Direct speech, i.e., the speech of another person, included in the author's text and reproduced verbatim, is drawn up in two ways.

If direct speech is in a string (in a selection), then it is enclosed in quotation marks: « I'm sorry I didn't know your father , she said after a while. -He must have been very kind, very serious, very fond of you. ". Luzhin said nothing(Nab.).

If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of it (there are no quotes):

Fedya and Kuzma were silent. Kuzma winked imperceptibly at Fedya, and they went out into the street.

– Here's what I came for: have the Lyubavins arrived from the mowing?

– We've arrived.

– Take Yasha and wait for me here. I'll pop home for a minute(Shuksh.).

Both ways of designing direct speech can be combined if the speech of one person also includes the direct speech of another person:

– Did I say so?

– Oh, terrible fool!(Bond.).

– Have you had a dream, or what?

– Vidal. As if my father and I went to trade a horse, we both liked one horse, my father blinks at me: “Jump and jump » (Shuksh.).

§134

If direct speech is worth before introducing it author's words, then a comma and a dash are placed after direct speech, and the author's words begin with a lowercase letter: “We understand everything perfectly, Nikolai Vasilyevich,” Solodovnikov quipped to himself, sitting down on a white stool.(Shuksh.). If after direct speech there is a question, exclamation point or ellipsis, then these signs are preserved, and a comma is not put; the words of the author, as in the first case, begin with a lowercase letter: “Yes, it was necessary to say goodbye! ..” - he realized when the covered car was already climbing up to the vozvoz(Shuksh.); “My blue-eyed guardian angel, why are you looking at me with such sad anxiety?” - Krymov wanted to say ironically(Bond.).

If direct speech is worth after the words of the author, then these words end with a colon; punctuation marks after direct speech are preserved: I I tell him: "Don't cry, Egor, don't"(rasp.); Philip mechanically drove the steering oar and kept thinking: "Maryushka, Marya ..."(Shuksh.); I wanted to get to the “office” as soon as possible, to pick up the phone, to hear the familiar voice of Dolin: “Is that you? You have to, don't you?"(Sol.).

§135

1. If a at the break point turns out exclamation or question mark, then it is preserved, followed by a dash before the words of the author (with lowercase letters), these words are followed by a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “Am I giving happiness to many people now, as I did before? thought Kiprensky. “Are only fools trying to arrange the well-being of their lives?”(Paust.); “Yes, be quiet! - ordered the attendant. “Can you shut up?!”(Shuksh.).

2. If a at the break point direct speech should be ellipsis, then it is preserved and a dash is placed after it; after the words of the author, a comma and a dash are placed if the second part of direct speech is not an independent sentence, or a period and a dash if the second part of direct speech is an independent sentence; the second part of direct speech, respectively, begins with a lowercase or uppercase letter: “Probably, she had a seizure with the hostess ... - thought Mashenka, - or she quarreled with her husband ...”(Ch.); “Wait a minute…” Lyonka shouted, releasing his flaxen hair from his grandfather's clumsy, trembling fingers, brightening up a little. - As you say? Dust?"(M. G.).

3. If a at the break point direct speech should not have any punctuation mark or should be mid-sentence marks: comma, semicolon, colon, dash, then the words of the author are separated by a comma and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase letter: “You can’t understand,” I whisper, having called Ruslan into the next room and shutting the door, “because we are different beings.”(Trif.); “So, withered a little, from one side,” Asya giggled in a youthful way, wrinkles spread across her face, “like a stale apple”(Trif.); “Suddenly you sow,” Semyon thought, “and ordinary barley will grow. Most likely it will happen.”(Sol.); “Yes, something is pecking badly,” the Fog spoke, “it hurts hot.”(T.); “But how will you play,” Darwin said in response to his thoughts, “this is, of course, a question”(Nab.).

4. If a at the break point direct speech should be dot, then a comma and a dash are placed before the words of the author, after these words - a period and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “They were dismissed before the verdict,” Dvornik said. “They will announce tomorrow at nine in the evening.”(Trif.).

5. If the author's words break apart within the meaning of into two parts, which refer to different parts of direct speech, then, subject to other conditions, a colon and a dash are placed after the words of the author: "Ehma ... - hopelesslysighed Gavrila in response to a stern orderand bitterlyadded : - My fate is lost!(M. G.); "Don't touch your uniform! -ordered Lermontovand added , not at all angry, but even with some curiosity: “Are you going to listen to me or not?”(Paust.); “Have you ever smelled copper on your hands? -asked unexpectedly, the engraver, and without waiting for an answer, grimaced andcontinued : - Poisonous, disgusting "(Paust.).

§136

If direct speech is inside the words of the author, then it is enclosed in quotation marks and preceded by a colon; direct speech begins with a capital letter. After direct speech, punctuation marks are arranged as follows:

a) a comma is placed if it was necessary at the break point of the author's introductory words: Saying "see you soon" she quickly left the room ;

b) a dash is placed in the absence of a punctuation mark at the break point of the author's introductory words: Overcoming embarrassment, he muttered a student joke: "My grandmother got measles" - and wanted to give the conversation that started a casual lightness.(Bond.);

in) a dash is placed if direct speech ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark: The children expected him to praise them, but grandfather, shaking his head, said: “This stone has been lying here for many years, this is where it belongs ...” - and told about the feat of three Soviet intelligence officers(Dry); Pyotr Mikhailovich wanted to say: “Please don’t get involved in your own business!” - but said nothing(Ch.); She is[dog] stops. I repeat: "What is said?" - and keep it on the counter for a long time(Shv.);

G) if direct speech is directly included in the author's sentence as its member, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, while punctuation marks are placed according to the terms of the author's sentence: Having said to Grichmar the phrase “There is no easy life, there is only an easy death”, Krymov caught Stishov’s restless, warning look(Bond.).

§137

If direct speech belongs to different persons, then each replica is separated by quotation marks separately:

a) replicas are separated from each other by a dash: "Samovar - ready?" - "Not yet..." - "Why? Someone has come." - "Avdotya Gavrilovna"(M. G.);

b) if one of the replicas is accompanied by introductory author's words, then the next one is not separated by a dash: "Are you a widow?" he asked quietly. "Third year". - How long have you been married? “A year and five months…”(M. G.);

in) a dot and a dash are placed between replicas belonging to different persons and provided with different author's words: Passing by, he said: "Don't forget to buy tickets." "I'll try," I replied.; if the first replica contains exclamation or question marks, the period is omitted: Passing by, he shouted: "Cheer up!" "I'll try," I replied. ;

G) a comma and a dash are placed between replicas belonging to different persons, but united by a common author's sentence: When the clerk said: "It would be nice, sir, to do this and that," - "Yes, not bad," he usually answered(G.); if the first sentence contains exclamation or question marks, the comma is omitted: When I asked, “Why are you wearing a carpet on your back?” "I'm cold," he replied.; the same with a different arrangement of parts of the author's proposal: When I asked, “Why are you wearing a carpet on your back?” - he replied: "I'm cold"(Current.).

§138

At paragraph allocation dialogue lines placed before the replica dash; after the words of the author preceding the dialogue, a colon or period is put. If the author's text contains words that introduce direct speech, then a colon is placed after them; if there are no such words, then a full stop is put:

Carmen withdrew her hand; the unfinished measure froze with an interrogative ringing.

– I'll play it, she said.

– When?

– When will you be with me(Greene).

The telegraph operator, a strict dry woman, after reading the telegram,suggested :

– Compose differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.

– Why? asked the Weird. “I always write to her like that in my letters. This is my wife! .. You probably thought ...

– You can write anything in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is plain text.

Freak rewrote(Shuksh.).

The same with a single replica:

Shatsky paced the room.

– Suffocation, suffocation! he muttered. – Local evenings cause asthma(Paust.).

His eyes are downcast. Then he raised them to Nadya, his ordinary blue eyes, smiled and said softly:

– Excuse me. This is my fault. This is childish on my part(Sol.).

§139

Paragraph and non-paragraph (using quotation marks) selection of direct speech is used differentially. If the text alternates between external speech (addressed to the interlocutor) and internal speech (I thought to myself), then external speech is formed using indentation, and internal speech using quotation marks:

– M-yes. Well, you are right. It is impossible to change the case for idleness. Go ahead and draw your triangles.

Nadia looked imploringly into Ivan's eyes. "Well, what's so terrible -wanted to tell her . - There will be a new evening tomorrow, you can go to the White Mountains. And the day after tomorrow. But it’s not my fault if I promised two weeks ago.”(Sol.).

And after my words, he smiled from ear to ear (he has such a mouth, just from ear to ear) and joyfully agreed:

– Okay, then let's go.

"Here I'll show you" let's go ", -I thought to myself (Sol.).

Only quotes mark the inner ( thought to myself) speech in the author's text, outside the dialogue:

Kuzma looked where they pointed. There, on the slope of another slope, mowers walked in a chain. Behind them, mowed grass remained in even lines - beautiful. “Some of them is Marya,”Kuzma thought calmly (Shuksh.); Kuzma looked at her with pleasure. "What am I, a fool, looking for more?" -he thought (Shuksh.).

Quote punctuation marks

§140

Quotes are concluded in quotation marks and are punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136):

a) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of ​​pain: make an effort of will to change this idea, throw it away, stop complaining, and the pain will disappear”(Ch.); Remember the words of L. N. Tolstoy more often: “A person has only duties!”; M. Aliger has the lines: “A person needs very little for happiness to grow to its full height”; L. N. Tolstoy has an interesting comparison: “Just as an eye has an eyelid, so a fool has self-confidence to protect himself from the possibility of defeating his vanity. And both, the more they take care of themselves, the less they see - they close their eyes. ;

b) “Whoever shoots the past with a pistol, the future will shoot with a cannon,” wrote R. Gamzatov; “He is not a writer who has not added at least a little vigilance to a person’s vision,” said K. Paustovsky ;

in) “In order to create something,” wrote Goethe, “one must be something”; “If on Nikola (December 19),” the book said, “the day is cold and clear - by the grain year”(Sol.);

G) Pascal's saying: "He who knows how to suggest that he is not very cunning, he is far from being simple" - sounds aphoristic; Picasso's words: "Art is an emanation of pain and sadness" - have a deep meaning .

§141

If the quotation is incomplete, then the gap is indicated ellipsis(at the beginning of a quote, in the middle or at the end):

a) “... If good has a reason, it is no longer good; if good has a consequence, then it is no longer good. Good is beyond effects and causes,” wrote Leo Tolstoy in his diaries; “... The poem develops into my memories, which at least once a year (often in December) require me to do something with them,” A. Akhmatova notes in “Prose about the Poem” ;

b) “The biography of the heroine ... is written in one of my notebooks,” writes A. Akhmatova in one of her letters from Komarov ;

in) “Goethe somewhere says that nothing significant can be created in a foreign language - I always thought that this was not true ...” - wrote M. Tsvetaeva in 1926 to Rilke .

§142

If the quotation precedes the author's text, then after the ellipsis the word is written with capital letter; if the quote comes after the author's words, then after the ellipsis is used lowercase letter : “... Olesha's books fully express his being, whether it's Envy, or Three Fat Men, or polished little stories,” wrote V. Lidin; V. Lidin wrote: “... Olesha’s books fully express his being, whether it’s Envy, or Three Fat Men, or polished short stories” .

§143

The quotation included in the author's proposal as its component is highlighted quotation marks(but begins with a lowercase letter), punctuation marks are used only those that are dictated by the author's sentence itself: The thought of L. N. Tolstoy “time is the relation of the movement of one’s life to the movement of other beings”, expressed in his diaries, has a philosophical content .

If the quotation is not an independent sentence and ends with an ellipsis, then after the closing quotation marks a dot is placed, referring to the entire sentence as a whole: Iskander noted that "wisdom is the mind, insisted on conscience ...". Wed: Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death; nobility is the most dangerous poison" . – Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death…” . – Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote: “An idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death…”(In the first and second cases, the dot after the closing quotation marks refers to the entire sentence as a whole; in the third, the quotation is framed as an independent sentence that has its own final sign (ellipsis), so there is no dot after the closing quotation mark.)

§144

When shortening a quotation that already has ellipsis that perform one or another function inherent to them, the ellipsis set by the author citing the text, indicating the abbreviation of the quote, is enclosed in angle brackets: In the diary of L. N. Tolstoy we read: “She cannot renounce her feelings<…>. In her, like in all women, feeling prevails, and every change occurs, perhaps, regardless of reason, in feeling ... Maybe Tanya is right that this will gradually pass by itself.<…>» .

§145

If there is already a quote in the quoted text, then they use quotation marks of various shapes - “cutes” ( „“ ) and Christmas trees ( «» ). "Paws" (or "paws") - an internal sign; "Christmas trees" - external. For example: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said. Near this line, it seems, we have now stopped, realizing that it is impossible to step back, and not daring, but getting ready and getting ready to move forward, to true respect.(Spread).

§146

If it is necessary for the quoter to highlight individual words of the quote, this selection is specified in brackets: ( emphasized by us. – N.V.); (our italics. – N.V.); (our discharge. - Ed.). For example: “Whoever wants to study man in history must be able to analyze historical (allocated by us. – N.V.) emotions"(Yu. Lotman).

If the citing person inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation or expands the abbreviated word, then this explanation is enclosed in square or angle brackets: "Thank you for admiring Moore[son of M. Tsvetaeva] ... ”- M. Tsvetaeva writes to B. Pasternak in 1927; “The stairs must have been read! P[because] h[then] Leia read. Get it from her, correct the typos,” writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927.

§147

References to the author and source of citation are enclosed in brackets; The dot that ends the quotation is placed after the closing parenthesis. For example: “To think pedagogically broadly means to be able to see educational meaning in any social phenomenon” (Azarov Y. Learning to teach // New World. 1987. No. 4. S. 242).

If a quotation ends with a question mark, exclamation mark, or ellipsis, then these characters retain their place (before the closing quotation mark). When listing examples, the dot after the closing bracket is replaced with a semicolon: “How mysterious you are, thunderstorm!” (I. Bunin. The fields smell...); “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world ... " (A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. S. 5).

If an indication of the author or the cited source is placed below the quotation, in particular with epigraphs, then the brackets are removed, as are the quotation marks in the quotation, and a sign corresponding to this sentence is placed at the end of the quotation. For example:

White rose with black toad

I wanted to get married on earth.

S. Yesenin

You don't love me, you love mine!

F. Dostoevsky

… why so often

I feel sorry for the whole world and sorry for the person?

N. Zabolotsky

Painting teaches to look and see...

A. Blok

Quoting quotation marks and "foreign" words

§148

quotation marks quotes (alien speech) are highlighted, included in the author's text, including direct speech (see § 140–145).

Without quotes poetic quotations are drawn up if they are given with the preservation of the author's stanza. The highlighting function is taken over by the position in the text:

The twelfth - the last and short - chapter of the book begins. The twelfth hour of the short life of Alexander Blok strikes.

Only in the terrible morning fog

the clock strikes for the last time...

…One thousand nine hundred and twentieth year has come, the fourth year of the new, October era(Eagle).

Not enclosed in quotation marks and direct speech when transmitting dialogue using paragraph articulation (see § 138), since the position in the text takes on the highlighting function.

§149

Quotes are allocated other people's words included in the author's text, when their belonging to another person is indicated: This happened in the spring of 1901, which Blok called"extremely important" (Eagle); Pasternak writes: "... in my individual case, life turned into artistic implementation, as it was born from fate and experience." But what is"fate and experience" in"special case" Pasternak? This is again"artistic transformation" , with whom meetings, correspondence, conversations were connected - with Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Aseev, Paolo Yashvili, Titian Tabidze(Likh.); Jordan loved Kiprensky and called him"kind soul" (Paust.); Pasternak's struggle for"unheard of simplicity" poetic language was a struggle not for its comprehensibility, but for its originality, originality - the absence of poetic secondary, primitive traditionalism ...(Likh.).

Quoting unusually used words

§150

quotation marks words are distinguished that are alien to the writer's vocabulary: words used in an unusual (special, professional) meaning, words belonging to a special, often narrow circle of people communicating: I poked the paddle, kid"dal var" (Shv.); The grass did not fade for a long time. Only blue haze (popularly called"mga" ) tightened the reaches on the Oka and distant forests."Mga" then thickened, then turned pale(Paust.); Sasha lives"on bread" in a town house(Boon.); A solution of calcium sulfate salts from gypsum can go into the microscopic pores of ceramics and give"efflorescence" on the surface of the work there are whitish spots under the glaze. Ideally, only ceramics would take root on ceramics. Such"implant" would age in sync with the original(journal).

§151

quotation marks different style words are highlighted, the ironic meaning of the word is emphasized, an indication is given of the double meaning of the word or the meaning known only to the person to whom the words are addressed: ...Many pages of the English classic novel"break" from the wealth of the material world and sparkle with this wealth(M. Urnov) (a different style word in a scientific text); ... The mystery of this mysterious acquisition, a generous gift for"services" , serves as an example of ambiguous interpretations(M. Urnov) (ironic meaning of the word); As long as it's a secret, don't say anything"there" known to you"person" (Ch.) ( there, person- the meaning of the words is known only to the addressee); I began to take exams ... when"decent persons" they were not kept(Eagle) (indication of a special, secret meaning of the word); ... And if not for this thesis, it is still unknown what the departmental"bewilderment" (Hall.) (ironically-reprehensible use of the word); And so every day"dawn" before"dawn" . BUT"dawn" - this is a special article used by the guard in the guardhouse in the morning and evening(Gil.) (double sense - generally accepted and conditional).

§152

quotation marks words are used in a special, often conditional meaning: After all, the zero cycle -"non-dusty" cycle, it does not require numerous subcontractors and suppliers(Hall.).

§153

The quotation marks emphasize the purely grammatical unusualness of the use of words, for example, when parts of speech or whole turns that are not intended to express these functions are used as members of a sentence: "Want?" , "let it be you" sounded in my ears and produced a kind of intoxication; I didn’t see anything or anyone except Sonya(L. T.); From his friendly"I've been waiting for you" she cheered up(B.P.).

Hello girls and boys! Not like me, but still decided to write an informative article. This article is about such well-known and frequently used signs as (c), ™, (R) and a little less well-known (ↄ).

So let's start with Copyright sign - (With)(the Latin letter "s" from the English "copyright" - i.e. "copyright", if in Russian). What does this symbol mean, and why do gnomecs living in VKontakte put it at the end of quotes, poems and other products of mental onanism? And they put it in order to indicate that this is a copy-paste (the moped is not mine ...), but in response to the question: "why the Copyright Mark?" refer to Lurk.

"(c) , as well as (c); a stigma that is placed on the content, ineptly imitating the copyist symbol; Tyoma's morning fap object ( this refers to the warm and gentle attitude to the copyright law of many publishers and "creators", and in particular, they hint at Artemy Lebedev). On one's own
on forums and on other Internets, it is used to highlight and underline a certain well-known quote. It is usually assumed that the author of the quotation is also widely known, and therefore is not indicated, and the quotation itself serves as an argument. .."
"Sometimes after the author writes his name or nickname, as if trying to tell us that he has a brain and even knows how to type."

That is, (c) here means that the text under which this squiggle is placed is a copy, and the person who posted it is not the author of the text. Here so accepted, yes ... and it's pretty funny, since initially (c) was (yes, in fact, it is still considered as such in some circles) with a symbol denoting a statement about the authorship of the text (or other product of mental labor).

Quote not from Wiki:
"The icon is necessary in order to show your exclusive right to the work, to the inaccessibility of free copying by third parties. The icon is recommended to be placed at the bottom of the site or after each blog post."

Thus, Pasha Barsukov writes to himself on the wall in VK: "DAO, which can be expressed in words, is not a permanent Tao. (c)" thus declaring his copyright on a quote from the Tao De Ching and forbids its copying by third parties o_O. Another thing is when the text is posted by someone Fuck
Khrenov, since most likely this is still a nickname, and not the name of an individual (however, it happens that we are not so lucky with names) and therefore this sign has no power and can be regarded as the notorious copy-paste designation.

So (c) is put alone to indicate copy-paste (where this came from is a mystery to me) and this is more of a meme than a copyright statement (i.e. completely opposite in meaning).

Next we have "™" and "(R)", which many people like to put next to their name. Everything is much simpler for me, because these fashionable badges are well written on Lurk.

Quote:
"™ (eng. Trade Mark, rus. trade mark) sign. Something reminiscent , used after the name of a product to emphasize
that the name is registered and cannot be used. In this Russia, the sign ™ does not mean anything at all, at all. By law, you can use the ® mark, the words "trademark" or "registered trademark".

That is, if you want to give your name, face, left hand or other part of the body the status of a trademark that no one can use without your consent, stick it on T-shirts, draw in entrances and on icons, but at the same time you yourself can sell it , rent out, and in every possible way get out then put (R ). The only caveat: the sign (R) will not have any power (except for giving a certain semantic shade to the object to which it is attached, of course (about the meanings in the article from Lurk)) if it is not registered with the relevant authorities. The sign ™, as we found out, in Russia in general does not have any power in principle. So it goes.

Well, about the less known (ↄ) (apparently because the symbol "(ↄ)" is a little more difficult to enter than " "since it is not available in Unicode, which is explained by the conspiracy theory as "because of the dislike of this sign by information corporations and publishers (explanation below)"). This sign is pronounced by mouth as "copyleft" (copyleft is a pun ... copyleft, copyright - understandable, right?).

The sign (ↄ), in contrast to (c), does not prohibit the use of a product of mental labor without the knowledge of the author, but on the contrary, it prohibits the commercial use of it and any restriction of it ( and its modifications, products created on its basis) distribution to anyone. The history of the sign is quite interesting, and, as it were, hints about why this sign is not so loved on the Internet. The concept of copyleft originated in the early 80s of the last century. Richard Stallman is considered its author (although there is an opinion that our compatriot Evgeny Leonidovich Kosarev, a leading researcher at the Kapitsa Research Institute (then), could have been its author, since at the same time he voiced a concept similar to Stolpanovskaya). This concept was developed in relation to software and setting itself the task of free distribution of software to accelerate scientific processes in society and maintain the purity of research from commercial purposes, one of its points stated that not only software intended for free distribution (and, accordingly, certified by the sign (ↄ)) should be distributed free of charge, but programs created on its basis, its modifications and upgrades should also be distributed freely and no one has the right to restrict access to them. It is clear that this concept was not supported by the information giants, and indeed by all those who make money on restricting access to information (or on providing it). And even more so, those who like to sell plagiarism, bypassing the copyright law, were not particularly happy with such thoughts.
law with the help of various tricks.

For those who like the above icons: , ™ , ® , (ↄ).

This text is written for the benefit of all living beings. OM guys!

(ↄ) Luka Krivorukov

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Quote punctuation marks

Quote punctuation marks

§ 140. Quotes are concluded in quotation marks and are punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136):

a) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of ​​pain: make an effort of will to change this idea, throw it away, stop complaining, and the pain will disappear”(Ch.); Remember the words of L. N. Tolstoy more often: “A person has only duties!”; M. Aliger has the lines: “A person needs very little for happiness to grow to its full height”; L. N. Tolstoy has an interesting comparison: “Just as an eye has an eyelid, so a fool has self-confidence to protect himself from the possibility of defeating his vanity. And both, the more they take care of themselves, the less they see - they close their eyes.;

b) “Whoever shoots the past with a pistol, the future will shoot with a cannon,” wrote R. Gamzatov; “He is not a writer who has not added at least a little vigilance to a person’s vision,” said K. Paustovsky;

in) “In order to create something,” wrote Goethe, “one must be something”; “If on Nikola (December 19), - the book said, - the day is cold and clear - by the grain-growing year”(Sol.);

G) Pascal's saying: "Whoever knows how to suggest that he is not very cunning, he is far from simple" - sounds aphoristic; Picasso's words: "Art is an emanation of pain and sadness" - have a deep meaning.

§ 141. If the quotation is incomplete, then the gap is indicated ellipsis(at the beginning of a quote, in the middle or at the end):

a) “... If good has a reason, it is no longer good; if good has a consequence, then it is no longer good. Good is beyond effects and causes,” wrote Leo Tolstoy in his diaries; “... The poem develops into my memories, which at least once a year (often in December) require me to do something with them,” A. Akhmatova notes in “Prose about the Poem”;

b) “The biography of the heroine ... is written in one of my notebooks,” writes A. Akhmatova in one of her letters from Komarov;

in) “Goethe somewhere says that nothing significant can be created in a foreign language - I always thought that this was not true ...” - wrote M. Tsvetaeva in 1926 to Rilke.

§ 142. If the quotation precedes the author's text, then after the ellipsis the word is written with capital letter; if the quote comes after the author's words, then after the ellipsis is used lowercase letter: “... Olesha's books fully express his being, whether it's Envy, or Three Fat Men, or polished little stories,” wrote V. Lidin; V. Lidin wrote: “... Olesha’s books fully express his being, whether it’s Envy, or Three Fat Men, or polished short stories”.

§ 143. The quotation included in the author's proposal as its component is highlighted quotation marks(but begins with a lowercase letter), punctuation marks are used only those that are dictated by the author's sentence itself: The thought of L. N. Tolstoy “time is the relation of the movement of one’s life to the movement of other beings”, expressed in his diaries, has a philosophical content.

If the quotation is not an independent sentence and ends with an ellipsis, then after the closing quotation marks a dot is placed, referring to the entire sentence as a whole: Iskander noted that "wisdom is the mind insisted on conscience ...". Wed: Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death; nobility is the most dangerous poison". - Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is doom…”. - Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote: “An idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is doom…”(In the first and second cases, the period after the closing quotation marks refers to the entire sentence as a whole; in the third, the quotation is framed as an independent sentence with its own final sign (ellipsis), so there is no period after the closing quotation mark.)

§ 144. When shortening a quotation that already has ellipsis that perform one or another function inherent to them, the ellipsis set by the author citing the text, indicating the abbreviation of the quote, is enclosed in angle brackets: In the diary of L. N. Tolstoy we read: “She cannot renounce her feelings<…>. In her, like in all women, feeling prevails, and every change occurs, perhaps, regardless of reason, in feeling ... Maybe Tanya is right that this will gradually pass by itself.<…>» .

§ 145. If there is already a quote in the quoted text, then they use quotation marks of various forms - “cutes” ( „“ ) and Christmas trees ( «» ). "Paws" (or "paws") - an internal sign; "Christmas trees" - external. For example: ““Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said. Near this line, it seems, we have now stopped, realizing that it is impossible to step back, and not daring, but getting ready and getting ready to move forward, to true respect.(Spread).

§ 146. If it is necessary for the quoter to highlight individual words of the quote, this selection is specified in brackets: ( emphasized by us. - N.V.); (our italics. - N.V.); (our discharge. - Ed.). For example: “Whoever wants to study man in history must be able to analyze historical ( allocated by us. - N.V.) emotions"(Yu. Lotman).

If the citing person inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation or expands the abbreviated word, then this explanation is enclosed in square or angle brackets: "Thank you for admiring Moore[son of M. Tsvetaeva] ... ”- M. Tsvetaeva writes to B. Pasternak in 1927; “The stairs must have been read! P[because] h[then] Leia read. Get it from her, correct the typos, ”M. Tsvetaeva writes to B. Pasternak in 1927.

§ 147. References to the author and source of citation are enclosed in brackets; The dot that ends the quotation is placed after the closing parenthesis. For example: “To think pedagogically broadly means to be able to see educational meaning in any social phenomenon” (Azarov Y. Learning to teach // New World. 1987. No. 4. S. 242).

If a quotation ends with a question mark, exclamation mark, or ellipsis, then these characters retain their place (before the closing quotation mark). When listing examples, the dot after the closing bracket is replaced with a semicolon: “How mysterious you are, thunderstorm!” (I. Bunin. The fields smell...); “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world ... " (A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. S. 5).

If an indication of the author or the cited source is placed below the quotation, in particular with epigraphs, then the brackets are removed, as are the quotation marks in the quotation, and a sign corresponding to this sentence is placed at the end of the quotation. For example:

White rose with black toad

I wanted to get married on earth.

S. Yesenin

You don't love me, you love mine!

F. Dostoevsky

… why so often

I feel sorry for the whole world and sorry for the person?

N. Zabolotsky

Painting teaches to look and see...