Heartlessness, spiritual callousness are the arguments of the Unified State Examination. Arguments for an essay for the Unified State Exam in Russian by topic

In the texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam, we have repeatedly encountered the problem of selfishness in its various manifestations, each of which is a heading on our list. Literary arguments from foreign and domestic books have been selected for them. All of them are available for download in table form, link at the end of the collection.

1. IN modern world the tendency of selfishness is gaining momentum. However, one should not say that this problem did not exist before. One of the classic examples can be Larra - the hero of the legend from the story M. Gorky “Old Woman Izergil”. He is the son of an eagle and an earthly woman, which is why he considers himself smarter, stronger and better than others. His behavior shows disrespect for others and, in particular, for the older generation. His behavior reaches its apogee when Larra kills the daughter of one of the elders only because the girl refused to satisfy his whims. He is immediately punished and expelled. As time passes, the hero, isolated from society, begins to experience unbearable loneliness. Larra returns to the people, but it is too late and they do not accept him back. Since then, he has been wandering the earth as a lonely shadow, because God punished the proud man eternal life in exile.
2. IN Jack London's novella "In a Far Land" selfishness is equated with instinct. It tells the story of Wetherby and Cuthfert, who by chance were left alone in the North. They went to distant lands to look for gold and were forced to wait out the harsh winter together in an old hut. Over time, real natural egoism begins to appear in them. Ultimately, the heroes lose the fight for survival by succumbing to their base desires. They kill each other in a fierce struggle for a cup of sugar.

Selfishness is like a disease

1. Two centuries ago, the great classics described the problem of egoism. Eugene Onegin – main character novel of the same name written by A.S. Pushkin, is a prominent representative of people suffering from “Russian blues”. He is not interested in the opinions of others, he is bored by everything that happens around him. Because of his cowardice and irresponsibility, the poet Lensky dies, and his insensitivity offends the feelings of a young noblewoman. Of course, he is not hopeless; at the end of the novel, Eugene realizes his love for Tatyana. However, it is already too late. And the girl rejects him, remaining faithful to her husband. As a result, he dooms himself to suffering for the rest of his days. Even his desire to become the lovers of the married and respected Tatiana betrays his selfish motives, which he cannot get rid of even in love.
2. Selfishness is like a kind of disease; it destroys a person from the inside and does not allow him to adequately interact with the people around him. Grigory Pechorin, who is the central character in novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time", constantly pushes away people dear to his heart. Pechorin easily understands human nature, and this skill plays a cruel joke on him. By imagining himself higher and smarter than others, Gregory thereby isolates himself from society. The hero often plays with people, provokes them to different actions. One of these cases ends with the death of his friend, the other with the tragic death of his beloved girl. The man understands this, regrets, but cannot throw off the shackles of the disease.

Self-deprecation of an egoist

1. A striking example of a selfish person is a hero novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", Rodion Raskolnikov. He, like many of his friends, lives poorly and blames others for everything. At one point, he decides to kill an old woman, a pawnbroker, in order to take her money and distribute it to poor townspeople, freeing them from their debt obligations to Alena Ivanovna. The hero does not think about the immorality of his actions. On the contrary, he is sure that it is for a good purpose. But in fact, just for the sake of his whim, he wants to test himself and check what type of people he can classify himself as: “trembling creatures” or “those with the right.” Still, having violated one of the commandments because of a selfish desire, the hero dooms himself to loneliness and mental torment. Pride blinds him, and only Sonya Marmeladova helps Raskolnikov get back on the right path. Without her help, he would probably have gone crazy from pangs of conscience.
2. Despite the fact that sometimes a person crosses all moral and legal boundaries in order to achieve his selfish goals, it is common for us to experience pangs of conscience. So is one of the heroes of the poem A.N. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” realized he was wrong. Peasant Yermil Girin uses his position as headman to free his brother from conscription duty. Instead, he writes down another villager. Realizing that he ruined the life of a man and his family, he regrets his selfish act. His sense of guilt is so great that he is even ready to commit suicide. However, he repents to the people in time and accepts his sin, trying to make amends.

Female selfishness

1. Selfish people are never satisfied with what they have. They always want to have something more. Material wealth for them is a way of self-affirmation. Fairy tale heroine A.S. Pushkin “About the Fisherman and the Fish” not happy with her life in poverty. When her husband catches a goldfish, all the woman needs is a new trough. However, each time she wants more, and ultimately the old woman wants to become the mistress of the sea. Easy prey and selfish morals cloud the old woman's reason, which is why she ultimately loses everything and again finds herself with nothing. The magical power punishes her for the fact that the lady, in pursuit of self-gratification, did not value either her husband or the benefits that she received.
2. Women are often called selfish because they like to spend a lot of time taking care of themselves. However, real selfishness is much worse. Heroine epic novel by L.N.. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragina proves to the reader that true egoists are characterized by heartlessness. The princess was a beautiful girl and had many admirers, however, she chooses an ugly and awkward gentleman, Pierre Bezukhov, as her husband. However, she does not do this out of love. She needs his money. Literally immediately after the wedding, she takes a lover. Over time, her impudence reaches incredible proportions. Helen, with the onset of war, when she needs to worry about the fate of her homeland, thinks only about how to get rid of her husband and remarry one of her admirers.

The ruthlessness of selfishness

1. Lack of sympathy, pity, compassion - these are the traits that are characteristic of egoists. It is not for nothing that they say that such people are ready to do the most terrible things for the sake of their whim. For example, in I. Turgenev's story "Mumu" The lady takes away from her servant the only joy in his life. One day Gerasim picks up a homeless puppy, raises him, and takes care of him. However, the puppy irritated the lady, and she ordered the hero to drown him. With bitterness in his heart, Gerasim fulfills the order. Just because of a simple whim of a selfish man, he loses his only friend and ruins the life of an animal.
2. Obeying selfishness, people lose control of themselves and make irreparable mistakes. For example, Hermann in A. S. Pushkin’s work “The Queen of Spades” learns about the secret of three cards, which guarantees a win in any card game. The young man decides to get him at any cost, and for this he pretends to be in love with the pupil of the only keeper of the secret - the elderly countess. Making his way into the house, he threatens to kill the old woman, and she actually dies. After this, she comes to Hermann in a dream and reveals the secret in exchange for an oath to marry her pupil. The hero does not keep his promises and wins victory after victory. But having put everything on the line, he miserably loses the decisive game. An ambitious young man went crazy, paying for his crimes. But before that, he poisoned the life of an innocent girl who believed his words.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

Hello everyone! I am very glad to see you, my regular readers, as well as new friends!

Today, continuing the conversation about how to write an argumentative essay, let’s talk about an equally important part in our work - about argumentation and arguments in an argumentative essay.

In previous articles we learned

Think about it, determine its optimal choice. Today we finally start evidence.

Arguments- this is precisely the evidence, arguments, explanations that must be given in support of the thesis. Without clear full evidence essay-reasoning will not work!

Let's remember the types of arguments

Logical (rational) arguments, or arguments are what reflect the logic of the human mind, i.e. real facts, theories, hypotheses, statistical data, laws of nature, eyewitness accounts, experimental results, etc.

Illustrative examples- these are examples from literature and from personal life or the lives of close people and acquaintances, as well as a case that could take place in life under certain conditions.

Authoritative opinion- statements outstanding people, figures of science or literature, who are perceived by everyone as AXIOMS. Proverbs and sayings as folk wisdom, the experience of the people. See how to format citations here.

Arguments can be both “for” and “against”.

Arguments in favor are direct evidence; they must be accessible, unambiguous, reflect unbiased reality, and be based on authoritative sources.

Arguments “against” a thesis must be convincing, because you need to refute this judgment. Here you will need a certain correctness and a developed sense of tact, because... you will have to criticize authors who support a thesis with which you cannot and do not want to agree!

Phrases and figures of speech to help:

I share the author’s indignation (rejection, admiration) and think that...

A story comes to mind that I heard (read, that happened to me...)

My opinion is confirmed by this fact...

The optimal number of arguments in an essay is three. This will be enough, believe me! But in terms of volume, this part of the essay should be at least 2/3 of the entire text. Arguments must be arranged in a certain sequence. Don’t play all your “trump cards” at once! The last argument should be the strongest.

If the exact text of the quotation is not available for an argument, use indirect sentences. In this way, you will convey the general meaning of the statement and prevent errors in the use of quotes.

If you have two arguments, for example, your life experience and an example from literary work, then first give literary example. Personal experience describe after an authoritative opinion.

Start each argument with a new paragraph! Link paragraphs together.

We have collected for you the best literary arguments from many sources in one place. All arguments are divided by topic, which allows you to quickly select the ones you need for your essay. Most of the arguments are written specifically for the site, so you can be sure that you will write a unique essay.

You can read how to write an essay using arguments from our database in our article

Select a topic to get ready-made arguments for your essay:

What are arguments for?

In the third part of the Unified State Exam you need to write a short essay based on the proposed text. For a correctly completed task you receive 23 points, which is a significant part of the total number of points. These points may not be enough for you to enter your desired university. For the task of part “C”, in contrast to the tasks of block “A” and “B”, you can prepare in advance, armed with everything necessary to write an essay on the topic given to you. Previous experience completing the Unified State Exam shows that the greatest difficulty for schoolchildren when completing the task of part “C” is the argumentation of their position on a given problem. Your success in writing an essay depends on what arguments you choose. The maximum number of points is awarded for reader arguments, i.e. taken from fiction. As a rule, the texts presented in the tasks of part “C” contain problems of a moral and ethical nature. Knowing all this, we can arm ourselves with ready-made literary arguments, making the process of writing an essay as easy as possible. Having the arguments we have proposed in your arsenal, you will not have to frantically retrieve from your memory all the works you have read during the exam, looking for something suitable on the topic and issue. Please note that, as a rule, the allotted time for schoolchildren to complete all the work is not enough. Thus, we will make every effort to get 23 points for the essay in the exam.

Structure of the proof. Thesis and basic requirements for the thesis. Mistakes when putting forward a thesis.

Arguments. Types of arguments. Rules of argumentation.

Demonstration as a way of connecting thesis and arguments. Errors in demo.

Rules for effective argumentation.

1. The proof is threefold: it consists of thesis(positions whose truth is proven), arguments And demonstrations(logical connection between them). Arguments (arguments, evidence) - provisions that are given in support of the thesis and have evidential power for those to whom the argument is addressed.

Thesis is a position that requires evidence. The thesis requirements are as follows: accuracy, clarity, certainty thesis and its logical consistency.

First of all, the thesis must be specific. Seneca said: “When a man does not know to which pier he is heading, no wind will be favorable for him.” Before putting forward a thesis, you need to think about what you want to prove and formulate it clearly and definitely. Yes, thesis Taxes should be reduced raises a number of questions: what does it mean to reduce? Should all taxes be reduced?

For example, it is argued that spouses should wisely divide household responsibilities, to which they object: “No. Feminism will not work here. This is not some kind of America!” There is a substitution of the thesis (its expansion), because the thesis does not talk about feminism at all, but puts forward a more specific demand: a reasonable division of household responsibilities.

Another way to refute the same thesis: “ Why should I wash dishes and peel potatoes? These are women's responsibilities." There is a narrowing of the thesis here. Nobody talked about potatoes and dishes.

These mistakes are possible because the thesis itself is poorly formulated: ambiguous and too general. What does reasonable mean? What responsibilities are proposed to be shared? All this had to be thought through and the thesis put into concrete form.

The speeches of many Russian lawyers, for example V.D., were distinguished by the clarity of the thesis formulation. Spasovich in his speech on the Andreevskaya case: “I pose as a thesis that I must prove and which I hope to prove, a thesis in the complete truth of which I am deeply convinced and which is clearer than daylight to me, namely: that N. Andreevskaya, while swimming, drowned and that, therefore, in death no one is to blame.” IN AND. Tsarev formulated the main thesis of the indictment in the case of the Kondrakov brothers as follows: “...I declare that the objective truth in the case we are examining has been established specifically and accurately: a robbery against A.S. Krivosheeva. and A.R. Krivosheev, their rape and murder were committed by the Kondrakov brothers.”

Throughout the discussion, the thesis should remain unchanged. If this requirement is violated, errors occur "substitution of thesis" when instead of the original thesis some other one is considered or "loss of thesis"(the original thesis has been completely forgotten).

2. In rhetoric, the following types of arguments are distinguished.

Rational arguments, or, as the ancients said, “arguments to the point” (argumentaadrem) and irrational(psychological, emotional) - “arguments to a person” (argumentaadhominem), as well as “arguments to the public.” Rational arguments include facts, experimental data, testimony, axioms (traditionally accepted judgments in society), and references to authorities.

Fact- an actual event, something that actually happened. This is the best kind of argument. In addition to facts, statistical data and the results of sociological surveys can be used as arguments, but these are not indisputable facts, because they can significantly distort reality due to the error of the method and the very procedure for obtaining and processing information. Arguments that are based on sampling from a multitude are not always reliable. Therefore, when making a generalization based on any facts, you need to remember the following:

if you have all the facts that exhaust the phenomenon you are interested in (for example, you have established that all voters in your precinct do not want to go to the polls), and use this factual information for further conclusions, then you act using the so-called "full" induction, which happens very rarely;

basically, only typical and special cases (facts, examples) are at the disposal of the disputant, which are generalized by a conclusion about the entire set of such cases (“incomplete induction”). Facts (examples) can also be negative (exceptions), which can confirm general conclusion. When proving, you need to analyze all available facts, take into account and negative examples to evaluate the output. For example, students A, B and C are not ready for class. On this basis, one cannot conclude that the entire group is not ready for the lesson.

Authorities. Appeal to authorities is one of the most common types of arguments. If you use an appeal to authorities, then you need to remember that the authorities must be acceptable in the given audience, i.e. enjoy her respect and have high status. They often refer to the authority of famous scientists, political and public figures, writers, and the authority of the law. In religious speeches, the authority of the texts of the Holy Scriptures and the Bible is considered unshakable.

“Knowingly true propositions” (axioms). These are laws, theories, axioms that are traditionally accepted in a given society as unconditionally true; they cannot be challenged. Thus, the devil in a dispute with Ivan Karamazov says: “It is usually accepted in society as an axiom that I am a fallen angel”; and immediately refutes this generally accepted opinion.

In addition, the following types of arguments are distinguished:

1) comprehensive– arguments that fully prove the correctness of the opinion; in practice they are rare;

2) main: directly related to the thesis, directly confirm it, presented constantly;

3) auxiliary– are used to strengthen and confirm the main arguments, and not the thesis itself;

4) controversial: those that can be used both “for” and “against” the position being proven; they must be handled with care;

5) strong– those against which it is difficult to find an objection;

6) weak– those against which it is easy to find an objection;

7) arbitrary– those that themselves need proof: You should chew gum (thesis) because it is good for the health of your gums and teeth(arbitrary argument);

8) spare.

In the speech of S.A. Andreevsky in the Mironovich case, the lawyer proves Mironovich’s innocence, analyzes in detail: 1) the examination data; 2) randomness of Sarah Becker's pose: “The main idea that the whole drama of the murder took place on the chair has collapsed. It turned out that Sarah was brought to the chair from another place, laid on it almost dead; there was no struggle here, because the cover remained motionless and blood stains calmly leaked from the cover onto the fabric of the chair”; 2) the calm, natural position of Mironovich, who left in the morning after the murder to collect money from debtors: “After all, if he had killed, he would have known that the cash register had been unlocked all night, that it was still open, that, perhaps, everything was already out of it it was taken away and he is now a beggar, that there are traces of his terrible deed... Where is it before Porkhovnikov? Where would the old energy to pursue debtors come from?

Irrational arguments most often affect the following interests:

self-esteem of the addressee (audience). The speaker shows that he considers the listeners smart, sensible, insightful, honest, i.e. creates a “positive” mood in the audience about themselves. You are practical, sensible people, and therefore, of course, you will agree that...(the thesis follows);

material, economic, social interests of the audience. Every girl will find a groom in the Third Reich,- Hitler promised, addressing the crowd, and found their warm approval;

physical well-being, freedom, convenience, habits of the public. If you agree with my opponent’s position, you will lose your freedom, or even your life. is one of the most common models of argumentation of this kind.

These arguments are addressed primarily to feelings, to the individual or the public, and not to the essence of the issue; they are used instead of an objective assessment of the crime. In such cases, the eloquence of the speaker, his confident tone, and the pathos of his speech are of great importance. Such arguments were often used by the famous Russian lawyer F.N. Gobber: “Plevako... remembering the words of the accuser, he said in a voice that went from soul to soul: “They tell you that he stood high and fell low, and in the name of this they demand strict punishment, because he must be asked.” But, gentlemen, here he is in front of you, standing so high! Look at him, think about his shattered life - hasn't he already been asked enough? Remember what he had to suffer in the inevitable anticipation of this bench and during his stay on it. He stood high... he fell low... after all, this is only the beginning and the end, and what was experienced between them! Gentlemen, be merciful and fair..." So Plevako defended both the priest and the old woman who stole a teapot for 50 kopecks.

Requirements for arguments: arguments must be true, their truth verified in practice, sufficient to prove a given thesis and consistent.

3. Demonstration as a way of logical connection between thesis and arguments.

Demonstration is a method of logical connection between the thesis and arguments, a chain of conclusions on a given topic, presented in a logically consistent form.

Distinguish direct And indirect proof.

In direct proof, the thesis is directly deduced from the arguments, without the help of any additional constructions, without involving any assumptions that contradict the thesis, a direct reference is given to the arguments and facts, for example, when proving the thesis: cats were domesticated later than dogs. Arguments: a) excavations of cultural layers showed that the remains of the skeleton of dogs are found in the settlements of human hunters; the remains of cats appear when people began to engage in agriculture (cats were used to fight rodents); b) hunting as a human occupation is much older than agriculture.

Indirect proof, or proof by contradiction: an antithesis is put forward - a position that contradicts the thesis, then this antithesis is refuted, and on the basis of the law of excluded middle a conclusion is made about the truth of the thesis. This can be done in two ways:

A) the opposite method(remember the proof in geometry). For example, you need to prove that cats were domesticated later than dogs. Let's assume that this judgment is false and that it is true that cats were domesticated before dogs. It follows that the skeletal remains of cats should be found in earlier cultural layers than the remains of dogs; in addition, cats had to roam with hunters. Both of these are not true. The first remains of domestic animals found were the remains of dog skeletons; cats are not prone to a nomadic lifestyle; they never took part in hunting with humans, but only alone. This means that the antithesis is incorrect, but the thesis is correct: cats were domesticated later than dogs. A variation of this method is the technique "reducing to absurdity", or " reduction to absurdity" which was skillfully used by the famous lawyer F.N. Gobber;

b) "method of elimination" or "method of alibi". In this case, the truth of the thesis is proven by identifying the falsity of all possible alternatives except one (the thesis). This method is called the “alibi method” because it is often used in judicial practice. For example, a crime was committed by either A, B, or C, but it is proven that neither A nor B committed it (they had no alibi), which means that C committed the crime (he had no alibi).

But often there are errors when using arguments:

The truth of the thesis is proven by arguments, and the truth of the arguments is proven by the thesis, it turns out "vicious circle of evidence":This cannot be, because it can never be; sleeping pills put you to sleep because they have a hypnotic effect.

"Anticipation of the conclusion." This is an accidental or intentional “anticipation of events” - unproven arguments are presented as strong, weighty, proven reasons for the thesis (conclusion): Should we continue the destructive course of reforms or is it better to return to proven, stable state regulation of the economy? The fact that the course is destructive, and state regulation in the current situation is a stable rate is an arbitrary argument (they still need to be proven). And the listener, by the very form of the rhetorical question, is “pushed” by the speaker to a conclusion that is ahead of this evidence - it follows!

"Falsehood of Reasons"- error in arguments - incorrect facts, unreliable and erroneous data, any false information that is used as arguments.

When putting forward arguments, you should adhere to a number of rules:

Systematicity– arguments need to be submitted in the system, think about where to start.

The principle of quantity and quality. Arguments should not be multiplied so much as weighed. He who proves a lot proves nothing. One should strive not for the quantity of arguments, but for their quality. The optimal number of arguments when proving a certain position is the number 3.

The principle of specificity. Arguments must be addressed to a specific audience, taking into account its characteristics.

The principle of ascending argumentation is from weak arguments to stronger ones.

Universal techniques for effective argumentation.

In order to enhance the effectiveness of your speech, you need to use effective argumentation techniques, which are as follows:

Be emotional.

Address facts that are vital to your listeners.

Try to show real benefits for listeners of your proposals and ideas.

Personalize your ideas (name the people who support your point of view).

Be concise. Short speeches are better appreciated by the audience.

Use numbers. But when using numbers, a number of recommendations should be followed: a) there should not be many numbers; b) let us compare and contrast statistical data. P. Soper cites the following words as a serious mistake by the speaker: “In 1920, the purchasing power of the dollar relative to 1926, taken as a unit, was 0.648, and in 1940 - 1.272.” Should have said: “In 1940, a dollar could buy twice as much as in 1920.”; c) it is better to round the numbers; d) accurately indicate the source of statistical data; e) present numbers in a visual comparison, juxtaposition, for example the area is the same as Moscow, the population is 10 times larger than Bryansk; f) do not give long series of numbers.

Visibility. It is known that a person receives 80% of information through vision. D. Carnegie wrote that the optic nerves are 25 times thicker than the auditory nerves. Hence the enormous importance of visual elements in the perception of speech. About 20% of the information in a public speech is absorbed only through audiovisual techniques (tables, charts, graphs, diagrams, video materials).

Use humor. F. Snell offers rules for using humor:

Tell only what you know well

The joke must be understandable and appropriate

It should be related to the topic of the speech.

Must be short

Don't use old jokes

Avoid racy jokes, especially in large audiences

Don't take long pauses to laugh

There are also some special “technical” techniques that allow you to strengthen your argument:

Presenting the fact as new: Yesterday it became known...; Recently installed...; It just became known...;

Presentation of a fact as established as a result of experimental data: It has been experimentally established...; Experiments have shown...;

Presentation of the fact as established by psychologists;

“Technical” techniques for enhancing the persuasiveness of a speech depend largely on the nature of the audience. Thus, in Europe a reference to the Bible is effective, but in a Russian audience it is not.

Basic formal logical laws

In order to correctly construct a reasoning in order to come to a true conclusion from true premises, it is necessary to know the basic laws of thinking formulated by logic - the law of identity, the law of contradiction, the law of excluded middle and the law of sufficient reason. Any act of thinking must comply with the laws of logic. These laws are formulated as follows.

Law of Identity: each thought in the process of a given reasoning must have the same definite, stable content.

Law of contradiction: two opposing thoughts about the same subject, taken at the same time and in the same relation, cannot be simultaneously true.

Law of the excluded middle: of two contradictory judgments, one must be true, the other false, and the third is not given.

Law of Sufficient Reason: every correct thought must be justified by other correct thoughts, the truth of which has been proven.

• Heartlessness manifests itself even towards very close people
• The thirst for profit often leads to heartlessness and dishonorable acts.
• A person’s spiritual callousness complicates his life in society
• The reasons for a heartless attitude towards others lie in upbringing
• The problem of heartlessness and mental callousness can be characteristic not only of an individual, but also of society as a whole.
• Difficult life circumstances can make a person heartless
• Often, spiritual callousness manifests itself in relation to moral, worthy people
• A person admits that he was heartless when nothing can be changed
• Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy
• The consequences of a callous attitude towards people are often irreversible

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”. The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically due to the callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were certainly not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and death of the hero. Kirill Petrovich did not spare his friend, although in the past they had a lot of good things in common. The landowner was driven by heartlessness and a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials burned, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of the spiritual callousness of just one person made the lives of many people miserable.

A.S. Pushkin “The Queen of Spades”. Hermann, the protagonist of the work, is driven to act heartlessly by the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he presents himself as an admirer of Lizaveta, although in fact he does not have feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to tell him the secret of the three cards, and after her refusal, he takes out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very frightened, dies. The deceased old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals the secret on the condition that Hermann will not play more than one card per day, in the future will not play at all and will marry Lizaveta. But the hero does not have a happy future: his heartless actions serve as a reason for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which causes him to go crazy.

M. Gorky “At the Bottom”. Vasilisa Kostyleva does not feel any feelings for her husband except hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit at least a small fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Pepel to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person would have to be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married out of love does not in the least justify her action. A person must remain a person in any situation.

I.A. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”. The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main ones in this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, and indifference towards each other. The sudden death of the gentleman from San Francisco evokes not compassion, but disgust. During his life, he is loved for his money, and after his death, they heartlessly put him in the worst room, so as not to spoil the reputation of the establishment. They cannot even make a normal coffin for a person who dies in a foreign country. People have lost true spiritual values, which have been replaced by a thirst for material gain.

K.G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. A life full of activities and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - her old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is glad that her mother is alive, but does not think about anything else. Nastya doesn’t even read and perceive the telegram from Tikhon about Katerina Petrovna’s poor condition right away: at first she doesn’t understand at all who they are talking about. Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards her loved one was. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty before her mother, who loved her so much.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”. Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers and treated everyone with kindness and sympathy. People didn't answer her in kind. After the tragic death of Matryona, Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the woman’s coffin only as an obligation. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to lay claim to the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.

F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. Rodion Raskolnikov's heartlessness was expressed by his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old pawnbroker, he tried to find out who he belonged to: “trembling creatures” or “those with the right.” The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he did as right, which means that he is not characterized by absolute spiritual callousness. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.

Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog.” The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a stray dog ​​into his apartment. His father doesn’t like this: the man demands that the animal be thrown back onto the street. The hero cannot do this, because “she was already kicked out.” The father, acting completely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child’s faith in the justice of this world.

ON THE. Nekrasov “Reflections at the front entrance.” The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. The life of ordinary men and officials who spend their lives only in pleasure are contrasted. High-ranking people are heartless because they are indifferent to the problems of ordinary people. And for an ordinary person, the solution of even the most insignificant issue by an official can be salvation.

V. Zheleznikov “Scarecrow”. Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad act to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult tests for the girl was loneliness, because being an outcast is difficult at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who actually committed this act did not have the courage to confess. Two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere in the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of those around him made the man suffer.