Secondary education in Russia is compulsory, and almost all children go through school (with rare exceptions for various objective reasons). Since school years fall just at the age when the main stage of development and formation of the personality takes place, teachers face a difficult but doable task - to teach the sciences and educate a person.

Education and training are two sides of the same process, the purpose of which is the formation of a new personality - free, creative, active and active.

The formation of personality rests on the "four pillars" of training and education: moral, mental, physical and labor. This "foundation" begins to be laid in the school years through the correct and timely influence of the older generation - teachers and parents.

As for the first three aspects, everything is more or less clear here. In the process of training and education, there is an awareness of world truths, an expansion of horizons, a deepening of knowledge; norms of morality and behavior in society are instilled; there is an impact on the development of elementary physical skills, as well as strength and endurance.

The situation is somewhat different with regard to labor training. After all, the very concept of “labor” is interpreted as “work”, and it is associated with difficulties and problems that adversely affect the fragile psyche of the child. This is not true, because the concept labor training for schoolchildren has a slightly different meaning.

What is labor?

Labor is a process of interaction between a person and a person and nature, as a result of which the needs of one's own and society are satisfied. Labor makes a person be active, strive to achieve his goals and realize that his activity is needed and will not go unnoticed.

In addition to the fact that labor activity, from the point of view of physiology, makes certain muscle groups and nerve impulses become more active, it also has a beneficial effect on mental processes. It is thanks to labor that a person experiences a feeling of joy, moral satisfaction, striving to achieve a goal, interest, etc.

The importance of labor in the development of personality is a generally recognized fact.

Labor training and education at school

Inclusion of labor training and education in school curriculum is an important stage on the way to the formation of a developed society. At school, the child is gradually introduced to independent work (feasible), acquaintance with various fields of activity and functions of employees, informing about the relevance of a particular profession, as well as about the possibilities of earning money in a position (recently, this issue has been of particular concern to the younger generation).

Labor training for schoolchildren is a collective process. It is in this way that you can instill in your child the ability to work in a group, communication skills, and responsibility for the overall result.

Such activities are carried out throughout the school years. If in primary school collective work is carried out at the lessons of labor, drawing, music, etc., then in middle and high school they are replaced by practical classes in subjects.

The specifics of the student's work

Work at school can be different: water the flowers, wash the blackboard, lift chairs, sweep the office, etc. In addition, the study itself is work for the child. But any activity is feasible for students. Its difference from the work of adults lies, first of all, in the reason for which it is organized - for educational purposes.

At school, not only the formation of the necessary labor skills, but also the psychological readiness of the child to work takes place. This aspect is carried out with the help of games, teaching school subjects, technical creativity, as well as household and productive work.

Career guidance lessons

AT labor training for schoolchildren(mainly high school students) includes career guidance lessons. They serve to:

• inform as much as possible about the possibilities of choosing a particular profession;
• help to realize the importance of this choice.

Such lessons allow the student to get acquainted in advance with the main aspects of the chosen profession, since this is one of the facts of a person's success in society. And, in addition, career guidance can help those who have not yet decided on a choice. This issue is solved with the help of testing and surveys aimed at revealing the hidden abilities and preferences of the child.

Labor training for schoolchildren is an important component of the organization of personality education. It is carried out from the first to the last class, only its complexity changes. Early introduction of schoolchildren to feasible work allows each of them to develop responsibility, purposefulness, communication, and the ability to act in a team. And joy and pride in the result achieved will support the desire to work.

TASS, 15 November. The introduction of the new technology lesson concept proposed by the Agency for Strategic Initiatives (ASI) and the Union of Young Professionals (WorldSkills Russia) will require equipping schools with new equipment and retraining teachers, according to experts interviewed by TASS.

The project was presented in early November on the sidelines of the WorldSkills Hi-Tech Championship in Yekaterinburg. It involves the modernization of teaching methods of the subject and the development of modern concepts by students. Experts note that a change in approaches will improve early career guidance due to the emergence of new directions, however, it is necessary to take a balanced approach to innovation, taking into account not only high technology, but also traditional household skills, as well as national traditions of a number of regions.

Experiment in Moscow: lessons in technoparks

According to the concept, the new technology lesson will be aimed at implementing projects in scientific and technical creativity, Svetlana Chupsheva, director general of ASI, told TASS. “The technology lesson that we offer is just the skills that will be useful to the child in his professional or ordinary life. It (the initiative - TASS note) has already been supported, prepared and approved by the Ministry of Education guidelines that will be broadcast in schools so that technology lessons are as effective as possible in terms of developing such skills in children,” she said.

According to her, technology lessons have already been held in Moscow this year according to the new program. “It is important that they did not pass inside educational institutions, but in the technopark. It was very interesting for the children to implement projects in five key areas for three months: industrial design, smart home environment, robotics, and drones. We hope that technology lessons will be gradually introduced in all schools,” Chupsheva said.

Elena Tikhonova, director of the Center for Physics and Mathematics Education at the Russian Textbook Corporation, told TASS that the corporation is ready to develop a new line of educational and methodological kits, taking into account current changes and the concept of technological education.

"A modern technology textbook can be built on a modular basis. This will provide basic technological knowledge and, depending on the request of the region, opportunities educational organization, students' preferences to choose an additional module, for example, agrotechnological, robotics, service technologies. It is necessary to introduce a greater number of different developmental tasks into new textbooks, introduce them to the development and implementation of various projects, it is necessary to acquaint students with constantly updated types of technologies," Tikhonova specified.

Not everyone is ready. Several experts noted at once that in order to introduce a new concept of teaching, schools will need to be additionally equipped with modern equipment. According to the head of the department additional education School of Pedagogy of the Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU) of Galina Pavlenko, classes should be built as the development of modern technologies, and one of the promising methods for conducting them will be a game or simulation.

"Schools in the Primorsky Territory in the vast majority are not ready to implement the new concept: they do not have the appropriate material base and a sufficient number of teachers ready to work in the conditions of the new concept. Training of labor teachers in universities in the Far East is not carried out at all. With a change in the approach to teaching it is necessary to ensure the training of personnel for the implementation of the new concept, on the basis of pedagogical universities. At the same time, universities need additional material and technical conditions for the training of technology teachers," she noted.

The head of the department is of the same opinion. vocational education and Science Department of Education and Science of the Lipetsk Region Natalya Yushkova. “Of course, schools do not have such equipment, because it is not provided for by the authorities, for example, high-level welding machines. But secondary vocational technical educational institutions can show their bases and offer to try to work on their equipment,” the agency’s interlocutor added.

According to Igor Vlasov, Associate Professor of the Department of Professional Education of the Kursk Institute of Education, the introduction of a new concept of teaching technology lessons in Kursk schools will cause certain difficulties, primarily due to a lack of staff and sites.

Regional experience

Some Russian regions are already independently organizing training in high-tech competencies as part of technology lessons. Tatyana Vasilyeva, First Deputy Minister of Education of Karelia, told TASS that the republic has experience in the interaction of schools, colleges and enterprises in order to enable the student to master various skills and help them decide on their future profession.

"For example, students of school No. 39 of Petrozavodsk, as part of extracurricular activities, received theoretical knowledge at school, then in a college or technical school they practiced practical skills in the modules "Cooking", "Road and construction machine operator", "Welders" and others. After that, the guys visited enterprises where these skills can be applied, got acquainted with a potential place of work," she said.

New approaches to conducting lessons have been used for several years in gymnasium No. 19 in Kurgan. “For example, in the eighth grade, boys learn the basics of robotics as part of a technology lesson. With the help of parents and sponsors, we purchased equipment for these lessons. The course is taught by a young teacher who owns modern technologies. We are currently thinking about acquiring a 3D printer,” Elena Smirnova, director of the educational institution, told TASS.

And in the Bryansk region, teachers are already being trained who are ready to teach modern technologies. “All the technology teachers we train to work at school are able to give students the knowledge of how to model a 3D product on a computer and make it on a 3D printer. They can also give children knowledge in the field of robotics, but so far such enclaves of progressive teaching of advanced disciplines are concentrated not in schools, but in children's technical centers,” the agency’s interlocutor noted.

Balanced Approach

In general, the experts agreed that the concept of teaching technology in a modern school needs to be improved. However, the issue of uniting boys and girls in technology classes, given the emphasis on high technology, caused a mixed reaction.

Grigory Kapranov, Deputy Director for Research at the FEFU School of Pedagogy, believes that schoolchildren need to be prepared for life in a high-tech world, while not forgetting the skills that are needed in everyday life, for example, in the household. “A straight-line change in the system of labor training to ignore the gender principle ... will do more harm than good,” he told TASS.

Abdurakhman Kaimov, Assistant Minister of Education of Chechnya, also believes that co-education of boys and girls in technology classes is not applicable to all regions. “From the point of view of the national mentality, there are moments in the republic that differ from other regions. This is my personal opinion, but co-education in technology in the Chechen Republic is not obligatory. There are things that are supposed to be done by a man or a woman, and these activities should not overlap, although the development of society presupposes the presence of common skills in some matters,” he said.

His position is shared by the head of the committee on education, culture and relations with religious organizations of the People's Assembly of Ingushetia, Maryam Amrieva. “I understand that there is a trend in world development and there is a blurring of lines between women and men. However, a girl should be brought up as a teacher of children and a keeper of the hearth, and boys should be brought up in the spirit of a defender of the hearth, the country and the people,” the agency’s interlocutor said.

At the same time, Kabardino-Balkaria is gradually moving to new standards for teaching labor lessons. “Our schools have already moved away from traditional labor lessons, where boys study separately from girls. We have robotics in many schools, not only boys, but also girls study there. As for teachers for such classes, in some schools they are specially retrained, in some they recruit new ones, ”TASS was told in the regional Ministry of Education, Science and Youth Affairs.

In Dagestan, technology lessons are held in different formats. “The new standards for teaching technology lessons do not provide for division [by gender] as such. Now in Dagestan, technology is taught in different ways, since educational institutions themselves have the right to decide, in most schools there are combined lessons, somewhere else," Larisa Abramova, head of the general and vocational education department of the Ministry of Education and Science of Dagestan, told TASS.

Assistant robots, neuroprostheses, "smart home", 3D design and laser cutting... All this can be "registered" in technology lessons in schools in the near future: the Ministry of Education has approved an innovative concept for teaching this subject.

No, elementary school will continue to work with paper, fabric, and natural materials. But the basics of programming will definitely be added. And from the fifth to the ninth grade, schoolchildren will get acquainted with 3-4 professions every year. "Touch them" in practice.

Do you want to become a furniture designer? Hammer and nails - to the side. Do the calculations, choose the material. Plastic? The parts will be printed by a 3D printer. Wood? You set the parameters for the machine with numerical control - and go to the stool!

So schoolchildren will get acquainted with industrial design, digital modeling and production technologies, nanotechnologies, robotics, electrical engineering and electric power industry, biotechnologies, food processing, "smart home" and "Internet of things" ... Moreover, the lessons will be held both at school and at the colleges, technical schools, children's technology parks, centers of youth innovative creativity. Even traditional training and production facilities may return. But in a modern version.

It’s good if a child can put together a stool or cook borscht. But why should it be a part curriculum? The subject "Technology" is not like the others: knowledge in mathematics and physics has been updated for decades, and in the field of production, a whole "pack" of new technologies comes out every year. Therefore, the subject must be very flexible, - says one of the authors of the subject concept, the head of the WorldSkills Russia junior direction and the executive secretary of the organizing committee of the National Technology Initiative Olympiad Alexei Fedoseev. - Today, many schoolchildren choose a profession almost blindly: they do not have the opportunity to see what really awaits them. Therefore, it is very important that in the middle and high school the subject "technology" be connected with modern vocational training. Networking needs to be developed.

How should it ideally work? Let's say there is no metal processing equipment in a regular school. But in the neighboring instrument-making college there is a workshop "welding technologies" according to WorldSkills standards. The guys come to college for a lesson, try "by the tooth" modern machines. Not interested? The next lesson is on a different topic. Hooked? You can keep going to college. Study with a teacher, learn different types of welding and get a grade for it in a school certificate.

The Ministry of Education plans to create one hundred advanced training centers and 5,000 super workshops by 2024. Children's Quantorium will open in every major city in six years. There are 245 technoparks in total, where schoolchildren will master engineering knowledge non-stop: soldering the first board, studying digital printing... Where there will be different equipment: from computers to vibration stands. Where classes will go in quantum areas: robo, cosmo, nano, bio, IT and others.

Small towns and villages will also be included: 16,000 schools will receive new equipment. And 340 mobile "Quantoriums" will run to the farthest corners. These are mobile trailers with the most technologically advanced and interesting filling for children.

It all sounds, of course, now, maybe a little fantastic. But the fact remains: within the framework of the national project "Education" on " modern school"It is planned to spend 253 billion rubles. More than 70 percent of schoolchildren should be involved in the system of career guidance and mentoring. And the subject "Technology" will become its central link.

We abandoned aprons and stools five years ago. The ability to work with a 3D printer or a CNC machine is much more important today than the ability to swing a hammer, says Pavel Okonechnikov, a teacher of physics and technology at the Second Novosibirsk Gymnasium.

By the way, there are five technology teachers in this gymnasium at once. Among them are professional engineers and undergraduate students. Classes are divided into five groups of 12 people. Children work in one direction for seven weeks - 14 teaching hours. Then they change. And so during the school year they get acquainted with a variety of areas: from robots to cooking. Then everything repeats. But at a higher and more technological level. For example, eighth-graders are already calculating the optimal location of electrical wiring and the lighting system in the "smart home", making neuroprostheses that are controlled by the power of thought, and doing laser cutting - both boys and girls. The focus is on the principle: let's assemble a robot, and it will work for us. Even the "cooking" module is not just borscht and vinaigrette. All educational cooking equipment is equipped according to WorldSkills standards: combi steamer, convection oven, induction cooker...

We decided on such an innovation, and we were supported. Today our gymnasium is an internship platform for another 17 schools, - says Pavel Okonechnikov. - The program fully complies with the Federal State Educational Standard and implements all the competencies laid down there. Technology is a testing ground for practical application different items. Physics here can be considered from the position of electric current in wiring or mechanical strength in robotics. Chemistry - in the processes of cooking and storing food. Engineering design is generally solid geometry.

However, the technology lesson is still about future profession, and not about what you will do at home, experts are sure. The main thing is to teach the child to work in a team, to create their own projects. The subjects "Informatics" and "Technology" are likely to be separated by topic. Perhaps the first will become more theoretical, fundamental, and the second - more applied. Everyone should put in place the updated educational standards that are being discussed at the high level.

In the meantime, the situation even within the same city is very different. Somewhere else they make stools, and somewhere they assemble robots. The school chooses for itself what is closer to it - the law allows it.

We now have no work in its traditional sense - only computer science, - says Tatyana Suzdalnitskaya, a member of the expert advisory council of the parent community at the Moscow Department of Education and Science. - The school should give what is really useful in the future.

I must say, Moscow has gone far ahead here. The project includes thousands of students, more than 100 schools and about 40 institutions of secondary specialized education. For example, students from the engineering classes of six metropolitan schools study at the College of Railway and Urban Transport. They master the professions "Mechanic for car repair" and "Operator of electronic computers and computers". But the farther from the capital, the less such examples of career guidance are found.

Last semester we only had two lessons a week. We made wooden crafts with a hacksaw, a file, a chisel, - Arkady Postonogov, an eighth-grader from Perm, admits. - Girls are taught to cook.

A hand-made thing is more valuable than a dozen projects and presentations. Once upon a time, chintz balls were held in schools, to which girls came in dresses sewn by them.

The traditional division of labor into "female" and "male" is still firmly holding its position. And this is despite the fact that the only remaining line of technology textbooks for grades 5-9 on the federal list no longer operates with gender stereotypes. But it takes into account the peculiarities of urban and rural schools. For example, if for the former, practical work is proposed to study the composition of dry food for cats and dogs, then for the latter, the differences in technologies for harvesting silage and haylage are offered.

Traditional textbooks for the course "Technology" in the basic school were built according to the scheme of textbooks for the subject "Labor training". In terms of content, these are textbooks on labor training of the 70-80s of the last century. The authors hope that the new manuals will help to educate modern man who will not only master labor techniques, but also have a general idea of ​​​​all technologies for the transformation of materials, energy and information, freely navigate the world of professions.

Officially

Olga Vasilyeva, Minister of Education:

We are not only building modern new schools, but also improving educational technologies, improving the entire infrastructure of the school, its content. We have almost completely updated the content of the subject "Technology". There is a direction that will allow children to get acquainted with high-tech systems. But we will keep the part that requires the development of manual labor skills. At the same time, thanks to the opportunities for cooperation with leading technology companies in the field of education, the Russian school can get what we need so much - digital classrooms, modern educational developments ... I think that by joint efforts we will achieve results, and our main results are quality improvement education.

Children do not need useless knowledge. They need hands-on experience of real work with real tools. A hand-made thing is more valuable than a dozen projects and presentations. At one time, labor training was the only subject that introduced schoolchildren to production - the material basis of society. At labor lessons, boys and girls received practical knowledge and skills in the process of making real things. In schools, cotton balls were held, to which girls came in dresses sewn by them. Boys made souvenirs for girls and real tools that were equipped with school workshops. The children enjoyed the labor lessons. In surveys, many people named labor as their favorite subject. After the 8th grade, they were psychologically ready to master many professions, as they had experience in using tools. And the skills of precise work with tools are needed by everyone: a jeweler and a sculptor, a dentist and a surgeon, aircraft builders and assemblers of electronic devices. Labor skills are a necessary element of a harmoniously developed personality.

Infographics "RG" / Alexander Chistov / Ksenia Kolesnikova

Technology lessons in Moscow schools are evolving. Homemade stools are being replaced by hand-made robots, and the usual aprons are giving way to fashionable dresses..

The discipline "labor" accompanies students almost all school life: from the first to the eighth-ninth grades. In elementary school, children sculpt from plasticine, make origami and applications. From the fifth grade, "labor" turns into "technology", which is aimed not so much at needlework as at mastering the advanced skills of modern life.

As a rule, in secondary school, boys and girls are trained separately: some are trained to become jacks of all trades, others to be exemplary housewives. But there are exceptions. Some schools teach technology as a whole class. For example, in school No. 1601, young representatives of the stronger sex learn to cook and embroider together with the beautiful half of the population.

There are also educational establishments, where computer science teachers teach the boys how to work, considering the basics of programming to be the work of real guys. Regardless of the curriculum, such classes adapt children to real life where the do-it-yourself principle is still important.

Expert opinion

Deputy Head of the Moscow Department of Education Viktor Fertman

21st century technology: what has changed

Today, according to the requirements of the state educational standard, children in technology lessons should be taught to navigate modern medicine, the production and processing of various materials, mechanical engineering, food and service, as well as in the information environment.

Recently a member of the Public Chamber of Russia to teach within the discipline of the foundations of agriculture.

At the same time, schools and teachers are free to choose the program. Viktor Fertman, Deputy Head of the Moscow Department of Education, explained to the site that now educational institutions are keeping pace with the times: in technology classes, children study robotics and design, gain knowledge from the fields of physics, drawing and computer science. In some schools, children are taught to make devices for people with handicapped or cell phone cases.

The work of a student of school No. 1021. Photo courtesy of the author

"There is a curriculum, while teachers have a certain degree of creative freedom: you can add something from yourself ..

In recent years, it has become possible for schools to do project work, arrange presentations and open lessons. An interactive form of communication motivates students and makes classes even more interesting.

Expert opinion

Teachers began to be guided by a creative approach more often. Technology teacher at school No. 1021 Alexander Smetov told the site that their institution plans to purchase special kits for creating robots. According to the teacher, robotics is interesting for children of any age.

Now technology classes look like full-fledged workshops. At school No. 1021, they are equipped with multifunctional machines, including models that children from eight years old are allowed to access. On one such machine, you can perform many actions: sawing, drilling or doing the work of a turner.

Interesting and tasty: young housewives

Cooking, sewing and needlework are the three pillars of the technology program for girls. School No. 1415 will serve as a striking example of the creative education of young ladies.

There, schoolgirls cook hamburgers instead of a boring vinaigrette, learn how to make decorative elements for dishes and invent their own salad recipes. And during sewing classes, they arrange real fashion shows, dressing their classmates in stylish dresses made by themselves.

Expert opinion

Technology teacher of school No. 1415 Irina Smirnova

The lessons of technology are now aimed not only at teaching the work of a housewife. The girls also do hair projects, learn how to count calories correctly, and master psychological tests. In addition, the school has a museum containing tools and various household appliances from the 15th-17th centuries. For example, students can see how fabric was created many years ago.

By the way, projects made by schoolchildren are put up for various competitions. This year, at the technology lessons, the children made huge applications in the form of the coats of arms of the North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, which they sewed onto dresses on a sewing machine. Their work won the regional competition. Next academic year the school plans to create a handmade panel on the theme "Streets of Moscow". The project is going to involve teachers of technology, geography and literature.

To the machine: a factory of real men

A handmade wooden box made at a technology lesson. Photo provided by the author.

In teaching young people, the opinions of teachers differ. Someone prefers information technology and someone handmade. The processing of wood and metals is still included in the "technological set" of young gentlemen.

Technology teacher of school No. 1021 Alexander Smetov believes that work with hands ennobles a person and makes a real man out of a teenager. The teacher himself has the badge of "Excellence in military construction" and is not just a teacher of technology, but the first man in the history of school No. 1021 to take on class leadership.

Expert opinion

Technology teacher of school No. 1021 Alexander Smetov

At labor lessons, children make decorative woodwork using the technique of carving, burning and coloring. Schoolchildren are also taught to work with plywood and paper. Many of the works of students of school No. 1021 won the inter-district competition of fine and decorative arts "Pantry of Crafts - 2016".

However, the boys' work is not only of aesthetic value. According to Smetov, his students know how to make a beautiful birdhouse, hammer or nut of their own production. While the fifth graders are mastering the machines, the older children are being told how to build a house.

Margarita Maslova

Each of us has the right to choose what he will do in life. This refers to intellectual and mental labor. Some people are good at exact sciences, such as mathematics or chemistry, from school, while others are attracted to creative activity. So, "golden hands" also need to be developed.

Each of us remembers the lessons of labor that were before. They differ significantly from modern ones. Then the time was different, and the equipment of labor offices was at a higher level. Someone has positive memories of labor lessons, and someone does not want to remember those times, believing that it is long gone. Agree that a lot depends on the teacher. It is good when the mentor in time considers a creative personality in his student and will help him and cheer for him. But it happens that the child needs to develop on his own, without anyone's help. Today, students have completely different hobbies, but this does not mean that there are no creative children among them who love to invent and craft.

The question arises: is there any benefit from labor lessons in schools? Is this item needed? Perhaps he no longer needs anyone? Many believe that in a few years this subject will no longer exist at all. Who needs to know how to hammer nails or use a planer? Most modern people believe that there are special services for this, which will do everything that is needed for money. And in the online store http://domisad.com.ua/ you can buy all the necessary tools that are needed for home, office, garden or small city apartment.

In most cases, labor lessons are read by unskilled craftsmen, so these hours should be given to study some other subjects. Workshops in schools are not in the best condition. There are no materials, no modern tools. Why then waste time on a subject that no one needs?

Everyone is entitled to their opinion. Undoubtedly, labor lessons bring many benefits. Children can take a break from more complex subjects that tire them mentally. Labor lessons give elementary skills that are sure to come in handy in life. And flaws can be found in everything, if you look well. Few parents are outraged by the lack of labor lessons at school. But everyone wants their child to develop comprehensively and forget that physical labor contributes to the mental development of a person.

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