After the October Revolution, a struggle for power began in the country, and against the background of this struggle, Civil War. Thus, October 25, 1917 can be considered the start date civil war which continued until October 1922. differ significantly from each other.

Civil War- the first stage (Stages of the civil war ) .

The first stage of the civil war began with the armed seizure of power by the Bolsheviks on October 25, 1917 and continued until March 1918. This period can be safely called moderate, since no active hostilities were observed at this stage. The reasons for this lie in the fact that the "white" movement at this stage was only being formed, and the political opponents of the Bolsheviks, the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, preferred to seize power by political means. After the Bolsheviks announced the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries realized that they would not be able to seize power peacefully, and began to prepare for an armed takeover.

Civil War- the second stage (Stages of the civil war ) .

The second stage of the war is characterized by active hostilities, both on the part of the Mensheviks and on the part of the "whites". Until the end of the autumn of 1918, a rumble of distrust of the new government swept through the country, the reason for which was given by the Bolsheviks themselves. At this time, a food dictatorship was declared and the class struggle began in the villages. Wealthy peasants, as well as the middle stratum, actively opposed the Bolsheviks.

From December 1918 to June 1919, bloody battles took place in the country between the red and white armies. From July 1919 until September 1920, the White Army was defeated in the war against the Reds. At the same time, the Soviet government at the 8th Congress of Soviets declares the urgent need to focus on the needs of the middle class of peasants. This forced many wealthy peasants to reconsider their positions and once again support the Bolsheviks. However, after the introduction of the policy of war communism, the attitude of wealthy peasants towards the Bolsheviks again noticeably deteriorated. This led to mass peasant uprisings that took place in the country until the end of 1922. The policy of war communism introduced by the Bolsheviks once again strengthened the positions of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries in the country. As a result, the Soviet government was forced to significantly soften its policy.

The civil war ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks, who were able to assert their power, even though the country was subjected to foreign intervention by Western countries. Russia's foreign intervention began as early as December 1917, when Romania, taking advantage of Russia's weakness, occupied the region of Bessarabia.

Russian foreign intervention actively continued after the end of the First World War. The Entente countries, under the pretext of fulfilling allied obligations to Russia, occupied the Far East, part of the Caucasus, the territory of Ukraine and Belarus. At the same time, foreign armies behaved like real invaders. However, after the first major victories of the Red Army, the majority of the invaders left the country. Already in 1920, Russia's foreign intervention by England and America was completed. Behind them, the troops of other countries also left the country. Only the Japanese army continued its presence in the Far East until October 1922.

The Great Russian Revolution of 1917 was the impetus for the deployment of armed struggle between different groups of the population. The revolution deprived some of them of everything, while for others it seemed to give everything, but did not say how it could be obtained. There were more dissatisfied people than one could imagine. Military-political structures formed during the days of the revolution, and public entities on the territory of the former Russian Empire divided into two groups, which were assigned the names "white" and "red". The spontaneously arising military and socio-political groups, which were called the "third force" (insurgent, partisan detachments, and others), did not stand aside. Foreign states, or interventionists, did not stand aside from the civil confrontation in Russia either.

Stages and chronology of the Civil War

Until now, historians have no consensus on how to determine the chronology of the Civil War. There are experts who believe that the war began with the February bourgeois revolution, while others defend May 1918. There is also no final opinion on when the war ended.

The next stage can be called the period until April 1919, when the intervention of the Entente is expanding. The Entente made it its main task to support the anti-Bolshevik forces, strengthen its interests and resolve the issue that had been troubling it for many years: the fear of socialist influence.

The next stage is the most active on all fronts. Soviet Russia simultaneously waged a struggle against the interventionists and against the White armies.

Causes of the Civil War

Naturally, the beginning of the Civil War cannot be reduced to one reason. The contradictions that had accumulated in society by this time went off scale. First World War sharpened them to the extreme, the values ​​of human life were devalued.

Of no small importance in the aggravation of the situation were changes in the state political system, especially the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks, the creation of which many counted on. The actions of the Bolsheviks in the countryside gave rise to great unrest. The Decree on Land was announced, but new decrees reduced it to zero. Nationalization and confiscation land plots the landlords gave rise to a harsh rebuff from the owners. The bourgeoisie was also extremely dissatisfied with the nationalization that had taken place and sought to return factories and factories.

The actual withdrawal from the war, the Treaty of Brest - all this played against the Bolsheviks, which made it possible to accuse them of "the destruction of Russia."

The right of peoples to self-determination, which was proclaimed by the Bolsheviks, contributed to the emergence of independent states. This also caused irritation as a betrayal of Russia's interests.

Not everyone agreed with the policy of the new government, which broke with its past and ancient traditions. The anti-church policy was especially rejected.

There were many forms of the Civil War. Uprisings, armed clashes, large-scale operations involving regular armies. Partisan actions, terror, sabotage. The war was bloody and extremely long.

Major events of the Civil War

We offer you the following chronicle of the events of the Civil War:

1917

	Uprising in Petrograd. Fraternization of workers and soldiers. The capture by the rebels of the arsenal, a number of public buildings, the Winter Palace. Arrest of tsarist ministers. The formation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies, to which the elected representatives of the soldiers adjoin.
	The executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet concluded an agreement with the Provisional Committee of the State Duma on the formation of the Provisional Government, one of whose tasks was to govern the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
	Since May 1917, on the Southwestern Front, the commander of the 8th shock army, General Kornilov L. G., begins the formation of volunteer units ( "Kornilovites", "drummers").
	Speech by General L. G. Kornilov, who sent the 3rd Corps of General A. M. Krymov (“Wild Division”) to Petrograd in order to prevent a possible action by the Bolsheviks. The general demanded the resignation of the socialist ministers and a tightening of the internal political course.
	Resignation of Cadets. Kerensky removes Kornilov from his duties as commander in chief and declares him a traitor. He turns to the Soviets for support, which send Red Guard detachments to repulse the military units sent to Petrograd.
	Kerensky takes command of the troops. An attempted military coup is finally averted.
	An open break between the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government. The beginning of the uprising: the capture of the most important points of Petrograd by the Red Guards, soldiers and sailors. Departure of Kerensky for reinforcements.
	The rebels control almost all of Petrograd, except for the Winter Palace. The Military Revolutionary Committee declares the Provisional Government deposed. On the night of October 26, the rebels occupy the Winter Palace. At the same time, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets opens its meetings (out of 650 delegates, 390 Bolsheviks and 150 Left Socialist-Revolutionaries). The Mensheviks and Right Socialist-Revolutionaries leave the congress in protest against the beginning of the seizure of the Winter Palace, thereby making it easier for the Bolsheviks to make decisions affirming the victory of the rebels.
	The beginning of an armed uprising in Moscow.
	The unsuccessful offensive of the troops of General Krasnov (prepared by Kerensky) on Petrograd.
	Organization of the first counter-revolutionary military formations in the south of Russia (in particular, the Volunteer Army of Generals Alekseev and Kornilov).

1918

	In Brest-Litovsk, General Hoffmann, in the form of an ultimatum, presents the terms of peace put forward by the Central European powers (Russia is deprived of its western territories).
	The Council of People's Commissars adopted Decree on the organization of the Red Army- the Bolsheviks began to recreate the previously destroyed Russian army. It is organized by Trotsky, and soon it will become a really powerful and disciplined army. A large number of experienced military specialists were recruited, officer elections were canceled, political commissars appeared in the units).
	After the presentation of an ultimatum to Russia, the Austro-German offensive was launched along the entire front; despite the fact that the Soviet side on the night of February 18-19 accepts the terms of peace, the offensive continues.
	The volunteer army, after failures on the Don (the loss of Rostov and Novocherkassk), is forced to retreat to the Kuban (Ice Campaign).
	In Brest-Litovsk, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Soviet Russia and the Central European powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary) and Turkey. Under the treaty, Russia loses Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Ukraine and part of Belarus, and also cedes Kars, Ardagan and Batum to Turkey. In general, losses amount to 1/4 of the population, 1/4 of cultivated land, about 3/4 of the coal and metallurgical industries. After the signing of the treaty, Trotsky resigned as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and on April 8 became People's Commissar for Naval Affairs.
	At the end of March, an anti-Bolshevik uprising of the Cossacks began on the Don under the leadership of General Krasnov.
	The landing of the British in Murmansk (initially, this landing was planned to repel the offensive of the Germans and their allies - the Finns).
	The landing of Japanese troops in Vladivostok began, the Americans, the British and the French would follow the Japanese.
	A coup took place in Ukraine, as a result of which, with the support of the German occupying army, Hetman Skoropadsky came to power.
	The Czechoslovak Legion (formed from about 50 thousand former prisoners of war who were supposed to be evacuated through Vladivostok) takes the side of the opponents of the Soviet regime.
	Decree on general mobilization into the Red Army.
	The 8,000th Volunteer Army began its second campaign (Second Kuban campaign)
	The uprising of the Terek Cossacks began under the leadership of Bicherakhov. The Cossacks defeated the Red troops and blocked their remnants in Grozny and Kizlyar.
	The beginning of the White offensive on Tsaritsyn.
	The Yaroslavl rebellion began - an anti-Soviet armed uprising in Yaroslavl (lasted from July 6 to 21 and was brutally suppressed).
	The first major victory of the Red Army: Kazan was taken by it.
	The coup in Omsk, committed by Admiral Kolchak: overthrows the Ufa directory, declares himself the supreme ruler of Russia. The beginning of the offensive of the Red Army in the Baltic States, which lasts until January 1919. With the support of the RSFSR, ephemeral Soviet regimes are established in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

1919

	General A. Denikin unites under his command the Volunteer Army and the Don and Kuban formations.
	The Red Army occupies Kyiv (the Ukrainian directory of Semyon Petliura accepts the patronage of France).
	The beginning of the offensive of the troops of Admiral A. V. Kolchak, who are advancing in the direction of Simbirsk and Samara.
	The offensive of the Eastern Front begins - the fighting of the Reds against the White troops of Admiral A. V. Kolchak.
	The offensive of the Whites on Petrograd. It is shown at the end of June.
	The beginning of the offensive of General Denikin in Ukraine and in the direction of the Volga.
	The Red Army knocks out Kolchak's troops from Ufa, who continues to retreat and in July-August completely loses the Urals.
	The August offensive of the Southern Front against the White armies of General Denikin begins (about 115-120 thousand bayonets and sabers, 300-350 guns). The main blow was delivered by the left wing of the front - the Special Group of V.I. Shorin (9th and 10th armies).
	Denikin launches an attack on Moscow. Kursk (September 20) and Orel (October 13) were taken, a threat loomed over Tula.
	The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Red Army against A. Denikin.
	The First Cavalry Army was created from two cavalry corps and one rifle division. S. M. Budyonny was appointed commander, and K. E. Voroshilov and E. A. Shchadenko were members of the Revolutionary Military Council.

1920

	The Red Army begins an offensive near Rostov-on-Don and Novocherkassk - the Rostov-Novocherkassk operation - and again occupies Tsaritsyn (January 3), Krasnoyarsk (January 7) and Rostov (January 10).
	Admiral Kolchak renounces his title of supreme ruler of Russia in favor of Denikin.
	The Red Army enters Novorossiysk. Denikin retreats to the Crimea, where he transfers power to General P. Wrangel (April 4).
	Beginning of the Polish-Soviet War. The offensive of J. Pilsudski (an ally of S. Petliura) in order to expand the eastern borders of Poland and create a Polish-Ukrainian federation.
	Polish troops occupy Kyiv.
	In the war with Poland, the beginning of a counteroffensive on the Southwestern Front. Zhytomyr taken and Kyiv taken (June 12).
	On the Western Front, the offensive of the Soviet troops under the command of M. Tukhachevsky is unfolding, which approach Warsaw in early August. According to Lenin, entry into Poland should lead to the establishment of Soviet power there and cause a revolution in Germany.
	The Red Army begins an offensive against Wrangel in Northern Tavria, crosses the Sivash, takes Perekop (November 7-11).
	The Red Army occupies the entire Crimea. Allied ships evacuate to Constantinople more than 140 thousand people - civilians and the remnants of the white army.
	Thanks to diplomatic efforts, Japanese troops were withdrawn from Transbaikalia, and during the third Chita operation, the troops of the Amur Front of the NRA and partisans defeated the Cossacks of Ataman Semyonov and the remnants of Kolchak's troops.

1921

1922

Results of the Civil War

The civil war ended, its main result was the establishment of Soviet power.

During the war years, the Red Army was able to turn into a well-organized and well-armed force. She learned a lot from her opponents, but her talented and original commanders also appeared a lot.

The Bolsheviks actively used the political mood of the masses, their propaganda set clear goals, promptly resolved issues of peace and land, etc. The government of the young republic was able to organize control over the central provinces of Russia, where the main military enterprises were located. The anti-Bolshevik forces were never able to unite until the end of the war.

The war ended, and Bolshevik power was established throughout the country, as well as in most national regions. According to various estimates, more than 15 million people died or died due to disease and starvation. More than 2.5 million people have gone abroad. The country was in a state of severe economic crisis. Entire social groups were on the verge of annihilation, primarily the officers, the intelligentsia, the Cossacks, the clergy and the nobility.

From top to bottom, left to right:

• Armed Forces of the South of Russia in 1919,
• hanging by the Austro-Hungarian troops of the workers of Yekaterinoslav during the Austro-German occupation in 1918,
• red infantry on the march in 1920,
• L. D. Trotsky in 1918,
• cart of the 1st Cavalry Army.

Chronology

• 1918 I stage of the civil war - "democratic"
• 1918 June Nationalization Decree
• January 1919 Introduction of the surplus appraisal
• 1919 Fight against A.V. Kolchak, A.I. Denikin, Yudenich
• 1920 Soviet-Polish war
• 1920 Fight against P.N. Wrangel
• 1920 November End of the civil war in European territory
• 1922, October. The end of the civil war in the Far East

Civil War - organized armed struggle for power between classes, social groups, the most acute form of class struggle.

Civil War - “the armed struggle between different groups of the population, which was based on deep social, national and political contradictions, took place with the active intervention of foreign forces, various stages and stages ...” ( Academician Yu.A. Polyakov).

The seizure of state power by the Bolsheviks in Russia and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly that followed soon after can be considered the beginning of an armed confrontation in Russia. The first shots are heard in the South of Russia, in the Cossack regions, already in the autumn of 1917.

General Alekseev, the last chief of staff of the tsarist army, begins to form the Volunteer Army on the Don, but by the beginning of 1918 it is no more than 3,000 officers and cadets.

Founder and Supreme Leader of the Volunteer Army - General Staff Adjutant General Mikhail Alekseev

As wrote A.I. Denikin in "Essays on Russian Troubles", "the white movement grew spontaneously and inevitably."

During the first months of the victory of Soviet power, armed clashes were local in nature, all opponents of the new government gradually determined their strategy and tactics.

This confrontation took on a truly front-line, large-scale character in the spring of 1918. Let us single out three main stages the development of armed confrontation in Russia, proceeding primarily from taking into account the balance of political forces and the specifics of the formation of fronts.

• The first stage covers the time from spring to autumn 1918., when the military-political confrontation acquires a global character, large-scale military operations begin. The defining feature of this stage is its so-called "democratic" character , when representatives of the socialist parties with l return ozungs political power Constituent Assembly and restoration of the gains of the February Revolution. It is this camp that chronologically outstrips the White Guard camp in its organizational design.
• The second stage - from autumn 1918 to the end of 1919 - confrontation between whites and reds . Until the beginning of 1920, one of the main political opponents of the Bolsheviks was the white movement with the slogans of "non-prejudice of the state system" and liquidation of the Soviet power . This direction endangered not only the October, but also the February conquests. Them the main political force was the party of cadets, and the base for the formation of the army was the generals and officers of the former tsarist army. The Whites were united by their hatred of the Soviet regime and the Bolsheviks, the desire to preserve united and indivisible Russia.
• The third stage of the Civil War - from the spring of 1920 to the end of 1920 the events of the Soviet-Polish war and the fight against P. N. Wrangel . The defeat of Wrangel at the end of 1920 marked the end of the Civil War, but anti-Soviet armed uprisings continued in many regions of Soviet Russia even during the years of the new economic policy.

A feature of the civil war in Russia was its close interweaving with anti-Soviet military intervention powers of the Entente. It acted as the main factor in prolonging and exacerbating the bloody "Russian turmoil". Participated in the intervention Germany, France, England, USA, Japan, Poland and others. They supplied the anti-Bolshevik forces with weapons, provided financial and military-political support. The interventionist policy was determined by:

• desire to end the Bolshevik regime and
• to prevent the "spread" of the revolution,
• return lost property foreign citizens and
• get new territories and spheres of influence at the expense of Russia.

The first stage of the civil war (spring - autumn 1918)

Beginning of foreign military intervention and civil war (February 1918 – March 1919)

In the first months of the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, armed clashes were local in nature, all opponents of the new government gradually determined their strategy and tactics. Armed struggle acquired a nationwide scale in the spring of 1918.

In 1918 formed the main centers of the anti-Bolshevik movement in Moscow and Petrograd, united the Cadets, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries.

A strong anti-Bolshevik movement unfolded among Cossacks.

• On the Don and Kuban, they were led by General P.N. Krasnov

Pyotr Nikolaevich Krasnov - General of the Russian Imperial Army, Ataman of the Great Don Army

• in the Southern Urals - Ataman P.I. Dutov.

Ataman of the Orenburg Cossacks A. I. Dutov

The basis of the white movement on south of Russia and the North Caucasus became the Volunteer Army of General L.G. Kornilov.

Leader of the White Movement in the South of Russia of the General Staff, Infantry General Lavr Kornilov

• German troops occupied the Baltic states, part of Belarus, Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus. The Germans actually dominated Ukraine: they overthrew the bourgeois-democratic Verkhovna Rada, which they used during the occupation of Ukrainian lands, and in April 1918 put Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky.

Territory occupied by German troops after the conclusionBrest Peace

• Romania captured Bessarabia.
• In March - April 1918, the first contingents of troops from England, France, the USA and Japan appeared on the territory of Russia (in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, in Vladivostok, in Central Asia).

Under these conditions, the Supreme Council of the Entente decided to use the 45,000th Czechoslovak Corps, who was (in agreement with Moscow) subordinate to him. It consisted of captured Slavic soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army and followed the railroad to Vladivostok for subsequent transfer to France. According to the agreement concluded March 26, 1918 with the Soviet government, the Czechoslovak legionnaires were to advance "not as a combat unit, but as a group of citizens with weapons in order to repel the armed attacks of the counter-revolutionaries." However, during the movement, their conflicts with local authorities became more frequent. On May 26, in Chelyabinsk, the conflicts turned into real battles, and the legionnaires occupied the city . Their armed action was immediately supported by the military missions of the Entente in Russia and the anti-Bolshevik forces. As a result, in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia and in the Far East - wherever there were echelons with Czechoslovak legionnaires - Soviet power was overthrown.

General of the Czechoslovak Corps R. Gaida

At the same time, in many provinces of Russia, the peasants, dissatisfied with the food policy of the Bolsheviks, revolted (according to official data, only major anti-Soviet peasant uprisings were at least 130).

The performance of the Czechoslovak corps gave impetus front formation, which wore the so-called "democratic coloring" and was mainly Socialist-Revolutionary. It was this front, and not the white movement, that was decisive on initial stage Civil War.

Socialist parties(mainly right SRs), relying on interventionist landings, the Czechoslovak Corps and peasant insurgent detachments, formed a number of governments Komuch (Committee of members of the Constituent Assembly) in Samara, the Supreme Administration of the Northern Region in Arkhangelsk, the West Siberian Commissariat in Novonikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk), The Provisional Siberian Government in Tomsk, the Trans-Caspian Provisional Government in Ashgabat, etc. In their activities, they tried to compose “ democratic alternative”both the Bolshevik dictatorship and the bourgeois-monarchist counter-revolution.

Komuch of the first composition - I. M. Brushvit, P. D. Klimushkin, B. K. Fortunatov, V. K. Volsky (chairman) and I. P. Nesterov

Their programs included requirements

• convocation of the Constituent Assembly,
• restoration of the political rights of all citizens without exception,
• freedom of trade and the rejection of strict state regulation of the economic activities of peasants, while maintaining a number of important provisions of the Soviet Decree on Land,
• establishing a "social partnership" between workers and capitalists during the denationalization of industrial enterprises, etc.

In the summer of 1918, all opposition forces became a real threat to the Bolshevik government , which controlled only the territory of the center of Russia. The territory controlled by Komuch included the Volga region and part of the Urals. The Bolshevik government was also overthrown in Siberia, where the regional government of the Siberian Duma was formed. The breakaway parts of the empire - Transcaucasia, Central Asia, the Baltic States - had their own national governments. Ukraine was captured by the Germans, Don and Kuban - Krasnov and Denikin.

August 30, 1918 . terrorist group killed the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka Uritsky, and the right Socialist-Revolutionary Kaplan seriously wounded Lenin .

On August 30, 1918, at the Michelson plant, Lenin was assassinated by Socialist-Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan.

The position of Soviet power by the end of the summer of 1918 became critical. Almost three-quarters of the territory of the former Russian Empire was under the control of various anti-Bolshevik forces, as well as the occupying Austro-German troops.

Soon, however, the main front (Eastern) is breaking. Soviet troops under the command of I.I. Vatsetis and S.S. Kamenev in September 1918 went on the offensive there. Kazan fell first, then Simbirsk, and Samara in October. By winter, the Reds approached the Urals.

commander in chief armed forces Republic (09/01/1918-07/09/1919)
I. I. Vatsetis

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic (1919-1924)
S. S. Kamenev

The restoration of Soviet power in the Urals and the Volga region ended the first stage of the civil war.

Second phase of the civil war (autumn 1918 - late 1919)

The year 1919 became decisive for the Bolsheviks, a reliable and constantly growing Red Army.

As part of the Central Committee, it was allocated Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) for prompt resolution of military and political problems. It included:

IN AND. Lenin - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars;

L.B. Krestinsky - Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party;

I.V. Stalin - People's Commissar for Nationalities;

L.D. Trotsky - Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs.

Membership candidates were

N.I. Bukharin - editor of the newspaper Pravda,

G.E. Zinoviev - Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet,

M.I. Kalinin - Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Worked under the direct control of the Central Committee of the Party Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, headed by L.D. Trotsky . The institute of military commissars was introduced in the spring of 1918; one of its important tasks was to control the activities of military specialists - former officers. Already at the end of 1918, about 7 thousand commissioners. Near 30% of the former generals and officers of the old army during the Civil War came out on the side of the Red Army.

This was determined by two main factors:

• speaking on the side of the Bolshevik government for ideological reasons;
• the policy of attracting “military specialists” to the Red Army - former tsarist officers - was carried out by L.D. Trotsky using repressive methods.

“It is possible that one of the most decisive moments that led to the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War was precisely the broad participation in the Civil War on the side of the Bolsheviks, and not just “use in the most responsible positions”, and quite conscious participation, and not under duress, well-educated and gifted former officers of the tsarist army, which was caused by their patriotic sentiments in conditions when representatives of many foreign states came out on the side of the anti-Bolshevik forces on a wide front"

has changed drastically and international environment. Germany and her allies in the world war laid down their arms before the Entente in November. Revolutions took place in Germany and Austria-Hungary. On November 13, 1918, the leadership of the RSFSR annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and the new governments of these countries were forced to evacuate their troops from Russia. Bourgeois-national governments arose in Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, and the Ukraine, which immediately took the side of the Entente.

The defeat of Germany freed up significant combat contingents of the Entente and at the same time opened up for her a convenient and short road to Moscow from the southern regions. Under these conditions, the intention to crush Soviet Russia with the forces of its own armies prevailed in the Entente leadership.

In the spring of 1919, the supreme The Entente Council developed a plan for the next military campaign. As noted in one of his secret documents, the intervention was to be "expressed in the combined military operations of the Russian anti-Bolshevik forces and the armies of the neighboring allied states." At the end of November 1918, a combined Anglo-French squadron of 32 pennants (12 battleships, 10 cruisers and 10 destroyers) appeared off the Black Sea coast of Russia. British troops landed in Batum and Novorossiysk, and French troops landed in Odessa and Sevastopol. Total population the combat forces of the interventionists concentrated in the south of Russia was increased by February 1919 to 130 thousand people. Entente contingents increased significantly in the Far East and Siberia (up to 150,000 men) and also in the North (up to 20,000 men).

In Siberia on November 18, 1918 came to power Admiral A.V. Kolchak.. He put an end to the disorderly actions of the anti-Bolshevik coalition.

Having dispersed the Directory, he proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia (the rest of the leaders of the white movement soon declared subordination to him)

In March 1919, the well-armed 300,000-strong army of A.V. Kolchak launched an offensive from the east, intending to unite with Denikin's forces for a joint attack on Moscow. Having captured Ufa, the Kolchakites fought their way to Simbirsk, Samara, Votkinsk, but were soon stopped by the Red Army. At the end of April, Soviet troops under the command of S.S. Kamenev and M.V. The Frunze went on the offensive and in the summer advanced deep into Siberia. By the beginning of 1920, the Kolchakites were finally defeated, and the admiral himself was arrested and shot by the verdict of the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee.

In the summer of 1919, the center of the armed struggle moved to the Southern Front. July 3 General A.I. Denikin issued his famous "Moscow directive", and his army

in 150 thousand people launched an offensive along the entire 700-km front from Kyiv to Tsaritsin. The White Front included such important centers as Voronezh, Orel, Kyiv. In this space of 1 million square meters. km with a population of up to 50 million people located 18 provinces and regions. By mid-autumn, Denikin's army captured Kursk and Orel. But by the end of October, the troops of the Southern Front (commander A.I. Yegorov) defeated the white regiments, and then began to push them along the entire front line. The remnants of Denikin's army, headed by General P.N. Wrangel, strengthened in the Crimea.

Simultaneously with Denikin, the Entente sent an army to help him General Yudenich. On June 5, 1919, Yudenich was appointed by A. V. Kolchak as commander-in-chief of all Russian land and sea armed forces operating against the Bolsheviks on the North-Western Front

White undertook two attacks on Petrograd - in the spring and autumn of 1919. As a result May offensive The northern corps was occupied by Gdov, Yamburg and Pskov, but by August 26, as a result of the counteroffensive of the Reds of the 7th and 15th armies of the Western Front, the Whites were driven out of these cities. At the same time, on August 26, in Riga, representatives of the White movement, the Baltic countries and Poland decided on joint actions against the Bolsheviks and an attack on Petrograd on September 15. However, after the proposal by the Soviet government (August 31 and September 11) to start peace negotiations with the Baltic republics on the basis of recognition of their independence, Yudenich lost the help of these allies.

autumn offensive Yudenich to Petrograd was unsuccessful, the North-Western Army was forced out to Estonia, where, after the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty between the RSFSR and Estonia, 15 thousand soldiers and officers of the North-Western Army of Yudenich were first disarmed, and then 5 thousand of them were captured and sent to concentration camps . The slogan of the White movement about "One and indivisible Russia", that is, the non-recognition of the separatist regimes, deprived Yudenich of the support not only of Estonia, but also of Finland, which did not provide any assistance to the North-Western Army in its battles near Petrograd

The war with bourgeois-landlord Poland and the defeat of Wrangel's troops (IV-XI 1920)

At the beginning of 1920, as a result of hostilities, the outcome of the front-line Civil War was actually decided in favor of the Bolshevik government. At the final stage, the main hostilities were associated with the Soviet-Polish war and the fight against Wrangel's army.

Significantly aggravated the nature of the civil war Soviet-Polish war. Head of the Polish State Marshal Jozef Pilsudski

(Polish military, state and political figure, the first head of the revived Polish state, the founder of the Polish army; Marshal of Poland)

hatched a plan to create " Greater Poland within the borders of 1772” from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, including a large part of the Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian lands, including those never controlled by Warsaw. The Polish national government was supported by the Entente countries, which sought to create a "sanitary bloc" of Eastern European countries between Bolshevik Russia and the West. On April 17, Pilsudski ordered an attack on Kyiv and signed an agreement with Ataman Petliura,

Poland recognized the Directory headed by Petliura as the supreme power of Ukraine. For this, S. Petlyura transferred the territory of Western Ukraine to Poland.

May 7 Kyiv was taken. The victory was won unusually easily, because the Soviet troops withdrew without serious resistance.

But already on May 14, a successful counter-offensive of the troops of the Western Front (commander M.N. Tukhachevsky) began, and on May 26 - the South-Western Front (commander A.I. Egorov). In mid-July, they reached the borders of Poland. On June 12, Soviet troops occupied Kyiv. The speed of a victory won can only be compared with the speed of an earlier defeat.

With the help of harsh measures, up to public executions of demoralized officers, and relying on the support of France, the general turned Denikin's scattered divisions into a disciplined and combat-ready Russian army. In June 1920, an assault was landed from the Crimea on the Don and Kuban, and the main forces of the Wrangelites were thrown into the Donbass. On October 3, the offensive of the Russian army began in a northwestern direction towards Kakhovka.

The offensive of the Wrangel troops was repulsed, and during the operation of the army of the Southern Front under the command of M. V. Frunze

took complete control of the Crimea. On November 14 - 16, 1920, an armada of ships under the Andreevsky flag left the shores of the peninsula, taking away the broken white regiments and tens of thousands of civilian refugees to a foreign land. Thus, P.N. Wrangel saved them from the merciless red terror that hit the Crimea immediately after the evacuation of the Whites.

In the European part of Russia, after the capture of the Crimea, it was liquidated last white front. The military question ceased to be the main one for Moscow, but the fighting on the outskirts of the country continued for many more months.

The defeat of the interventionists and the whites in Eastern Siberia and the Far East (1918-1922)

The Red Army, having defeated Kolchak, went out in the spring of 1920 to Transbaikalia. The Far East was at that time in the hands of Japan. To avoid a collision with it, the government of Soviet Russia contributed to the formation in April 1920 of a formally independent "buffer" state - the Far Eastern Republic (FER) with its capital in Chita. Soon the army of the Far East began military operations against the White Guards, supported by the Japanese, and in October 1922 occupied Vladivostok, completely clearing the Far East of whites and invaders. After that, it was decided to liquidate the FER and include it in the RSFSR.

The Civil War became the biggest drama of the 20th century and the greatest tragedy of Russia. The armed struggle that unfolded in the vastness of the country was carried out with extreme tension of the forces of the opponents, was accompanied by mass terror (both white and red), and was distinguished by exceptional mutual bitterness. The fighting parties clearly understood that the struggle could only have a fatal outcome for one of the parties. That is why the civil war in Russia became a great tragedy for all its political camps, movements and parties.

“Red” (Bolsheviks and their supporters) believed that they were defending not only Soviet power in Russia, but also “the world revolution and the ideas of socialism.” Bolsheviks had a stronger social base than their opponents. They received the decisive support of the workers of the cities and the rural poor. The position of the main peasant mass was not stable and unequivocal, only the poorest part of the peasants consistently followed the Bolsheviks. The peasants' vacillation had its own reasons: the "Reds" gave land, but then introduced a surplus appropriation, which caused strong discontent in the countryside. However, the return of the old order was also unacceptable for the peasantry: the victory of the “whites” threatened the return of land to the landowners and severe punishments for the destruction of landlord estates. The Socialist-Revolutionaries and Anarchists hurried to take advantage of the vacillations of the peasants. They managed to involve a significant part of the peasantry in the armed struggle, both against the whites and against the reds.

In the political struggle against Soviet power, two political movements consolidated:

• democratic counterrevolution with slogans for the return of political power to the Constituent Assembly and the restoration of the gains of the February (1917) revolution (many Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks advocated the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, but without the Bolsheviks (“For Soviets without Bolsheviks”));
• white movement with the slogans of "non-decision of the state system" and the elimination of Soviet power. This direction endangered not only the October, but also the February conquests. The counter-revolutionary white movement was not homogeneous. It included monarchists and liberal republicans, supporters of the Constituent Assembly and supporters of the military dictatorship. Among the "whites" there were differences in foreign policy guidelines: some hoped for the support of Germany (Ataman Krasnov), others - for the help of the Entente powers (Denikin, Kolchak, Yudenich). The “Whites” were united by their hatred of the Soviet regime and the Bolsheviks, the desire to preserve a united and indivisible Russia. They did not have a single political program, the military in the leadership of the “white movement” pushed politicians into the background. There was also no clear coordination of actions between the main groups of "whites". The leaders of the Russian counter-revolution were competing and at enmity with each other.

For both warring parties, it was also important what position in the civil war would take Russian officers. Approximately 40% of the officers of the tsarist army joined the “white movement”, 30% sided with the Soviet government, 30% evaded participation in the civil war.

The Russian Civil War escalated armed intervention foreign powers. The interventionists conducted active military operations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, occupied some of its regions, contributed to inciting a civil war in the country and contributed to its prolongation. The intervention turned out to be an important factor in the “revolutionary all-Russian turmoil”, multiplied the number of victims.

The Bolsheviks won the civil war and repelled foreign intervention. This victory was due to a number of reasons.

• The Bolsheviks managed to mobilize all the resources of the country, turn it into a single military camp,
• international solidarity, the help of the proletariat of Europe and the USA, was of great importance.
• The policy of the White Guards - the abolition of the Decree on Land, the return of land to its former owners, unwillingness to cooperate with liberal and socialist parties, punitive expeditions, pogroms, mass executions of prisoners - all this caused discontent among the population, up to armed resistance.
• During the civil war, the opponents of the Bolsheviks failed to agree on a single program and a single leader of the movement.

The civil war was a terrible tragedy for Russia. By 1921, Russia was literally in ruins. The material damage amounted to more than 50 billion rubles gold . industrial production fell to 4-20 % from the level of 1913.

During the hostilities, the mining enterprises of the Donetsk coal basin, the Baku oil region, the Urals and Siberia were especially affected, many mines and mines were destroyed. Factories stopped due to lack of fuel and raw materials. The workers were forced to leave the cities and go to the countryside. General level industrial production decreased in 7 times . The equipment has not been updated for a long time. Metallurgy produced as much metal as it was smelted under Peter I.

Moved away from the former Russian Empire territories of Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Western Ukraine, Belarus, Kars region (in Armenia) and Bessarabia. According to experts, the population in the remaining territories barely reached 135 million people. Losses in these territories as a result of wars, epidemics, emigration, and a reduction in the birth rate amounted to:

Losses during the war (table)

There has been a sharp increase in the number street children after World War I and the Civil War. According to some data, in 1921 in Russia there were 4.5 million homeless children, according to others - in 1922 it was 7 million homeless children

The third most important front of the Civil War. And its significance is primarily due to its proximity to Petrograd. Nevertheless, it was here that the goals of the white movement were most fully realized.

Of the differences, this whole movement went under monarchist slogans.

January 15 Decree on the creation of the Red Army

February battles near Pskov and Narva - Pskov surrendered without a fight, occupied by the 1st German battalion. Near Narva Dybenko - fled.

February 23 - Decree - The socialist fatherland is in danger. And the appeal of the Military Commander-in-Chief Krylenko - All to arms. All in defense of the revolution. General mobilization.

Trotsky then retired from foreign policy and concentrated on army building.

Since March 1918 - the Red Army is moving from the voluntary principle of manning to mobilizations.

According to the Brest-Litovsk agreements, the border runs along the western shore of Lake Peipsi.

The last city that was Soviet was Velikiye Luki. Pskov, despite the agreements, remains under the control of the Germans.

The Germans did not have a unanimous opinion about the attitude towards the Soviet government - from the restoration of the monarchy, to the support of the Bolsheviks as allies. We decided not to enter into open confrontation, but to support the anti-Bolshevik forces.

Pskov turned out to be one of the transit points for Russian emigrants from Petrograd, along with the Baltic states. In addition, a large number of officers turned out to be in Pskov. In the summer of 1918, contacts began between the organization of Yudenich and Markov 2nd (deputy of the State Duma, monarchist) - about the possibility of creating an anti-Bolshevik army with the aim of attacking Petrograd. (in Ukraine, support for Hetman Skoropadsky). On the part of Germany - representatives of the Eastern Headquarters of the German Army, Chief of Staff General Hoffmann. proposed to the post of commander, General Keller (who did not swear allegiance to the Provisional Government, during the World War - one of the most successful cavalry commanders)

October 10, 1918 - the creation of the Pskov Corps, the commander of the corps - Van Dam, before the arrival of Keller. But Keller arrived in a different way, heading the Hetman's troops in Ukraine.

For a month of formation, this corps reaches the number of 2 thousand people.

Entire units of the Red Army go over to the side of the emerging army.

With the exception of the army of Komuch, all other armies served according to the old royal charter.

The presence of a chevron and a white cross in a triangle.

Traditionally, the creation of the Red Army is associated with the name of Trotsky.

After leaving the post of People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs.

An active supporter of attracting former officers to the Red Army as military experts, as opposed to Stalin (People's Commissar for Nationalities).

Stalin was sent to the South as a representative of the Central Committee for food affairs, and there, remaining, he ended up in the very

Trotsky abolished the position of Commander-in-Chief. (the last Dukhonon - -Krylenko)

- included Gen Bonch-Bruevich (former command of the Northern Front), Commissar Prosh.

With the intensification of the Civil War, it became obvious that it was impossible to recruit

Reforming the leadership of the Red Army

Under the Revolutionary Military Council - field headquarters, and the position of the Supreme Command - Vatsetis (from the Eastern Front)

Created by the Eastern Front from to 5 arm

September 14 - creation of the Northern Front - from Pskov to Vyatka 6 (against Muller), 7 armies (defense of Petrograd)

Later Western

North front from the end of 1918, the commands of the gene Parsky, after Dmitry Nick Nadezhny until February 1919,

7 arm - until the end of November - commands gene Voskovitsky.

Transitions of large military formations to the side of the Red Army

Regiment Bulak - Bulakhovich. As early as November 1916, partisan detachments were created in the army in the occupied territories.

After abandoning the idea in principle, several of the most organized were retained, Bulak Bulakhvoch - one of the senior officers.

After the signing of the Brest peace, Jan Fabritius - the commands of the Red Army troops in the region - was offered to Bulak-Bulakhovich.

Formed under Luga - 1 regiment.

Bulak-Bulakhovich himself is a volunteer, elevated to the rank of officer for valor. After the beginning of the formation of the white army in Pskov

Transfer of the detachment to Lake Peipus, an agreement with the flotilla cap 2nd rank Nelinov. About the number of the detachment - 1700 people.

The check in one of the battalions - the commissars from Petrograd - were killed and went over to the side of the whites. Oct1918

November of the entire regiment. The Pskov Corps (2 thousand people) was increased by at least 1 thousand.

Crossing of 5 ships of Nelidov.

End of 1918 - landing on the islands in Lake Peipsi. Mobilization among fishermen - 700 people.

Thus, by the end of November 1918, the Pskov Corps numbered about 4 thousand people (comparable to the strength of the Volunteer Army at the beginning of the Ice Campaign).

The officers' conflict with Commander Van Dam is an accusation of passivity.

New teams Dzerazhinsky

In Narva - there were no White Guards, only nationalists and Germans - also taken at the end of November.

The Pskov Corps is retreating, the question is where.

The offensive of the Red Army developed very quickly - by the end of January, the territory of almost all of Latvia was captured, on January 3, the capture of Riga was organized by the new Soviet government headed by Stuchka.

In Estonia they reached only 35 km from Reval and were stopped by detachments of the Estonian army and the Northern Corps. The transition to the counteroffensive and throws the Reds beyond the border of Estonia, to Narva. At the same time, the withdrawal of the Red Army from Riga begins, so as not to be surrounded.

Reorganization and preparation for the offensive of the Northern Corps on the territory of primordial Russia.

Change of commander to Rodzianko (Yudenich was in Gelnigfors and did not take any part)

The first attack on Petrograd - the goal is a bridgehead on the territory of Russia

Develops surprisingly well

By early June, we approached Gatchina.

And here are the turning point 2 episodes.

Going over to the side of the whites - the Semyonovsky regiment. Near Gatchina, in full force, about 1700 people. Killed 7 communists.

As a regiment of the internal guard of Petrograd, and was not part of the Red Army, subordinated to Uritsky (killed in the spring of 1918)

The regiment was formed on the principle of anti-Bolshevik sympathies. But he served exemplary.

In view of the offensive, he was transferred to the Red Army and sent to the front.

Purges in the Red Army, registration of officers and their families.

Uprising at the fort Krasnaya Gorka.

Garrison of several thousand people, heavy artillery.

The underground anti-Bolshevik organization planned to go over to their side when the Whites approached.

Check the day before, advance prematurely.

Joining the forts Ser Horse and Obruchev - quickly suppressed.

The formation of the Krasnogorsk regiment from the Krasnoforts in Yudenich's army later.

After that, the offensive is suspended, and White rolls back.

There remains only a foothold behind Yamburg and ᴦ. Pskov (Bulak-Bulakhovich teams conflict with Rodzianko, attempted arrest)

Under the pressure of the Entente - the recognition of the independence of Estonia, Latvia.

Activity requirement.

The appointment of Yudenich - the commander of the North-West Front Kolchak, as the most senior officer in the North.

In early September, he arrives from Gesingfors and takes command

Reorganization and change of name to the North - Western Army (Northern Army - Miller). The total number reaches about 20 thousand people. 5 tanks supplied by the allies, badly worn.

September 19, 1919 simulating a strike in the direction of Pskov, hiding the main direction of the strike - to Petrograd.

An attempt to cut the railway Moscow - Petrograd in the Tosno region - in order to block the source of reinforcements.

Petrenko - did not complete the task - went to Tosno.

Mid-October, the number of the Red Army in Petrograd was up to 60 thousand people. Created an overwhelming advantage.

Transfer by Yudenich

The Estonians refused to let them into their territory. Disarmed and placed in camps. Many died from typhus. In January 1920, Yudenich formally dissolved the army.

X ronology of events Gr Azhdan war in R Russia 1

1917 , November 20 - the beginning of separate negotiations with Germany and its allies, ending with the signing of an armistice agreement on the Russian-German front (2.12.19017)

1917, November 27 - Notice of creation Volunteer army(on the basis of the Alekseevskaya organization) headed by General L.G. Kornilov

1918 , January 15 - Decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army ( Red Army)

1918 February 22- Start 1st Kuban (« ice hike") of the Volunteer Army

1918, April 5 - the landing of the British and Japanese invaders in Vladivostok - the beginning of the intervention in the Far East, which lasted until October 1922.

1918, April 21 - rebels against the Soviet regime Don Cossacks formed a provisional Don government, April 23 started to form Don army

1918, May 25 - the beginning of the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps, as a result of which the Soviet government lost control over Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region.

1918, June 8 - the creation in Samara of a committee of members of the Constituent Assembly ( Komuch), which declared itself the government of Russia, but actually controlled only the Volga region

1918, June 23 - Start2nd Kuban campaign Volunteer army under the command of General A.I. Denikin, as a result of which she occupied the Kuban and part of Stavropol.

1918, July 6 - a revolt of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries in Moscow, after the suppression of which the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries lost political influence. The beginning of the uprising in Yaroslavl, suppressed by the Red Army on July 21, 1918

1918, July 19 - the creation of the Military Council of the North Caucasian Military District, headed by Stalin, to repel the advance of the Don Army on Tsaritsyn (three offensive attempts were repelled by mid-January 1919)

1918, August 7 - beginning uprisings of Izhevsk and Votkinsk workers against the Bolsheviks, suppressed by the Red Army by 11/16/1918

1918, September 5- Start offensive of the Soviet Eastern Front against the Czechoslovaks in the army Komucha, during which the Red Army occupied the Volga region by November 1918

1918, September 23– creation in Ufa Directories, who inherited power from the Siberian government and claimed supreme power in Russia (since October 9 in Omsk)

1918, October 10 - in Pskov, occupied by the Germans, the formation of an anti-SovietNorth building , which became the core of the North-Western Army created in the summer of 1919 by GeneralN.N. Yudenich

1918, 15th of November – the beginning of the advance of the Red Army in Ukraine , left by the German troops, ended by June 1919 the occupation of the entire territory of Ukraine

1918, November 17 - the beginning of the advance of the Red Army to the west following the occupying troops withdrawn to Germany, stopped in February 1919 by Estonian, Polish and volunteer units.

1918, November 18 - coup in Omsk andcoming to power of Admiral A.V. Kolchak who declared himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia

1918, November 24 - landing of troops of the Entente powers in Sevastopol -the beginning of the intervention in the South of Russia , ended in April 1919 with the withdrawal of allied troops from Sevastopol and Odessa

1919 , 4 January -the beginning of the offensive Red Army on the southern front , ended by the end of February 1919 with the defeat of the Don army, the lifting of the siege from Tsaritsyn and the occupation of most of the Don region

1919, January 8 - unification of the Volunteer and Don armies into the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (VSYUR) under the command of A.I. Denikin

1919, March 4- the beginning of the offensive of the armies of Admiral A.V. Kolchak , stopped by the Red Army by the end of April 1919

1919, March 11 - the beginning of the uprising of the Don Cossacks, dissatisfied with the Soviet policy of decossackization, which slowed down the offensive of the Red Army on the Southern Front.

1919, April 28 - Startcounter-offensive of the Red Army on the Eastern Front, during which she defeated the army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak and went to the foothills of the Urals

1919, May 7- Start rebellion of ataman N.A. Grigorieva, disorganized the Red Army in the south of Ukraine, suppressed by the end of May 1919.

1919, may 13 - Startoffensive of the Northern Corps (N.N. Yudenich), during which he defeated units of the Red Army and by June reachedapproaches to Petrograd

1919, May - Startlarge-scale offensive VSYUR commanded byA.I. Denikin , during which they occupied the Don and Ukraine(Kharkov was occupied on 24/6/1919, Tsaritsyn on 30/6/1919)

1919, May 29 - ataman's speech N.I. Makhno against Soviet power in southern Ukraine

1919, 21st of June - the beginning of the general offensive Red Army on the Eastern Front, during which she occupied the Urals (by 4.8.1919) and Siberia (by 7.1.1920), completely defeating the army of A.V. Kolchak

1919, July 3 - directive General Denikin A.I. about trip to Moscow(Kyiv was occupied on 31/8/1919, Kursk on 20/9/1919, Orel on 13/10/1919)

1919, October 10 - Startoffensive Red Army on the southern front, during which shedefeated the VSYUR commanded byA.I. Denikin, forcing the remains of the army to take refuge in the Crimea, occupied Ukraine and the North Caucasus

1919, October 12 - Start offensive General of the Northwestern Army N.N. Yudenich to Petrograd, which ended with its defeat and retreat to the territory of Estonia (by January 1920)

1920, January 4 - A.V. Kolchak resigned the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia, transferring it to General A.I. Denikin

1920, January 15 - Czechoslovaks extradite Admiral A.V. Kolchak rebels (shot on 02/07/1920)

1920, April 4 - General Denikin A.I. handed over command of the remnants of the Armed Forces of South Russia to General Baron P.N. Wrangel, who renamed it the Russian Army

1920, April 6 - creation on the territory of Transbaikalia, Amur and Primorye Far Eastern Republic (FER), formally independent, actually led by the Bolsheviks

1920, April 6 - beginning Chita operations of the FER army against the ataman Semenov, which ended by October 31, 1920 with the capture of Transbaikalia

1920 April 25- Start offensives of the Polish army, during which she managed to push the Red Army beyond the Dnieper and occupy the Right-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv (occupied 05/06/1920) - Soviet-Polish war

1920, May 26 - the beginning of the offensive of the Red Army against Poland, during which it occupied the Right-Bank Ukraine and Belarus and went to Warsaw and Lvov, where it was defeated (August, 1920) and was forced to retreat.

1920 June 6- Start offensive of the Russian army of Baron Wrangel, during which she occupied the territory between the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and the Dnieper

1920 August 15- the beginning of the uprising against the Soviet regime Tambov peasants under the direction of A.S. Antonov, suppressed in June 1921

1920, August 17 - the beginning of the Soviet-Polish negotiations in Riga, which ended the Soviet-Polish war. On 10/18/1920, a truce on the font came into force, and on 18/3/1921 a peace treaty was signed, according to which Soviet Russia ceded Western Ukraine and Western Belarus to Poland and paid Poland 30 million gold rubles

1920, October 28 - the beginning of the offensive of the Red Amiya on the Southern Front, culminating in the defeat of the Russian army, General Baron Wrangel P.N. and its expulsion from Russia (the last ship left the Crimea on 11/16/1920) - the final defeat of the organized armed anti-Soviet opposition in the European part of Russia

1921, March 1- Start uprisings in Kronstadt against the restriction of trade and the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks, suppressed by March 18

1921, May 26– education in Vladivostok anti-Soviet government of the brothers S.D. and N.D. Merkulovs who controlled Primorye

1921 June 27- the beginning of the offensive of the Red Army in Mongolia, which ended on July 6 with the occupation of Urga (now Ulan Bator) and led to the establishment of Soviet power in Mongolia.

1922, February - storm Volochaevsky positions, after which the Red Army recaptured Khabarovsk.

1922, June - the Merkulov brothers transferred power to General M.K. Diterichs who restored the monarchy

1922, October - assault on the Spassky fortified area, after which Soviet troops entered Vladivostok (10/25/1922) - end of the civil war

1 Denis Alekseev. Brief reference book of historical dates. - St. Petersburg: Peter. - 2010. - 352 p. ("Pocket Reference Series")