gradual introduction in India of the institutions of Western European bourgeois democracy could bring the country out of a state of poverty and decline.

All this determined the top-level nature of the demands of the National Congress, the moderate-liberal program and legal, reformist methods of struggle. The main demands in the initial period of the existence of the National Congress boiled down to the following: achieving self-government, developing common and technical education, reduction of military spending and military training of Indians, admission of Indians to the highest posts of the state apparatus, introduction of protective customs tariffs. The Congress saw the means of achieving these goals in the resolutions of its annual congresses, protests and petitions to the government.

Despite the fact that the spirit of moderation and loyalty to the British authorities permeated all the activities of the National Congress, its existence played a positive role - patriotic forces rallied around it. Annual mass congresses, the publication of printed organs, criticism of the actions of colonial officials and reactionary laws, protests against the aggressive adventure in Burma - all this contributed to the growth of national self-awareness and hatred of the colonial regime.

By the end of the 80s, the British authorities changed their attitude towards the National Congress. They sought to discredit his activities and thereby weaken the national liberation movement.

During the 70s and 80s, the reactionary feudal-clerical circles of Indian Muslims, frightened by popular uprisings and seduced by handouts from the British, gradually moved closer to the colonial authorities. The top Muslim clergy declared the war against the British colonialists in India illegal. Relying on the separatism of the feudal-clerical strata, large merchants and landowners, the British set a course to transform the Muslim community into a weapon for splitting the national liberation movement. In 1886, the Muslim Educational Conference was created as a counterweight to the National Congress. Its main objectives were: to isolate Muslims from Hindus and distract them from the national liberation struggle.

The feudal-Muslim opposition to the National Congress, which arose with the assistance of the British, sought to present itself as a spokesman for the interests of the Muslim minority. All this was intended to poison the consciousness of the masses with the poison of religious fanaticism and prevent a joint struggle for independence between Hindus and Muslims in India.

भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस Ideology progressivism,
social liberalism, social democracy, Vedic socialism, democratic socialism, secularism

Such partially elected bodies should be given the right to make inquiries and protests to the British House of Commons, where a standing committee should be formed to consider Indian problems. In addition, the delegates to the Bombay session of the INC proposed that Indian applicants should be given the right to fill positions in the Indian civil service in India, not only in Great Britain, but also in their homeland. It can be seen that in these claims of the INC leaders to the British government, the Congressists were very modest and did not go beyond the laws in force in their country.

The leadership of the INC launched vigorous political activities in India, as well as in Great Britain, seeking constitutional concessions. Various forms of parliamentary legal activity and personal connections were used. In 1892, the British Parliament passed a law that expanded the rights of Indians to participate in elections on a curial basis to the central and local legislative bodies of British India. Now the Indian opposition demanded the right to introduce its representatives into the lower house of the British Parliament and through it to achieve for India a status close to that of a British dominion.

D. Naoroji was elected from the Liberal Party of Great Britain to the British Parliament in 1893. His passionate condemnation of the current system of government in India was heard more than once by British parliamentarians. He advocated the establishment of equal and harmonious Indian-British relations.

The growing influence of the INC during the First World War prompted the British authorities to grant India limited self-government. The law passed in 1919 strengthened the importance of elected legislative assemblies under the viceroy and provincial governors and granted Indians the right to hold minor ministerial posts in the colonial administration.

In October 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the INC promised to cooperate with the British authorities on the condition of establishing a responsible national government in India and convening a constituent assembly to determine the constitutional structure of the country. In January 1940, India was offered dominion status after the war, with Britain retaining responsibility for India's defense for 30 years. The INC did not accept this proposal, but did not insist on strict opposition. Meanwhile, the position of the INC in India itself became complicated due to the fact that the Muslim League in 1940 officially proposed dividing India into two states, Hindu and Muslim (Pakistan). In addition, the leader of the leftist Congress, Subhas Chandra Bose, provoked a split in the INC by creating a pro-Japanese Indian National Army in Burma, which fought with British troops. Moreover, at the end of 1940, Gandhi announced another campaign of civil disobedience in the form of individual protests and non-cooperation.

In 1942, the British authorities agreed to convene a constituent assembly after the war, but stipulated the right of some individual provinces and princely states to become independent dominions, which was a clear hint of agreement with the Muslim League's proposal to divide India along religious lines. The INC did not accept these proposals and strongly demanded the immediate granting of independence to India. In August 1942, a massive non-cooperation campaign was launched, which resulted in the arrest of Gandhi and other INC leaders, who were released only in May 1944.

In the summer of 1945, at negotiations with the leaders of the INC and the Muslim League in the city of Simla, the British authorities agreed to create an All-India Executive Council (Cabinet of Ministers). However, they demanded that it be formed not on political, but on religious principles, which was rejected by both the INC and the Muslim League. Following this, new mass anti-British protests began in the country, affecting the army and navy. They were partly related to the trial of the leaders of the Indian National Army.

In the spring of 1946, it was announced that India would be granted dominion status and the upcoming elections with the division of voters into two curiae, Hindu and Muslim.

After the partition of British India and India's independence in 1947, the INC completely dominated the politics of independent India until 1969, when the conservative wing, the Indian National Congress (Organization), broke away from the INC. (English) Russian. Opposition parties managed to achieve control over more than half of the seats in the lower house of parliament and state legislatures, but for a number of reasons they could not act in a coordinated manner against the INC. It is believed that the successes of the INC were determined by its focus on key figures in the electoral constituencies (these were mainly authoritative representatives of the landowning caste, relying on a network of caste, kinship and economic ties), which provided the necessary votes for the INC in the elections.

The INC suffered its first defeat in 1977. The INC-Organization became part of the Janata Party, and the leader of the INC-Organization, Morarji Desai, became the Prime Minister. A new split in the INC occurred after its defeat in the elections in 1977 - early 1978. The main part of the party was called the Indian National Congress (Indira) - INC (I). In July 1981, the Election Commission called the new party led by Indira Gandhi the "real Congress". In the 1980 elections, the Congress(I) came to power again. He retained it in the 1985 elections, but lost in 1989.

democratic socialism
social democracy
social liberalism
Vedic socialism
secularism International: Allies and blocks: Personalities: Website: K: Political parties founded in 1885

Indian National Congress(Hindi भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस ; Congress Party) is the largest party in India; the oldest political organization in India. Founded in . In the 15th Lok Sabha (-), following the results of the general elections, the party is represented by the largest faction of 206 MPs.

Switched from loyal opposition to the English colonial regime in the 20s. XX century to an active struggle for national independence, turning into a mass party. The basis of the INC program was the principles of Gandhism. After India gained independence (1947), the INC was the ruling party until March 1977, returning to power in 1980-1989, 1991-1996. and in 2004-2014.

Background

In the 80s of the 19th century, the socio-political situation in India and around it in the British ruling circles raised the question of creating a political organization of Indian patriots. The liberal Viceroy of India, Lord Ripon (1880-1884), supported the initiative of a group of Indian public figures in this matter. In his memorandum (December 25, 1882), he called for political changes in India to be brought from above within a constitutional framework.

“These measures will not only have the present result,” said the head of the British administration, “expressed in the gradual and safe introduction of political education among the population, which in itself is the object of politics, but will also pave the way for further progress in this area as this education will become more complete and widespread.”

Political activity

In December 1885, the founding congress of the Indian National Congress (INC), the first non-religious, essentially parliamentary, national organization in the history of the ancient country, took place in Bombay. In his address to the participants of this session, its chairman V. C. Banerjee expressed the following thought on the main tasks of the new party:

"The eradication of all racial, religious and national prejudices among the patriots of our country through direct friendly, personal intercourse with each other, and the development and consolidation of sentiments of national unity which took their direction during the unforgettable reign of Lord Ripon."

The resolutions of the forum of Indian patriots formulated the main demands of the congressists to the British government and parliament: the liquidation of the current Indian Affairs Council in London, the expansion of the composition of the Central Legislative Council under the Viceroy operating in India at the expense of the Indians, the need to carry out the same innovations in the provincial councils . Such partially elected bodies should be given the right to make inquiries and protests to the British House of Commons, where a standing committee should be formed to consider Indian problems. In addition, the delegates to the Bombay session of the INC proposed that Indian applicants should be given the right to fill positions in the Indian civil service in India, not only in London, but also in their homeland. It can be seen that in these claims of the INC leaders to the British government, the Congressists were very modest and did not go beyond the laws in force in their country.

The leadership of the INC launched vigorous political activities in India, as well as in the United Kingdom, seeking constitutional concessions. Various forms of parliamentary legal activity and personal connections were used. In 1892, the British House of Commons approved a new electoral law that expanded the rights of Indians to participate in curial elections to the central and local legislative bodies of British India. The Indian opposition now demanded the right to place its representatives in the lower house of the British Parliament and to seek through this representative body for India a status approaching that of a British dominion through a series of political reforms over a long period of time.

D. Naoroji ran for a parliamentary seat from the Liberal Party of Britain. During the 1893 election campaign in England, he managed to enter the House of Commons. His passionate condemnation of the current system of government in India was heard more than once by British parliamentarians. A representative of the Bombay Parsi trading community advocated the establishment of equal and harmonious Indian-British relations.

Organizational structure

The highest body is a plenary session, held once every three years, between sessions - a working committee ( Working Committee), the highest bodies of local organizations - state committees, district committees, primary committees.

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Excerpt describing the Indian National Congress

“The prince doesn’t write anything about this,” he said quietly.
- Doesn’t he write? Well, I didn’t make it up myself. - Everyone was silent for a long time.
“Yes... yes... Well, Mikhaila Ivanovich,” he suddenly said, raising his head and pointing to the construction plan, “tell me how you want to remake it...”
Mikhail Ivanovich approached the plan, and the prince, after talking with him about the plan for the new building, looked angrily at Princess Marya and Desalles, and went home.
Princess Marya saw Desalles' embarrassed and surprised gaze fixed on her father, noticed his silence and was amazed that the father had forgotten his son's letter on the table in the living room; but she was afraid not only to speak and ask Desalles about the reason for his embarrassment and silence, but she was afraid to even think about it.
In the evening, Mikhail Ivanovich, sent from the prince, came to Princess Marya for a letter from Prince Andrei, which was forgotten in the living room. Princess Marya submitted the letter. Although it was unpleasant for her, she allowed herself to ask Mikhail Ivanovich what her father was doing.
“They’re all busy,” said Mikhail Ivanovich with a respectfully mocking smile that made Princess Marya turn pale. – They are very worried about the new building. “We read a little, and now,” said Mikhail Ivanovich, lowering his voice, “the bureau must have started working on the will.” (Recently, one of the prince’s favorite pastimes was working on the papers that were to remain after his death and which he called his will.)
- Is Alpatych being sent to Smolensk? - asked Princess Marya.
- Why, he’s been waiting for a long time.

When Mikhail Ivanovich returned with the letter to the office, the prince, wearing glasses, with a lampshade over his eyes and a candle, was sitting at the open bureau, with papers in his far-off hand, and in a somewhat solemn pose, he was reading his papers (remarks, as he called them), which were to be delivered to the sovereign after his death.
When Mikhail Ivanovich entered, there were tears in his eyes, memories of the time when he wrote what he was now reading. He took the letter from Mikhail Ivanovich’s hands, put it in his pocket, put away the papers and called Alpatych, who had been waiting for a long time.
On a piece of paper he wrote down what was needed in Smolensk, and he, walking around the room past Alpatych, who was waiting at the door, began to give orders.
- First, postal paper, do you hear, eight hundred, according to the sample; gold-edged... a sample, so that it will certainly be according to it; varnish, sealing wax - according to a note from Mikhail Ivanovich.
He walked around the room and looked at the memo.
“Then personally give the governor a letter about the recording.
Then they needed bolts for the doors of the new building, certainly of the style that the prince himself had invented. Then a binding box had to be ordered for storing the will.
Giving orders to Alpatych lasted more than two hours. The prince still did not let him go. He sat down, thought and, closing his eyes, dozed off. Alpatych stirred.
- Well, go, go; If you need anything, I will send it.
Alpatych left. The prince went back to the bureau, looked into it, touched his papers with his hand, locked it again and sat down at the table to write a letter to the governor.
It was already late when he stood up, sealing the letter. He wanted to sleep, but he knew that he would not fall asleep and that his worst thoughts came to him in bed. He called Tikhon and went with him through the rooms to tell him where to make his bed that night. He walked around, trying on every corner.
Everywhere he felt bad, but the worst thing was the familiar sofa in the office. This sofa was scary to him, probably because of the heavy thoughts that he changed his mind while lying on it. Nowhere was good, but the best place of all was the corner in the sofa behind the piano: he had never slept here before.
Tikhon brought the bed with the waiter and began to set it up.
- Not like that, not like that! - the prince shouted and moved it a quarter away from the corner, and then again closer.
“Well, I’ve finally done everything over, now I’ll rest,” the prince thought and allowed Tikhon to undress himself.
Frowning in annoyance from the efforts that had to be made to take off his caftan and trousers, the prince undressed, sank heavily onto the bed and seemed to be lost in thought, looking contemptuously at his yellow, withered legs. He didn’t think, but he hesitated in front of the difficulty ahead of him to lift those legs and move on the bed. “Oh, how hard it is! Oh, if only this work would end quickly, quickly, and you would let me go! - he thought. He pursed his lips and made this effort for the twentieth time and lay down. But as soon as he lay down, suddenly the whole bed moved evenly under him back and forth, as if breathing heavily and pushing. This happened to him almost every night. He opened his eyes that had closed.
- No peace, damned ones! - he growled with anger at someone. “Yes, yes, there was something else important, I saved something very important for myself in bed at night. Valves? No, that's what he said. No, there was something in the living room. Princess Marya was lying about something. Desalle—that fool—was saying something. There’s something in my pocket, I don’t remember.”
- Quiet! What did they talk about at dinner?
- About Prince Mikhail...
- Shut up, shut up. “The prince slammed his hand on the table. - Yes! I know, a letter from Prince Andrei. Princess Marya was reading. Desalles said something about Vitebsk. Now I'll read it.
He ordered the letter to be taken out of his pocket and a table with lemonade and a whitish candle to be moved to the bed, and, putting on his glasses, he began to read. Here only in the silence of the night, in the faint light from under the green cap, did he read the letter for the first time and for a moment understand its meaning.
“The French are in Vitebsk, after four crossings they can be at Smolensk; maybe they’re already there.”
- Quiet! - Tikhon jumped up. - No, no, no, no! - he shouted.
He hid the letter under the candlestick and closed his eyes. And he imagined the Danube, a bright afternoon, reeds, a Russian camp, and he enters, he, a young general, without one wrinkle on his face, cheerful, cheerful, ruddy, into Potemkin’s painted tent, and a burning feeling of envy for his favorite, just as strong, as then, worries him. And he remembers all the words that were said then at his first Meeting with Potemkin. And he imagines a short, fat woman with yellowness in her fat face - Mother Empress, her smiles, words when she greeted him for the first time, and he remembers her own face on the hearse and that clash with Zubov, which was then with her coffin for the right to approach her hand.
“Oh, quickly, quickly return to that time, and so that everything now ends as quickly as possible, as quickly as possible, so that they leave me alone!”

Bald Mountains, the estate of Prince Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky, was located sixty versts from Smolensk, behind it, and three versts from the Moscow road.
On the same evening, as the prince gave orders to Alpatych, Desalles, having demanded a meeting with Princess Marya, informed her that since the prince was not entirely healthy and was not taking any measures for his safety, and from Prince Andrei’s letter it was clear that he was staying in Bald Mountains If it is unsafe, he respectfully advises her to write a letter with Alpatych to the head of the province in Smolensk with a request to notify her about the state of affairs and the extent of the danger to which Bald Mountains are exposed. Desalle wrote a letter to the governor for Princess Marya, which she signed, and this letter was given to Alpatych with the order to submit it to the governor and, in case of danger, to return as soon as possible.

Headquarters: Ideology: Allies and blocks:

United Progressive Alliance

Party seal:

Congress Sandesh

Personalities: Website:

Background

“These measures will not only have the present result,” said the head of the British administration, “expressed in the gradual and safe introduction of political education among the population, which in itself is the object of politics, but will also pave the way for further progress in this area as this education will become more complete and widespread.”

Political activity

"The eradication of all racial, religious and national prejudices among the patriots of our country through direct friendly, personal intercourse with each other, and the development and consolidation of sentiments of national unity which took their direction during the unforgettable reign of Lord Ripon."

The founders of the Congress - G. K. Gokhale, F. Mehta, S. Banerjee, D. Naoroji - were by no means against maintaining colonial rule. They worshiped the ideologists of British liberalism Macaulay, Gladstone, as well as the pillars of English utilitarianism Bentham and Mill.

Notes

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Creation of the Indian National Congress Party. Indian National Congress and its movements. See what "Indian National Congress" is in other dictionaries

Background

Political activity

Organizational structure

see also

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Notes

Excerpt describing the Indian National Congress

Background

Political activity

see also

Notes

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